This document provides an introduction to clinical psychology. It discusses that clinical psychology is devoted to studying, diagnosing, and treating mental illnesses and psychological disorders. The course will cover foundations of clinical psychology, clinical assessment, clinical interventions, and specialties. It also discusses that approximately 30% of American adults have been diagnosed with a psychiatric disorder, including mood disorders, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, and eating disorders. Clinical psychologists play a key role in treating these mental health problems through assessment, diagnosis, and various psychological treatments.

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Introduction to ClinicalIntroduction to Clinical
PsychologyPsychology
Lecture 1Lecture 1

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 Clinical PsychologyClinical Psychology, branch of psychology, branch of psychology
devoted to the study, diagnosis, and treatment ofdevoted to the study, diagnosis, and treatment of
people with mental illnesses and otherpeople with mental illnesses and other
psychological disorders.psychological disorders.
 This course will consist of 45 lectures, and willThis course will consist of 45 lectures, and will
be divided into four parts:be divided into four parts:
 1. Foundations of Clinical Psychology1. Foundations of Clinical Psychology
 2.2. Clinical Assessment.Clinical Assessment.
 3.3. Clinical Interventions.Clinical Interventions.
 4.4. Specialties in Clinical PsychologySpecialties in Clinical Psychology

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Mental Health TodayMental Health Today
A quick look of the picture !!A quick look of the picture !!
 A recent national study of psychiatric disorders in America foundA recent national study of psychiatric disorders in America found
that :that :
 approximately 30% of adults or 70 million people were diagnosedapproximately 30% of adults or 70 million people were diagnosed
with at least one psychiatric disorder.with at least one psychiatric disorder.
 10 million people are suffering with mood disorder and major10 million people are suffering with mood disorder and major
depressiondepression
 15 million people with Anxiety disorders.15 million people with Anxiety disorders.
 1 million people with schizophrenic disorder.1 million people with schizophrenic disorder.
 500,000 people with eating disorder and most of them are women.500,000 people with eating disorder and most of them are women.
 Clinical psychologists are on the front lineClinical psychologists are on the front line
in the treatment of these mental healthin the treatment of these mental health
problems.problems.

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WHAT IS CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY?WHAT IS CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY?
 Clinical psychology is an exciting andClinical psychology is an exciting and
growing field that encompasses bothgrowing field that encompasses both
research and practice related toresearch and practice related to
psychopathology and to mental andpsychopathology and to mental and
physical health. Understanding, treatingphysical health. Understanding, treating
and preventing mental health problemsand preventing mental health problems
and their associate effect is the businessand their associate effect is the business
of clinical psychology.of clinical psychology.

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 Clinical psychologists play a central role in theClinical psychologists play a central role in the
assessment, diagnosis, treatment and prevention ofassessment, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of
mental health problems.mental health problems.
 Through the use of psychological tests, interviews,Through the use of psychological tests, interviews,
observations of behavior, various forms ofobservations of behavior, various forms of
psychological treatment (e.g. cognitive behavioralpsychological treatment (e.g. cognitive behavioral
therapy, interpersonal psychotherapy, marital andtherapy, interpersonal psychotherapy, marital and
family therapy ), clinical psychologists are on thefamily therapy ), clinical psychologists are on the
front line in the treatment of mental health problems.front line in the treatment of mental health problems.

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 They are increasingly involved in the treatment ofThey are increasingly involved in the treatment of
behavioral and psychological factors that are relatedbehavioral and psychological factors that are related
to physical diseases, including cancer, heartto physical diseases, including cancer, heart
disease, diabetes, asthma and chronic pain etc.disease, diabetes, asthma and chronic pain etc.
 They are also involved in the delivery of programs toThey are also involved in the delivery of programs to
prevent mental health problems and to promoteprevent mental health problems and to promote
positive mental and physical health.positive mental and physical health.
 As a result, clinical psychologists engage in work inAs a result, clinical psychologists engage in work in
which the stakes are high and the opportunities arewhich the stakes are high and the opportunities are
great to bring meaningful changes in the lives ofgreat to bring meaningful changes in the lives of
others.others.

