This chapter discusses human development from conception through death. It covers heredity and genes, noting that traits are transmitted from parents to children through DNA located on chromosomes. Prenatal development and factors affecting it like temperament, environment, and teratogens are addressed. Stages of child development are outlined, including physical, cognitive, language, social/emotional, and moral development. Theories of development from theorists like Piaget, Erikson, Kohlberg, Chomsky, and Ainsworth are summarized. The chapter concludes with topics like aging, cognitive changes, and end of life processes.
Cognitive psychology is a relatively young branch of psychology, yet it has quickly grown to become one of the most popular subfields. Few Practical Application of Cognitive Psychology(Science),Thinking, decision-making/increasing decision making accuracy, problem-solving, learning /structuring educational curricula to enhance learning , attention,Memory/Improving memory, forgetting, and
language acquisition.
But what exactly is cognitive psychology?
What do cognitive psychologists do?
Attention, Factors of Attention, Objective Factors, Subjective Factors, Span of Attention, Distraction of Attention, Control of Distraction, Fluctuation of Attention.
Cognitive psychology is a relatively young branch of psychology, yet it has quickly grown to become one of the most popular subfields. Few Practical Application of Cognitive Psychology(Science),Thinking, decision-making/increasing decision making accuracy, problem-solving, learning /structuring educational curricula to enhance learning , attention,Memory/Improving memory, forgetting, and
language acquisition.
But what exactly is cognitive psychology?
What do cognitive psychologists do?
Attention, Factors of Attention, Objective Factors, Subjective Factors, Span of Attention, Distraction of Attention, Control of Distraction, Fluctuation of Attention.
Psychology is all about the study of mind of living beings and to learn the ways to join their environment. Such study of psychology has been divided into categories which are the types of psychology. Some of the psychology details may overlaps each other. Such as school psychology will say about the children and care about psychological disorder.
Memahami Organisasi dan Desain Organisasi-Organisasi Publik (Bagian 3)Seta Wicaksana
Hingga sekitar 20 tahun yang lalu, perusahaan mengalami desain ulang organisasi setiap beberapa tahun atau bahkan dekade.
Kebanyakan eksekutif puncak mungkin hanya memiliki pengalaman beberapa kali dalam karier mereka.
Namun, otomatisasi dan tekanan persaingan mulai mempercepat laju perubahan organisasi.
Dalam presentasi ini, kami mengeksplorasi model organisasi tradisional dan bagaimana model tersebut digunakan untuk menyelaraskan struktur dan operasi dengan strategi bisnis.
Kami akan menunjukkan bagaimana model tersebut masih dapat berfungsi sebagai alat diagnostik untuk memahami di mana berbagai faktor organisasi mungkin tidak seimbang.
Kemudian, kami akan menunjukkan bagaimana organisasi telah beralih dari model statis untuk diagnostik dan penyelarasan ke model fleksibel yang membantu organisasi beradaptasi terhadap perubahan yang dinamis dan berkelanjutan.
Bagian 1 Organizations and Organizations Theory
Bagian 2 From Strategy to Organization Design and Effectiveness
Bagian 3 Public Organization
Memahami Organisasi dan Desain Organisasi-from strategy (Bagian 2)Seta Wicaksana
Hingga sekitar 20 tahun yang lalu, perusahaan mengalami desain ulang organisasi setiap beberapa tahun atau bahkan dekade.
Kebanyakan eksekutif puncak mungkin hanya memiliki pengalaman beberapa kali dalam karier mereka.
Namun, otomatisasi dan tekanan persaingan mulai mempercepat laju perubahan organisasi.
Dalam presentasi ini, kami mengeksplorasi model organisasi tradisional dan bagaimana model tersebut digunakan untuk menyelaraskan struktur dan operasi dengan strategi bisnis.
Kami akan menunjukkan bagaimana model tersebut masih dapat berfungsi sebagai alat diagnostik untuk memahami di mana berbagai faktor organisasi mungkin tidak seimbang.
Kemudian, kami akan menunjukkan bagaimana organisasi telah beralih dari model statis untuk diagnostik dan penyelarasan ke model fleksibel yang membantu organisasi beradaptasi terhadap perubahan yang dinamis dan berkelanjutan.
