Developmental psychology covers physical, social, cognitive, and moral development over the lifespan. Nature and nurture both influence who we become. Research methods include cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. Physical development encompasses changes from prenatal development and infancy through adulthood and death. Social development involves attachment, parenting styles, and relationships. Cognitive development progresses through Piaget's stages of sensorimotor, preoperational, and concrete operational thought.

1. Developmental Psychology
The study of YOU from womb to tomb.
We are going to study how we change physically,
socially, cognitively and morally over our lifetimes.

2. Nature Versus Nurture
While going through
this unit always been
in the back of your
head….
Are you who you are
because of:
• The way you were
born- Nature.
• The way you were
raised- Nurture.

3. Research Methods
Cross-Sectional Studies
• Participants of
different ages studied
at the same time.
Longitudinal Studies
• One group of people
studied over a period of
time.

4. Physical Development
• Focus on our physical changes over time.

5. Prenatal Development
• Conception begins
with the drop of an
egg and the release
of about 200 million
sperm.
• The sperm seeks out
the egg and
attempts to
penetrate the eggs
surface.

6. • Once the sperm penetrates the egg- we have
a fertilized egg called……..
The Zygote
The first stage of
prenatal development.
Lasts about two
weeks and consists of
rapid cell division.

7. Zygotes
• Less than half of all
zygotes survive first
two weeks.
• About 10 days after
conception, the zygote
will attach itself to the
uterine wall.
• The outer part of the
zygote becomes the
placenta (which filters
nutrients).

8. After two weeks, the zygote develops
into an….
Embryo
• Lasts about 6 weeks.
• Heart begins to beat
and the organs begin
to develop.

9. Fetus
• By nine weeks we have a…
• The fetus by about the
6th month, the stomach
and other organs have
formed enough to survive
outside of mother.
• At this time the baby can
hear (and recognize)
sounds and respond to
light.

10. Teratogens
• Chemical agents that
can harm the prenatal
environment.
• Alcohol (FAS)
• Other STDs can harm
the baby…..
• HIV
• Herpes
• Genital Warts

11. Childbirth
Click the woman in labor to watch a birthing video.
Please be aware that it is graphic….beautiful but can be difficult to watch.

12. Healthy Newborns
• Turn head towards
voices .
• See 8 to 12 inches
from their faces.
• Gaze longer at
human like objects
right from birth.

13. Reflexes
• Inborn automatic
responses.
• Rooting
• Sucking
• Grasping
• Moro
• Babinski
Click on pictures to see
clips of reflexes.

14. Maturation
• Physical growth,
regardless of the
environment.
• Although the timing
of our growth may
be different, the
sequence is almost
always the same.
Click to see movie of Captain Marvel and his maturation.

15. Puberty
• The period of
sexual
maturation,
during which a
person becomes
capable of
reproducing.
Click above to see all you ever need to
know about puberty.

16. Primary Sexual Characteristics
• Body
structures
that make
reproduction
possible.

17. Secondary Sexual Characteristics
• Non-reproductive
sexual
characteristics.
Widening of the Hips
Body Hair
Deeper Voice Breast Development

18. Landmarks for Puberty
• Menarche for girls.
• First ejaculation for
boys.
Click Tampax for one of those ridiculous commercials.

19. Adulthood
• All physical
abilities
essentially
peak by our
mid twenties.

20. Adulthood
•Then is all
goes
downhill.

21. Physical Milestones
• Menopause

22. Life Expectancy
• Life Expectancy
keeps increasing-now
about 75.
• Women outlive men
by about 4 years.
• But more men are
conceived 126 to
100. Then 105 to
100 by birth. In
other words, men die
easier.

23. Death • Elizabeth Kubler-Ross’s
Stages of Death/Grief.
1.Denial
2.Anger
3.Bargaining
4.Depression
5.Acceptance

24. Social Development
• Up until about a year,
infants do not mind
strange people (maybe
because everyone is
strange to them).
• At about a year,
infants develop
stranger anxiety.
• Why do you think it
starts at about a
year?

25. Attachment
• The most important
social construct an
infant must develop is
attachment (a bond
with a caregiver).
• Lorenz discovered that
some animals form
attachment through
imprinting.