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 Among the ultimate aims of clinical psychology are theAmong the ultimate aims of clinical psychology are the
psychological well being and beneficial behavior ofpsychological well being and beneficial behavior of
persons; therefore, it focuses on internal psychobiologicalpersons; therefore, it focuses on internal psychobiological
conditions and on external social and physicalconditions and on external social and physical
environments within which individuals function.environments within which individuals function.
 Clinical psychology is the largest single specialty withinClinical psychology is the largest single specialty within
psychology that deals with principles and skills appliedpsychology that deals with principles and skills applied
outside the laboratory, it is by no means all of appliedoutside the laboratory, it is by no means all of applied
psychology, which includes industrial, educational,psychology, which includes industrial, educational,
organizational, military and several other specialties.organizational, military and several other specialties.

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Definition of Clinical Psychology:Definition of Clinical Psychology:
 In a recent attempt to define and describe clinicalIn a recent attempt to define and describe clinical
psychology, J.H. Resnick (1991) has proposed thepsychology, J.H. Resnick (1991) has proposed the
following definition and description of clinical psychology:following definition and description of clinical psychology:
““The field of clinical psychology involvesThe field of clinical psychology involves
research, teaching, and services relevant to theresearch, teaching, and services relevant to the
applications of principles, methods andapplications of principles, methods and
procedures for understanding, predicting andprocedures for understanding, predicting and
alleviating intellectual, emotional, biological,alleviating intellectual, emotional, biological,
psychological, social and behavioralpsychological, social and behavioral
maladjustment, disability and discomfort, appliedmaladjustment, disability and discomfort, applied
to a wide range of client population”.to a wide range of client population”.

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To summarize,To summarize,
 Clinical psychology is a broad approachClinical psychology is a broad approach
to human problems (both individual andto human problems (both individual and
interpersonal) consisting of assessment,interpersonal) consisting of assessment,
diagnosis, consultation, treatment,diagnosis, consultation, treatment,
program development, administration,program development, administration,
and research with regard to numerousand research with regard to numerous
populations, including children,populations, including children,
adolescents, adults, the elderly, families,adolescents, adults, the elderly, families,
groups etc.groups etc.

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MENTAL HEALTHMENTAL HEALTH
PROFESSIONS THAT AREPROFESSIONS THAT ARE
CLOSELY RELATED TOCLOSELY RELATED TO
CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGYCLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY

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 Many people are unaware of the similarities andMany people are unaware of the similarities and
differences between clinical psychology anddifferences between clinical psychology and
related fields, e.g. a popular question is, what isrelated fields, e.g. a popular question is, what is
the difference between a psychologist and athe difference between a psychologist and a
psychiatrist, or between a clinical psychologistpsychiatrist, or between a clinical psychologist
and a counseling psychologist. Since almost alland a counseling psychologist. Since almost all
of the mental health disciplines share certainof the mental health disciplines share certain
activities such as conducting psychotherapy,activities such as conducting psychotherapy,
understanding differences between these fieldsunderstanding differences between these fields
can be very challenging.can be very challenging.
 Before we examine the nature of activities thatBefore we examine the nature of activities that
are done by clinical psychologists, let us brieflyare done by clinical psychologists, let us briefly
review some of the other major professions inreview some of the other major professions in
the mental health field.the mental health field.

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 Major professions in the mental health fieldMajor professions in the mental health field
other than Clinical Psychology include theother than Clinical Psychology include the
following:following:
1.1. PSYCHIATRISTSPSYCHIATRISTS
2.2. COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGISTSCOUNSELING PSYCHOLOGISTS
3.3. PSYCHIATRIC SOCIAL WORKERSPSYCHIATRIC SOCIAL WORKERS
4.4. REHABILITATION PSYCHOLOGISTSREHABILITATION PSYCHOLOGISTS
5.5. SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGISTSSCHOOL PSYCHOLOGISTS
6.6. HEALTH PSYCHOLOGISTSHEALTH PSYCHOLOGISTS
7.7. PSYCHIATRIC NURSESPSYCHIATRIC NURSES
8.8. PARAPROFESSIONALSPARAPROFESSIONALS