Bagian 1 Organizations and Organizations Theory
Bagian 2 From Strategy to Organization Design and Effectiveness
Bagian 3 Public Organization
Memahami Organisasi dan Desain Organisasi-Pengantar (bagian 1)Seta Wicaksana
Hingga sekitar 20 tahun yang lalu, perusahaan mengalami desain ulang organisasi setiap beberapa tahun atau bahkan dekade.
Kebanyakan eksekutif puncak mungkin hanya memiliki pengalaman beberapa kali dalam karier mereka.
Namun, otomatisasi dan tekanan persaingan mulai mempercepat laju perubahan organisasi.
Dalam presentasi ini, kami mengeksplorasi model organisasi tradisional dan bagaimana model tersebut digunakan untuk menyelaraskan struktur dan operasi dengan strategi bisnis.
Kami akan menunjukkan bagaimana model tersebut masih dapat berfungsi sebagai alat diagnostik untuk memahami di mana berbagai faktor organisasi mungkin tidak seimbang.
Kemudian, kami akan menunjukkan bagaimana organisasi telah beralih dari model statis untuk diagnostik dan penyelarasan ke model fleksibel yang membantu organisasi beradaptasi terhadap perubahan yang dinamis dan berkelanjutan.
Materi dibagi menjadi 3 bagian, yaitu:
Bagian 1 Organizations and Organizations Theory
Bagian 2 From Strategy to Organization Design and Effectiveness
Bagian 3 Public Organization
Organizational Transformation Lead with CultureSeta Wicaksana
Transformation is even harder than we thought
“Only 22% of companies successfully carry out transformation. The failure rate was 78%.”
“Often the business value of digital transformation is not realized. One of the most common causes is an abundance of technology projects, not a true business culture transformation”
- Phil Le-Brun, Enterprise Strategist, AWS
Perspektif Psikologi dalam Perubahan OrganisasiSeta Wicaksana
“Perubahan organisasi merupakan suatu proses yang berkelanjutan dan dinamis. Perubahan tidak berhenti ketika sebuah inisiatif perubahan telah sukses diimplementasikan, tapi akan selalu terjadi perubahan karena lingkungan yang terus menerus berubah.” – Seta A. Wicaksana
“Perubahan hadir karena adanya ketidaksempurnaan, sedangkan ketidaksempurnaan itu adalah ruang untuk belajar, tumbuh dan berkembang, …
itulah yang Sempurna.” – Seta A. Wicaksana
Organizational Structure Running A Successful BusinessSeta Wicaksana
Every company needs an organizational structure—whether they realize it or not.
The organizational structure is how the company delegates roles, responsibilities, job functions, accountability, and decision-making authority.
The organizational structure often shows the “chain of command” and how information moves within the company.
Have an organizational structure that aligns with your company’s goals and objectives.
This article describes the various organizational structures, the benefits of creating one for your business, and specific elements that should be included.
Ten Organizational Design Models to align structure and operations to busines...Seta Wicaksana
Up until about 20 years ago, companies experienced organizational redesign every few years or even decades.
Most top executives would have the experience perhaps only a few times in their careers.
However, automation and competitive pressures had begun to accelerate the pace of organizational change.
In this presentation, we explore traditional organizational models and how they have been used to align structure and operations to business strategies.
We will show how those models can still operate as diagnostic tools to understand where various organizational factors can be out of balance.
Then, we will show how organizations have shifted from static models for diagnostics and alignment to flexible models that help organizations adapt to continuous, dynamic change.
Understanding Business Function and Business ProcessSeta Wicaksana
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) programs: Core software used by companies to coordinate information in every area of business
Help manage companywide business processes
Use common database and shared management reporting tools
Business process: Collection of activities that takes some input and creates an output that is of value to the customer
HC Company Profile 2024 Excellence JourneySeta Wicaksana
Humanika Consulting is an HRD and Management consultant brand under the auspices of PT Humanika Amanah Indonesia. As a brand, Humanika Consulting, which was established in 2004, started its career in developing human resources through training program activities using an outdoor activity (Outbound) approach. The Experiential Learning method is promoted in developing people through continuous change so that the S.O.B.A.T. (Semua Orang Bisa Hebat) becomes a platform in the change process, namely Start, Order, Breakthrough, Accelerate, and Transform.
