Stages of Planning, Process of development of plans, Time Plan – Manpower Plan – Material Plan – Construction equipment plan – Finance plan

1. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Construction Project Planning
Construction Engineering and Management (3170614)
Keyur Nagecha
Department of Civil Engineering
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot

2. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Introduction:
• Planning can be defined as
– Drawing up a method or scheme of acting, doing, proceeding,
making, etc.,
– developed in advance.’
– The last phrase (‘in advance’) is a key operational part of the
definition and requires experience and foresight.
• Construction projects involve using different resources—
– human, equipment and material, money, etc., and at all times,

3. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Introduction:
• the task of a construction planner is to draw up plans for
– optimum utilization of all these resources and
– to ensure appropriate preparedness at all times.
• construction of a large project involves diverse agencies—
government regulators, clients/owners, designers, consultants and
contractors.

4. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Introduction:
• It is obvious that each agency carries out its own planning exercise,
and it is important to ensure proper coordination to ensure that
the agencies do not work at cross-purposes, and that the common
goal is served.
• It should be noted that plans are drawn up at each of the stages or
phases of a project, though different terminologies are used at
times depending upon the stage of the project.

5. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Introduction:
• For example,
– initially when the project is at the inception stage, the plan could be
referred to as a feasibility plan,
– while in the engineering and execution stages, terms such as
preliminary plan and construction plan, respectively, are commonly
used.

6. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Stages of construction planning
• Defining the scope of work
• Identifying activities involved
• Establishing project duration
• Defining procedures for controlling and assigning resources
• Developing appropriate interfaces
• Updating and revising plans

7. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Stages of construction planning : Defining the scope of work
• All construction activities involve
– consumption of different resources to different extents,
• it is important that the scope of work involved is properly and, to
the extent possible, completely defined.
• Any addition, deletion, or modification in the scope could have
serious repercussions in terms of
– time of completion and cost,
– root of litigation,
– souring the relationships between different agencies.

8. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Stages of construction planning : Defining the scope of work
• For example,
– if felling trees and getting environment clearances is added (at a later
date) to the scope of a contractor who has been awarded a job for
construction of roads, it would obviously cause difficulties.

9. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Stages of construction planning : Identifying activities involved
• This part of planning is very closely linked to defining the scope,
and involves identifying activities in a particular job.
• Since different activities involved consume different physical
resources to varying extents, it is crucial that these activities are
exhaustively listed, along with the resources required.
• For example,
– though different agencies may be concerned with ‘environmental
impact assessment’, it is important for them to identify the tools or
parameters each will be using so as to plan effectively.

10. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Stages of construction planning : Establishing project duration
• This can be done only with a clear knowledge of the required resources,
productivities and interrelationships.
• This information is used to prepare a network and other forms of
representations outlining the schedules.
• It may be remembered that the duration required for any activity is
related to the resources committed, and it may be possible to reduce
the project duration by increasing the resource commitment, even at
additional cost.
• Thus, a balance between time and project cost is required to arrive at an
optimum level of resource commitment.

11. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Stages of construction planning :
Defining procedures for controlling and assigning resources
• It is important that the planning document prepared is followed by
others involved in the execution of the project, or in its individual
phases.
• Thus, the procedures to be followed for procurement and control
of resources for different activities—manpower, machines, material
and money—are also laid down.

12. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Stages of construction planning :
Developing appropriate interfaces
• The planner needs to devise an appropriate system for
management information system (MIS) reporting.
• Tools such as computers and formats for reporting are widely used,
and it may be noted that several software are readily available to
aid the planner.

13. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Stages of construction planning :
Updating and revising plans
• A construction plan needs to be continuously updated and revised
during monitoring,
• some basic issues should be borne in mind before drawing up a
full-fledged plan.
• For example,
– the planner should clearly understand the
• product to be produced in terms of scope and expected performance,
• the input required and the process involved,
• including the issues in quality control and tolerances at different steps.

14. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Stages of construction planning :
Updating and revising plans
• At the same time, the time and productivity aspects involved in the
different activities should also be understood, besides the
interdependence of activities.
• The planning should also identify milestones and targets for the
different agencies to facilitate proper monitoring during execution.
• Inclusion of features identifying risks associated with a project, and
the appropriate responses for mitigation enhance the quality of the
project plan.

15. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Process of development of plans and schedules
• Schedule, cost, quality and safety can be identified as specific items
on which the success of any (construction) project is evaluated.
• Although there is a complex interrelationship between these,
• It is possible to discuss them independently—a statement such as a
project being completed with very
• high quality but with different levels of cost and time overruns can
at least be technically understood.

16. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Process of development of plans and schedules
• Thus, at times it makes sense to have different plans for each of these
criteria
– Time Plan
– Manpower Plan
– Material Plan
– Construction equipment plan
– Finance plan
• It should be emphasized that all ‘independent’ plans should always be in
line with an overall ‘master plan’ that lays down the overall plan of the
project

17. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Process of development of plans and schedules : Time Plan
• Time is the essence of all construction projects,
• and contracts often have clauses outlining
– awards (bonus payments) for completing a work ahead
– penalties (as liquidated damages) completing work later than a
scheduled date.

18. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Process of development of plans and schedules : Time Plan
• While effort is made to ensure timely completion of work, it should be
noted that some of the common reasons for delays could be
– a sluggish approach during planning,
– delay in award of contract,
– changes during execution,
– alterations in scope of work,
– delay in payments,
– slow decision-making,
– delay in supply of drawings and materials, and
– labour trouble.

19. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Process of development of plans and schedules : Time Plan
• Several reasonably well-established techniques are available
• commonly used for time planning (or ‘scheduling’) activities—
– Critical Path Method (CPM),
– Programme Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT),
– Precedence Network Analysis (PNA),
– Line Of-Balance technique (LOB),
– Linear Programme Chart (LPC) and
– Time Scale Network (TSN).

20. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Process of development of plans and schedules : Time Plan
• The choice of the method to be used in a particular case depends
on
– the intended objective,
– the nature of the project,
– the target audience, etc.

21. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Process of development of plans and schedules : Manpower Plan
• This plan focuses on
– estimating the size of workforce,
– division in functional teams and
– Scheduling the deployment of manpower.
• Manpower planning helps to get

22. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Process of development of plans and schedules : Manpower Plan
– optimum productivity
• establishing labour productivity standards,
• providing suitable environment and
• financial incentives
– optimum utilization
• grouping the manpower in suitable functional teams

23. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Process of development of plans and schedules : Material Plan
• The material plan involves
– identification of required materials,
– estimation of required quantities,
– defining specification and
– forecasting material requirement,
– identification of appropriate source(s),
– inventory control,
– procurement plans and monitoring the usage of materials

24. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Process of development of plans and schedules :
Construction Equipment Plan
• Completion of project is highly dependent on wisely using the Modern
equipment.
• Machines are used in modern construction
– for mass excavation,
– trenching,
– compacting,
– grading,
– hoisting,
– concreting,
– drilling,
– Material handling, etc.

25. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Process of development of plans and schedules :
Construction Equipment Plan
• Induction of modern equipment could improve
– productivity
– quality,
– reducing cost.
• At the same time, it should be borne in mind
– that heavy equipment are very costly and should be optimally utilized
in order to be productive.
• It is also important that the characteristics of equipment are kept in
mind when drawing up an equipment plan.

26. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Process of development of plans and schedules :
Finance Plan
• large construction projects require huge investments,
• and a long time to complete,
• all the money is not required at any one point in time.
• Contractors fund their projects from their working capital,
• One part using own sources
– (e.g., bank loans secured against assets, deployment of resources
from their inventory),

27. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Process of development of plans and schedules :
Finance Plan
• whereas the rest comes from a combination of avenues such as
– mobilization advance for the project,
– running-account bills paid by the client,
– secured advances against materials brought at site,
– advance payments, and credits from suppliers against work done.

28. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Process of development of plans and schedules :
Finance Plan
• Thus, a careful analysis needs to be carried out to determine how
the requirement of funds varies with time.
• It is little wonder that capital inflow can be looked upon as the
lifeline of any large project.
• Careful planning for funds and finances has achieved added
significance in cases when projects are funded by the private sector
or financial institutions that view the project as a financial
investment and seek returns in monetary terms also.

29. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Thank you…..