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1. THE PSYCHIATRISTS1. THE PSYCHIATRISTS
 The psychiatrics are physicians. Psychiatry isThe psychiatrics are physicians. Psychiatry is
rooted in the medical tradition and exists within therooted in the medical tradition and exists within the
framework of organized medicine. Because of theframework of organized medicine. Because of the
medical training, they may prescribe medications,medical training, they may prescribe medications,
treat physical ailments and give physicaltreat physical ailments and give physical
examination.examination.
 In addition to their concentration on psychotherapyIn addition to their concentration on psychotherapy
and psychiatric diagnosis, they make extensive useand psychiatric diagnosis, they make extensive use
of a variety of medications in treating their patients'of a variety of medications in treating their patients'
psychological difficulties. Furthermore, theirpsychological difficulties. Furthermore, their
medical training makes them potentially better ablemedical training makes them potentially better able
to recognize medical problems that may beto recognize medical problems that may be
contributing to the patient’s psychological distress.contributing to the patient’s psychological distress.

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THE PSYCHIATRISTS (cont.)THE PSYCHIATRISTS (cont.)
Education &Training of a psychiatrist:Education &Training of a psychiatrist:
 Specific training in psychiatry begins only after aSpecific training in psychiatry begins only after a
physician receive his/her MBBS or MD degreephysician receive his/her MBBS or MD degree
and takes the 4 years residency training inand takes the 4 years residency training in
psychiatry with further specialized trainingpsychiatry with further specialized training
following the completion of residency.following the completion of residency.

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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CLINICALDIFFERENCE BETWEEN CLINICAL
PSYCHOLOGIST AND PSYCHIATRISTPSYCHOLOGIST AND PSYCHIATRIST
 Before receiving psychiatric training , aBefore receiving psychiatric training , a
psychiatrist completes four years of the medicalpsychiatrist completes four years of the medical
degree and the general medical internship.degree and the general medical internship.
 In contrast to psychiatrists, a clinical psychologistIn contrast to psychiatrists, a clinical psychologist
typically receives no training in medicine, receivestypically receives no training in medicine, receives
more extensive training in human behavior andmore extensive training in human behavior and
formal assessment of psychological functioningformal assessment of psychological functioning
and receives extensive training in scientificand receives extensive training in scientific
research methods.research methods.

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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGIST AND PSYCHIATRISTDIFFERENCE BETWEEN CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGIST AND PSYCHIATRIST
(cont.)(cont.)
 Psychiatrists often come from an authoritarianPsychiatrists often come from an authoritarian
tradition. The psychiatrist is an expert who tellstradition. The psychiatrist is an expert who tells
patients what is wrong with them and then maypatients what is wrong with them and then may
prescribe medication to make things right.prescribe medication to make things right.
 In contrast, clinical psychologist frequentlyIn contrast, clinical psychologist frequently
emphasizes to troubled clients their autonomyemphasizes to troubled clients their autonomy
and the necessity that they, as clients,and the necessity that they, as clients,
collaborate with the therapist in the changecollaborate with the therapist in the change
process.process.

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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGIST AND PSYCHIATRISTDIFFERENCE BETWEEN CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGIST AND PSYCHIATRIST
(cont.)(cont.)
 Usually psychiatrists give emphasis on the useUsually psychiatrists give emphasis on the use
ofof medicationmedication in the treatment of problems.in the treatment of problems.
 In contrast, clinical psychologist stress that clientIn contrast, clinical psychologist stress that client
must learn to come to gripsmust learn to come to grips psychologicallypsychologically
with their problems in living. Traditionally, clinicalwith their problems in living. Traditionally, clinical
psychologist have been committed to the powerpsychologist have been committed to the power
of words ( the talking cure) and to the process ofof words ( the talking cure) and to the process of
thought and social learning.thought and social learning.

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2. COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGIST2. COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGIST
 The activities of counseling psychologists overlapThe activities of counseling psychologists overlap
with those of clinical psychologist. Although bothwith those of clinical psychologist. Although both
fields generally differ in philosophy, training,fields generally differ in philosophy, training,
emphasis, and curriculum , but counselingemphasis, and curriculum , but counseling
psychology is perhaps the most similar to clinicalpsychology is perhaps the most similar to clinical
psychology in actual practice.psychology in actual practice.
 Like clinical psychologist, counseling psychologistsLike clinical psychologist, counseling psychologists
generally major in psychology as undergraduates,generally major in psychology as undergraduates,
attend a four year graduate training program, oneattend a four year graduate training program, one
year clinical internship and complete post doctoralyear clinical internship and complete post doctoral
training prior to obtaining their license as atraining prior to obtaining their license as a
psychologist.psychologist.