To anticipate high demands regarding Individual Assessment, Humanika Consulting has innovated to create a web-based application and has parameters (Job-Person Profile Matching), by having a subsidiary, PT Humanika Bisnis Digital, which a subsidiary that concentrates on Big Data and research related to HR. in 2019.
Business Strategy Creating and Sustaining Competitive AdvantagesSeta Wicaksana
Effective strategies in an environment of constant change are a key requirement for success.
Corporate strategy: Deciding on the scope and purpose of the business, its objectives, and the initiatives and resources necessary to achieve the objectives.
Strategic Management Organization objective with Appreciative InquirySeta Wicaksana
To introduce the philosophy, practice and process of Appreciative Inquiry so that you can apply it to your setting objectives in strategic management.
Appreciative inquiry (AI) is a positive approach to leadership development and organizational change. The method is used to boost innovation among organizations.
A company might apply appreciative inquiry to best practices, strategic planning, and organizational culture, and to increase the momentum of initiatives.
Developing Organization's Vision, Mission and ValuesSeta Wicaksana
Together, the vision, mission, and values statements provide direction for everything that happens in an organization.
They keep everyone focused on where the organization is going and what it is trying to achieve. And they define the core values of the organization and how people are expected to behave.
Creating a mission, values and vision makes a statement as to how a company and its personnel will interact with the consumer, its colleagues and even competitors.
The value, mission and vision statements of a company are the foundation on which all business is conducted and decisions are made.
The Future of Business, Organization and HRMSeta Wicaksana
In an ever-evolving global landscape, the realm of business development is undergoing a profound transformation.
The convergence of technological advancements, shifting consumer preferences, and dynamic market conditions has created a paradigm shift that promises to reshape the way businesses approach growth and expansion.
The future of business development is not only about adapting to change but also about harnessing emerging trends and innovations to thrive in an increasingly competitive environment.
To better organize a business in the future, leaders should embrace nine imperatives that collectively explain “who we are” as an organization, “how we operate,” and “how we grow.”
Transformasi menuju SDM Unggul dalam Era VUCASeta Wicaksana
Pembangunan Sumber Daya Manusia (SDM) unggul adalah bagian dari proses dan tujuan pembangunan nasional Indonesia. Saat ini Indonesia menghadapi tantangan untuk mengejar ketertinggalan dari bangsa-bangsa lain yang telah lebih dahulu maju. Tantangan menjadi lebih berat karena saat ini berada di era VUCA yaitu Volatility, Uncertainty, Complexity, dan Ambiguity.
Kita hidup di dunia dengan perubahan yang sangat cepat, tidak terduga, dipengaruhi oleh banyak faktor yang sulit dikontrol, dan kompleks. Mustahil kita mampu mencapai kemajuan dan kemandirian bangsa apabila kita mengabaikan pembangunan yang semestinya bertitik berat pada keunggulan sumber daya manusia. Hanya melalui SDM unggul kita akan mampu menghadapi era VUCA ini dan mampu berkompetisi dengan bangsa–bangsa lain. Era VUCA harus kita hadapi dengan mencetak SDM unggul Indonesia.
SDM unggul adalah SDM yang mampu beradaptasi, menerima dan merangkul perubahan sebagai bagian dari lingkungan yang tidak dapat diprediksi. Di samping itu, SDM unggul juga adalah SDM yang mampu memahami sekaligus melaksanakan tugas pekerjaannya secara tuntas dan berkualitas dengan visi kerja yang jelas dalam menghadapi tantangan dan ketidakpastian, yang mampu berkolaborasi dan bersinergi secara efektif dengan kolega, tim kerja, dan menjadi insan penggerak perubahan dan inovasi dalam menghadapi kompleksitas persoalan organisasi. SDM unggul juga diharapkan mampu mengatasi ambiguitas dengan agilitas serta memiliki ketangkasan dan kecerdasan dalam menjalankan tugas pekerjaannya.