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 Their principle method of assessment is usuallyTheir principle method of assessment is usually
the interview but they also do testing. Historicallythe interview but they also do testing. Historically
they have a great deal of educational andthey have a great deal of educational and
occupational counseling. More recently, manyoccupational counseling. More recently, many
have begin to employ cognitive- behavioralhave begin to employ cognitive- behavioral
techniques and even biofeedback .techniques and even biofeedback .

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HOW CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY DIFFERSHOW CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY DIFFERS
FROM COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGYFROM COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGY
 The field of clinical psychology is much larger inThe field of clinical psychology is much larger in
terms of the number of doctoral- level professionalsterms of the number of doctoral- level professionals
as well as the number of accredited doctoralas well as the number of accredited doctoral
training programs. There are approximately threetraining programs. There are approximately three
times as many accredited doctoral program,times as many accredited doctoral program,
producing four times as many graduates in clinicalproducing four times as many graduates in clinical
rather than in counseling.rather than in counseling.
 Counseling psychology is not as large in theCounseling psychology is not as large in the
number of doctoral level professions and trainingnumber of doctoral level professions and training
programs as clinical psychology.programs as clinical psychology.

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HOW CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY DIFFERS FROM COUNSELINGHOW CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY DIFFERS FROM COUNSELING
PSYCHOLOGY (cont.)PSYCHOLOGY (cont.)
 Clinical psychologist deals with all kinds ofClinical psychologist deals with all kinds of
patients (mild, moderate or severe). They arepatients (mild, moderate or severe). They are
less likely to specialize in career assessment.less likely to specialize in career assessment.
 Counseling psychologist are more likely toCounseling psychologist are more likely to
provide services for mildly disturbed. They areprovide services for mildly disturbed. They are
more likely to specialize in career or vocationalmore likely to specialize in career or vocational
assessment.assessment.
 Clinical psychologists employ long termClinical psychologists employ long term
sessions. While short term sessions are used bysessions. While short term sessions are used by
counseling psychologists (approximately 6-7counseling psychologists (approximately 6-7
minimum and 14-15 maximum).minimum and 14-15 maximum).

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HOW CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY DIFFERS FROM COUNSELINGHOW CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY DIFFERS FROM COUNSELING
PSYCHOLOGY (cont.)PSYCHOLOGY (cont.)
 Clinical psychologists concentrate primarily on theClinical psychologists concentrate primarily on the
treatment of severe emotional disorder. They treattreatment of severe emotional disorder. They treat
their patients through psychotherapies and theytheir patients through psychotherapies and they
may emphasize the importance of past as well asmay emphasize the importance of past as well as
present events.present events.
 While counselors work with persons, groups,While counselors work with persons, groups,
families and systems who are experiencingfamilies and systems who are experiencing
situational, (mild to moderate) adjustment, and/orsituational, (mild to moderate) adjustment, and/or
vocational problems. They focus more on educationvocational problems. They focus more on education
& changing the cognition of their client.& changing the cognition of their client.

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3. PSYCHIATRIC SOCIAL WORKER3. PSYCHIATRIC SOCIAL WORKER
 A psychiatric social worker receives a degree ofA psychiatric social worker receives a degree of
Master of Social Work after two years ofMaster of Social Work after two years of
graduate training.graduate training.
 Clinical social workers typically conductClinical social workers typically conduct
psychotherapy on an individual or group basis.psychotherapy on an individual or group basis.
 They tend to deal with the social forces that areThey tend to deal with the social forces that are
contributing to the patient’s difficulties.contributing to the patient’s difficulties.

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 They take the case history, interview employersThey take the case history, interview employers
and relatives, and make arrangements forand relatives, and make arrangements for
vocational placement of patients.vocational placement of patients.

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HOW SOCIAL WORKER DIFFERS FROMHOW SOCIAL WORKER DIFFERS FROM
CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGISTCLINICAL PSYCHOLOGIST
 Compared to the training of clinical psychologist,Compared to the training of clinical psychologist,
social worker’s training is rather brief.social worker’s training is rather brief.
 The responsibilities of social worker are not asThe responsibilities of social worker are not as
vast as those of clinical psychologist.vast as those of clinical psychologist.
 In contrast to clinical psychologists, who provideIn contrast to clinical psychologists, who provide
services at clinic or hospital, social workers areservices at clinic or hospital, social workers are
more likely to visit the home, factory or the streetmore likely to visit the home, factory or the street
-- the places where the patient spend the bulk of-- the places where the patient spend the bulk of
their lives.their lives.

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4. REHABILITATION PSYCHOLOGISTS4. REHABILITATION PSYCHOLOGISTS
 Rehabilitation psychologists focus on peopleRehabilitation psychologists focus on people
who are physically or cognitively disabled.who are physically or cognitively disabled.
 The disability may result from a birth defect orThe disability may result from a birth defect or
later illness or injury.later illness or injury.
 Rehabilitation psychologists help individualsRehabilitation psychologists help individuals
adjust to their disabilities and the physical,adjust to their disabilities and the physical,
psychological, social, and environmental barrierspsychological, social, and environmental barriers
that often accompany them.that often accompany them.

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 Their most frequent places of employment are inTheir most frequent places of employment are in
rehabilitation institutes and hospitals.rehabilitation institutes and hospitals.

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5. School Psychologists5. School Psychologists
 They work with school educators andThey work with school educators and
others to promote the intellectual, socialothers to promote the intellectual, social
and emotional growth of school children.and emotional growth of school children.
 At times they have to develop programsAt times they have to develop programs
for children who may have special needs.for children who may have special needs.
 They also assess these children and helpThey also assess these children and help
them based on what their needs are.them based on what their needs are.

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6. Health Psychologists6. Health Psychologists
 Health psychologists through their research orHealth psychologists through their research or
practice, contribute to the promotion andpractice, contribute to the promotion and
maintenance of good health.maintenance of good health.
 They are also involved in the prevention andThey are also involved in the prevention and
treatment of illness.treatment of illness.
 They may design, execute, and study programsThey may design, execute, and study programs
to help people stop things like smoking, manageto help people stop things like smoking, manage
stress, lose weight or stay fit. Healthstress, lose weight or stay fit. Health
psychologists also work in medical centers, andpsychologists also work in medical centers, and
they also work as consultants for business andthey also work as consultants for business and
industry.industry.

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7. PSYCHIATRIC NURSES7. PSYCHIATRIC NURSES
 Psychiatric nurses receive their basic training inPsychiatric nurses receive their basic training in
nursing as part of two year program to be anursing as part of two year program to be a
registered nurse.registered nurse.
 Because psychiatric nurses spend many hoursBecause psychiatric nurses spend many hours
in close contact with patients, they are not onlyin close contact with patients, they are not only
in a position to provide information aboutin a position to provide information about
patients' hospital adjustment, but they can alsopatients' hospital adjustment, but they can also
play a crucial and sensitive role in fostering anplay a crucial and sensitive role in fostering an
appropriate therapeutic environment.appropriate therapeutic environment.

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 They work in close collaboration with theThey work in close collaboration with the
psychiatrists or clinical psychologists, and theypsychiatrists or clinical psychologists, and they
(along with those they supervise - attendants,(along with those they supervise - attendants,
nurse's aides, volunteers, and so on) implementnurse's aides, volunteers, and so on) implement
therapeutic recommendations.therapeutic recommendations.
 They, can not conduct psychotherapeuticThey, can not conduct psychotherapeutic
sessions by themselves, but provide help tosessions by themselves, but provide help to
professionals.professionals.

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8. PARAPROFESSIONALS8. PARAPROFESSIONALS
 People who are trained to assist professionalPeople who are trained to assist professional
mental health workers are calledmental health workers are called
ParaprofessionalsParaprofessionals. They, just like psychiatric. They, just like psychiatric
nurses, can not conduct psychotherapeuticnurses, can not conduct psychotherapeutic
sessions by themselves, but provide help tosessions by themselves, but provide help to
professionals.professionals.

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Unique features of ClinicalUnique features of Clinical
PsychologyPsychology
HOW DOES CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGYHOW DOES CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY
DIFFER FROM OTHER BRANCHES OFDIFFER FROM OTHER BRANCHES OF
PSYCHOLOGY ?PSYCHOLOGY ?