Using Workload Analysis for Manpower PlanningSeta Wicaksana
Mengapa Manpower Planning dibutuhkan:
Membantu mengidentifikasi kekurangan atau kelebihan tenaga kerja, sehingga memungkinkan perusahaan mengambil langkah-langkah yang diperlukan untuk mengatasi masalah ini sebelum menjadi masalah.
Memastikan bahwa program rekrutmen dan seleksi didasarkan pada perencanaan tenaga kerja untuk mendapatkan hasil terbaik.
Membantu mengurangi biaya tenaga kerja dengan mengidentifikasi kelebihan staf atau jadwal shift kelebihan staf.
Membantu mengidentifikasi talenta yang tersedia dalam angkatan kerja, seperti pekerja terampil, dan membuat rencana pengembangan untuk mereka.
Membantu mengoptimalkan penggunaan sumber daya manusia yang ada, sehingga menghasilkan produktivitas yang lebih tinggi dan biaya yang lebih rendah.
Membantu meningkatkan kepuasan karyawan dengan memastikan bahwa tenaga kerja yang ada terlibat dalam pekerjaan yang bermakna.
The Talent Management Navigator Performance ManagementSeta Wicaksana
Effective Performance Management supports the achievement of both individual and business objectives. Through the Performance Management Process:
Employees understand how the work they are doing supports the broader goals of the organization
Employees understand what is expected of them, how they’re performing against those expectations, and how they can continue to improve their performance and contributions to advance their own career and business objectives
Managers provide feedback and coaching throughout the year to support employees in sustaining and improving their performance and developing their capabilities in alignment with their career goals
Employees and managers maintain on-going communications about performance and development progress and use the Company’s approved documents and/or technology to document progress
“Most companies still earn profits per employee at close to the same low levels earned in the 20th century because they have not become very adept at mobilizing the mind power of their workforces.
As a comparison, the average top-30 company increased profits per employee 70 percent
The target should be to improve profits per employee by 30 to 60 percent or more. “
“The opportunities to improve the performance of workers just from increased efficiency alone are huge: Surveys show that a majority of workers in thinking-intensive jobs in large companies feel they waste from half a day to two days out of every workweek...
The opportunities to improve the effectiveness of such workers are even larger. The opportunities to mobilize the latent intangible assets (that is, knowledge, skills, relationships and reputations) of a company’s workforce are vast.”
Changing Group to High Performing Teams with SOBATWAY through coachingSeta Wicaksana
Teamwork is important because it promotes a positive work environment where employees can achieve more opportunities and overcome more obstacles.
Businesses and organizations need teamwork the most when a project is time-sensitive and requires a diverse set of skills and experiences.
Teamwork can improve efficiency and productivity.
Efficiency rules when work is appropriately divided within a team, responsibilities are shared, and tasks are more likely to be finished within a set time frame. Good teamwork also enhances group outcomes and the measurable effectiveness of organizations.
Changing Group to High Performing Teams with SOBATWAY through LeadingSeta Wicaksana
A productive leader can help to improve efficiency by getting the most out of their team.
Leaders can help improve efficiency by ensuring everyone is working towards the same goal and doing what they do best.
They can provide guidance and direction and delegate tasks to make the most of everyone's strengths.
Someone who leads by example can expect to receive trust and respect from their team.
Superiors see them as someone who is capable of running a team, and employees see them as trusted mentors.
A trusted leader can also inspire teammates to respect and trust each other.
Changing Group to High Performing Teams with SOBATWAY through ParticipatingSeta Wicaksana
Why is participation important in teams?