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HOW DOES CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY DIFFERHOW DOES CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY DIFFER
FROM OTHER BRANCHES OF PSYCHOLOGY ?FROM OTHER BRANCHES OF PSYCHOLOGY ?
 Although clinical psychology is tied to the rest of psychologyAlthough clinical psychology is tied to the rest of psychology
through scientific research, clinical psychology is, at the samethrough scientific research, clinical psychology is, at the same
time, different from other areas of psychology.time, different from other areas of psychology.
 Clinical psychology is unique specifically in its commitment toClinical psychology is unique specifically in its commitment to
the use of psychological research to enhance the well beingthe use of psychological research to enhance the well being
of individuals.of individuals.
 The different areas besides clinical psychology areThe different areas besides clinical psychology are schoolschool
psychology,psychology, cognitivecognitive psychology,psychology, developmentaldevelopmental
psychology,psychology, experimentalexperimental psychology,psychology, socialsocial psychology,psychology,
personalitypersonality psychology,psychology, industrial or organizationalindustrial or organizational
psychology,psychology, physiologicalphysiological psychology and so on.psychology and so on.

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HOW DOES CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY DIFFER FROM OTHERHOW DOES CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY DIFFER FROM OTHER
BRANCHES OF PSYCHOLOGY ? (cont.)BRANCHES OF PSYCHOLOGY ? (cont.)
 Unlike clinical psychologist they are notUnlike clinical psychologist they are not
mandated to complete an internship or postmandated to complete an internship or post
doctoral fellowship.doctoral fellowship.
 They have different areas of expertise and skillsThey have different areas of expertise and skills
but generally do not assess or treat patientsbut generally do not assess or treat patients
experiencing emotional, behavioral,experiencing emotional, behavioral,
interpersonal or other clinical problems. Ininterpersonal or other clinical problems. In
contrast clinical psychologist deals with all thesecontrast clinical psychologist deals with all these
problems.problems.

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HOW DOES CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY DIFFER FROM OTHERHOW DOES CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY DIFFER FROM OTHER
BRANCHES OF PSYCHOLOGY ? (cont.)BRANCHES OF PSYCHOLOGY ? (cont.)
 They are not considered mental health professionalsThey are not considered mental health professionals
as clinical psychologists are, and may not even beas clinical psychologists are, and may not even be
interested in human behavior, e.g. an experimentalinterested in human behavior, e.g. an experimental
psychologist might conduct research on the memorypsychologist might conduct research on the memory
functioning of cats. A social psychologist might befunctioning of cats. A social psychologist might be
interested in the social functioning of groups ofinterested in the social functioning of groups of
primates. A physiological psychologist might beprimates. A physiological psychologist might be
interested in how organisms such as snail learn newinterested in how organisms such as snail learn new
behavior.behavior.
 In contrast clinical psychologist deals with humanIn contrast clinical psychologist deals with human
behavior.behavior.

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HOW DOES CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY DIFFER FROM OTHERHOW DOES CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY DIFFER FROM OTHER
BRANCHES OF PSYCHOLOGY ? (cont.)BRANCHES OF PSYCHOLOGY ? (cont.)
 These psychologists might be interested inThese psychologists might be interested in
human behavior but not in abnormal or clinicalhuman behavior but not in abnormal or clinical
problems.problems.
 With the exception of organizational psychology,With the exception of organizational psychology,
these psychologists do not obtain a license tothese psychologists do not obtain a license to
practice psychologically and therefore do notpractice psychologically and therefore do not
treat clinical patients.treat clinical patients.

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CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

39. 39
 Clinical psychology is a broad field of practice andClinical psychology is a broad field of practice and
research within the discipline of psychology, whichresearch within the discipline of psychology, which
applies psychological principles to the assessment,applies psychological principles to the assessment,
prevention, amelioration, and rehabilitation ofprevention, amelioration, and rehabilitation of
psychological distress, disability, dysfunctionalpsychological distress, disability, dysfunctional
behavior, and health-risk behavior, and to thebehavior, and health-risk behavior, and to the
enhancement of psychological and physical well-enhancement of psychological and physical well-
being.being.
 In short, clinical psychology is a branch ofIn short, clinical psychology is a branch of
psychology concerned with the practical applicationpsychology concerned with the practical application
of research findings and research methodology inof research findings and research methodology in
the fields of mental and physical health.the fields of mental and physical health.

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THE ENDTHE END