Increases productivity
No matter how you measure it, participation promotes productivity by helping teams work through problems, ideate different solutions, raise potential roadblocks, and communicate goals more clearly.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
2. Introduction to Psychology: KCC
Chapter 3
Heredity and Genes
• Developmental Psychology: The study of progressive changes in
behavior and abilities
• Heredity (Nature): Transmission of physical and psychological
characteristics from parents to their children through genes
• Chromosomes
• DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid): Molecular structure, shaped like a
double helix that contains coded genetic information
• Genes: Specific areas on a strand of DNA that carry hereditary
information
– Dominant: The gene’s feature will appear each time the gene is present
– Recessive: The gene’s feature will appear only if it is paired with
another recessive gene
4. Introduction to Psychology: KCC
Chapter 3Figure 3.2
FIGURE 3.2 (Top left) Linked molecules (organic bases) make up the “rungs” on DNA’s twisted “molecular
ladder.” The order of these molecules serves as a code for genetic information. The code provides a
genetic blueprint that is unique for each individual (except identical twins). The drawing shows only a small
section of a DNA strand. An entire strand of DNA is composed of billions of smaller molecules. (Bottom left)
The nucleus of each cell in the body contains chromosomes made up of tightly wound coils of DNA. (Don’t
be misled by the drawing: Chromosomes are microscopic in size, and the chemical molecules that make up
DNA are even smaller.)
5. Introduction to Psychology: KCC
Chapter 3Figure 3.3
FIGURE 3.3 Gene patterns for children of brown-eyed parents, where each parent has one
brown-eye gene and one blue-eye gene. Because the brown-eye gene is dominant, one child in
four will be blue-eyed. Thus, there is a significant chance that two browneyed parents will
have a blue-eyed child.
6. Introduction to Psychology: KCC
Chapter 3
Temperament and Environment
• Temperament: The physical “core” of personality
– Easy Children: 40%; relaxed and agreeable
– Difficult Children: 10%; moody, intense, easily
angered
– Slow-to-Warm-Up Children: 15%; restrained,
unexpressive, shy
– Remaining Children: Do not fit into any specific
category
7. Introduction to Psychology: KCC
Chapter 3
Environment
• Environment (“Nurture”): All external conditions that
affect development
• Sensitive Periods: A period of increased sensitivity to
environmental influences; also, a time when certain
events must occur for normal development to take place
• Congenital Problem: A problem or defect that occurs
during prenatal development; “birth defect”; becomes
apparent at birth
8. Introduction to Psychology: KCC
Chapter 3
Environment (cont'd)
• Genetic Disorder: Problem caused by inherited
characteristics
• Teratogens - Anything capable of causing birth defects
(e.g., narcotics, radiation, cigarette smoke, lead, and
cocaine)
• Deprivation: Lack of normal stimulation, nutrition,
comfort, or love
• Enrichment: When an environment is deliberately made
more complex and intellectually stimulating
• Enriched Environments: Environments deliberately made
more novel, complex, and stimulating
11. Introduction to Psychology: KCC
Chapter 3
Newborns (Neonates) and Their Reflexes
• Grasping Reflex: If an object is placed in the infant’s
palm, she’ll grasp it automatically (all reflexes are
automatic responses; i.e., they come from nature, not
nurture).
• Rooting Reflex: Lightly touch the infant’s cheek and he’ll
turn toward the object and attempt to nurse; helps infant
find bottle or breast.
• Sucking Reflex: Touch an object or nipple to the infant’s
mouth and she’ll make rhythmic sucking movements.
• Moro Reflex: If a baby’s position is abruptly changed or if
he is startled by a loud noise, he will make a hugging
motion.
12. Introduction to Psychology: KCC
Chapter 3
Maturation
• Physical growth and development of the body, brain, and
nervous system
• Increased muscular control occurs in patterns
– Cephalocaudal: From head to toe
– Proximodistal: From center of the body to the
extremities
13. Introduction to Psychology: KCC
Chapter 3
Emotional and Social Development
Social Smile: Smiling elicited by social stimuli; not
exclusive to seeing parents
– Invites parents to care for them
14. Introduction to Psychology: KCC
Chapter 3Figure 3.9
FIGURE 3.9 Infants display many of the same emotional expressions as adults do. Carroll Izard
believes such expressions show that distinct emotions appear within the first months of life. Other
theorists argue that specific emotions come into focus more gradually, as an infant’s nervous
system matures. Either way, parents can expect to see a full range of basic emotions by the end of
a baby’s first year.
15. Introduction to Psychology: KCC
Chapter 3Figure 3.6
FIGURE 3.6 Motor development. Most infants follow an orderly pattern of motor development.
Although the order in which children progress is similar, there are large individual differences in
the ages at which each ability appears. The ages listed are averages for American children. It is
not unusual for many of the skills to appear 1 or 2 months earlier than average or several months
later (Frankenberg & Dodds, 1967; Harris & Liebert, 1991). Parents should not be alarmed if a
child’s behavior differs some from the average.
16. Introduction to Psychology: KCC
Chapter 3
Mary Ainsworth and Attachment
• Emotional Attachment
• Sensitive Period
• Separation Anxiety: Crying and signs of fear when a child is left
alone or is with a stranger; generally appears around 8-12 months
• Quality of Attachment (Ainsworth)
– Secure: Stable and positive emotional bond; upset by mother’s
absence
– Insecure-Avoidant: Tendency to avoid reunion with parent or
caregiver
– Insecure-Ambivalent: Desire to be with parent or caregiver and
some resistance to being reunited with Mom
– Insecure-Disorganized: Contradictory behaviors
• Contact comfort
17. Introduction to Psychology: KCC
Chapter 3Figure 3.10
FIGURE 3.10 In the United States, about two thirds of all children from middle-class families are
securely attached. About one child in three is insecurely attached. (Percentages are
approximate. From Kaplan, 1998.)
18. Introduction to Psychology: KCC
Chapter 3
Parenting Styles (Baumrind, 1991)
• Authoritarian Parents: Enforce rigid rules and demand
strict obedience to authority. Children are obedient and
self-controlled.
• Overly Permissive: Give little guidance. Allow too much
freedom, or don’t hold children accountable for their
actions. Children tend to be dependent and immature
and frequently misbehave.
• Authoritative: Provide firm and consistent guidance
combined with love and affection. Children tend to be
competent, self-controlled, independent, and assertive.
• Neglectful: Little guidance, excessive freedoms, limited
to no accountability.
19. Introduction to Psychology: KCC
Chapter 3
Types of Child Discipline
• Power Assertion: Using physical punishment or a show
of force
• Withdrawal of Love: Withholding affection; refusing to
speak to a child or threatening to leave
• Management Techniques: Combine praise, recognition,
approval, rules, and reasoning to encourage desirable
behavior
20. Introduction to Psychology: KCC
Chapter 3
Language Acquisition
• Cooing: Repetition of vowel sounds by infants (like “oo”
and “ah”); starts at about 8 weeks
• Babbling: Repetition of meaningless language sounds
(e.g., babababa); starts at about 7 months
• Single-Word Stage: The child says one word at a time
• Telegraphic Speech: Two word sentences that
communicate a single idea (e.g., Want yogurt)
21. Introduction to Psychology: KCC
Chapter 3
Noam Chomsky and the Roots of Language
• Biological Disposition: Presumed readiness of ALL
humans to learn certain skills such as how to use
language
– Chomsky: Language patterns are inborn
• Parentese (Motherese): Pattern of speech used when
talking to infants
– Marked by raised voice; short, simple sentences and
repetition
22. Introduction to Psychology: KCC
Chapter 3
Jean Piaget and Cognitive Development
• Piaget believed that all children passed through a set
series of stages during their intellectual development;
like Freud, he was a Stage Theorist.
• Transformations/ Conservation: Mentally changing the
shape or form of a substance; children younger than 6 or
7 cannot do this.
• Schemes
• Assimilation: Application of existing mental patterns to
new situations.
• Accommodation: Existing ideas are changed to
accommodate new information or experiences.
23. Introduction to Psychology: KCC
Chapter 3
Jean Piaget: Sensorimotor Stage
• Sensorimotor (0-2 Years): All sensory input and motor
responses are coordinated; most intellectual
development here is nonverbal.
– Object Permanence: Concept that objects still exist
when they are out of sight.
24. Introduction to Psychology: KCC
Chapter 3
Jean Piaget: Preoperational Stage
• Preoperational Stage (2-7 Years): Children begin to use
language and think symbolically, BUT their thinking is
still intuitive and egocentric.
– Intuitive: Makes little use of reasoning and logic.
– Egocentric Thought: Thought that is unable to
accommodate viewpoints of others.
25. Introduction to Psychology: KCC
Chapter 3
Jean Piaget: Concrete Operational Stage
• Concrete Operational Stage (7-11Years): Children
become able to use concepts of time, space, volume,
and number BUT in ways that remain simplified and
concrete, not abstract.
– Conservation: Mass, weight, and volume remain
unchanged when the shape or appearance of objects
changes.
– Reversibility of Thought: Relationships involving
equality or identity can be reversed.
26. Introduction to Psychology: KCC
Chapter 3
Jean Piaget: Formal Operations
• Formal Operations Stage (11 Years and Up): Thinking
now includes abstract, theoretical, and hypothetical
ideas.
– Abstract Ideas: Concepts and examples removed
from specific examples and concrete situations.
– Hypothetical Possibilities: Suppositions, guesses, or
projections.
27. Introduction to Psychology: KCC
Chapter 3
Lawrence Kohlberg and
Stages of Moral Development
• Moral Development: When we acquire values, beliefs,
and thinking abilities that guide responsible behavior
– Three Levels
– Preconventional: Moral thinking guided by
consequences of actions (punishment, reward,
exchange of favors)
– Conventional: Reasoning based on a desire to please
others or to follow accepted rules and values
– Postconventional: Follows self-accepted moral
principles
– Stage theorist, like Freud and Erikson
28. Introduction to Psychology: KCC
Chapter 3
Erik Erikson’s Eight Stages of Psychosocial
Dilemmas
• Stage One: Trust versus Mistrust (Birth-1): Children are
completely dependent on others
– Trust: Established when babies given adequate
warmth, touching, love, and physical care
– Mistrust: Caused by inadequate or unpredictable care
and by cold, indifferent, and rejecting parents
• Stage Two: Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt (1-3)
– Autonomy: Doing things for themselves
– Overprotective or ridiculing parents may cause
children to doubt abilities and feel shameful about
their actions
29. Introduction to Psychology: KCC
Chapter 3
Erik Erikson’s Eight Stages of Psychosocial
Dilemmas (cont'd)
• Stage Three: Initiative versus Guilt (3-5)
– Initiative: Parents reinforce via giving children
freedom to play, use imagination, and ask questions
– Guilt: May occur if parents criticize, prevent play, or
discourage a child’s questions
• Stage Four: Industry versus Inferiority (6-12)
– Industry: Occurs when child is praised for productive
activities
– Inferiority: Occurs if child’s efforts are regarded as
messy or inadequate
30. Introduction to Psychology: KCC
Chapter 3
Erik Erikson’s Eight Stages of
Psychosocial Dilemmas (cont'd)
• Stage Five (Adolescence): Identity versus Role
Confusion
– Identity: For adolescents; problems answering, “Who
am I?”
– Role Confusion: Occurs when adolescents are unsure
of where they are going and who they are
– How does adolescence differ from puberty?
• Stage Six (Young adulthood): Intimacy versus Isolation
– Intimacy: Ability to care about others and to share
experiences with them
– Isolation: Feeling alone and uncared for in life
31. Introduction to Psychology: KCC
Chapter 3
Erik Erikson’s Eight Stages of
Psychosocial Dilemmas (cont'd)
• Stage Seven (Middle adulthood): Generativity versus
Stagnation
– Generativity: Interest in guiding the next generation
– Stagnation: When one is only concerned with one’s
own needs and comforts
• Stage Eight (Late adulthood): Integrity versus Despair
– Integrity: Self-respect; developed when people have
lived richly and responsibly
– Despair: Occurs when previous life events are viewed
with regret; experiences heartache and remorse
32. Introduction to Psychology: KCC
Chapter 3
Aging
• Adolescence v. Puberty
– Primary Sex Characteristics
– Secondary Sex Characteristics
– Secular Trend
• Peak physical functioning
• Cognitive functioning
– Fluid Intelligence
– Crystallized Intelligence
• Disengagement v. Activity Theories
• Elizabeth Kubler-Ross
– Denial
– Anger
– Bargaining
– Depression
– Acceptance