26. Attachment
• Harry Harlow and his
monkeys.
• Harry showed that
monkeys needed
touch to form
attachment.
Click the monkey to see a video of Harlow’s
experiment.

27. Attachment
• Critical Periods: the
optimal period shortly
after birth when an
organism’s exposure to
certain stimuli or
experiences produce
proper development.
• Those who are deprived of
touch have trouble forming
attachment when they are
older.
Click on the monkey to see
what a baby monkey does
when he HAS attachment
and imagine what it is like
when he does not (like
above).

28. Types of Attachment
• Mary Ainsworth’s
Strange Situation.
• Three types of
attachment:
1. Secure
2. Avoidant
3. Anxious/ambivalent
Click picture to see clip of Ainsworth’s experiment.

29. Parenting Styles
• Authoritarian
Parents
• Permissive
Parents
• Authoritative
Parents

30. Stage Theorists
• These psychologists
believe that we
travel from stage to
stage throughout
our lifetimes.

31. Sigmund Freud
• We all have a libido
(sexual drive).
• Our libido travels to
different areas of our
body throughout our
development.
• If we become
preoccupied with any one
area, Freud said we have
become fixated on it.
• Together Freud called
these stages our
Psychosexual Stages of
Development.

32. Oral Stage
• Seek pleasure through
out mouths.
• Babies put everything in
their mouths (0-2).
• People fixated in this
stage tend to overeat,
smoke or have a
childhood dependence on
things.

33. Anal Stage
• Develops during
toilet training (2-4).
• Libido is focused on
controlling waste and
expelling waste.
• A person fixated
may become overly
controlling
(retentive) or out of
control (expulsive).
Click to see a classic example of anal
retentive and anal expulsive behaviors.

34. Phallic Stage
• Children first
recognize their
gender (4-7).
• Causes conflict in
families with the
Oedipus and Electra
Complexes.
• Fixation can cause
later problems in
relationships.
Click the baby to see real Oedipus Complex

35. Latency Stage
• Libido is hidden
(7-11).
• Cooties stage.
• Freud believed
that fixation in
this stage could
lead to sexual
issues.

36. Genital Stage
• Libido is focused on
their genitals (12-
death).
• Freud thought
fixation in this stage
is normal.

37. Erik Erikson
• A neo-Freudian
• Worked with Anna
Freud
• Thought our personality
was influenced by our
experiences with others.
• Stages of Psychosocial
Development.
• Each stage centers on a
social conflict.

38. Trust v. Mistrust
• Can a baby trust the
world to fulfill its
needs?
• The trust or
mistrust they
develop can carry on
with the child for
the rest of their
lives.

39. Autonomy V. Shame & Doubt
• Toddlers begin to
control their bodies
(toilet training).
• Control Temper
Tantrums
• Big word is “NO”
• Can they learn
control or will they
doubt themselves?

40. Initiative V. Guilt
• Word turns from
“NO” to “WHY?”
• Want to understand
the world and ask
questions.
• Is there curiosity
encouraged or
scolded?

41. Industry v. Inferiority
• School begins
• We are for the first
time evaluated by a
formal system and our
peers.
• Do we feel good or bad
about our
accomplishments?
• Can lead to us feeling
bad about ourselves for
the rest of our lives…
inferiority complex.

42. Identity v. Role Confusion
• In our teenage years
we try out different
roles.
• Who am I?
• What group do I fit
in with?
• If I do not find
myself I may develop
an identity crisis.

43. Intimacy v. Isolation
• Have to balance
work and
relationships.
• What are my
priorities?

44. Marriage
• At least a 5 to 1
ratio of positive to
negative interactions
is a clear indicator
of a healthy
relationship.

45. Generativity v. Stagnation
• Is everything going
as planned?
• Am I happy with
what I created?
• Mid –life crisis!!!

46. Integrity v. Despair
• Look back on life.
• Was my life
meaningful or do I
have regret?

47. Cognitive Development
• It was thought that
kids were just stupid
versions of adults.
• Then came along
Jean Piaget
• Kids learn
differently than
adults

48. Schemas
• Children view the
world through
schemas (as do adults
for the most part).
• Schemas are ways we
interpret the world
around us.
• It is basically what
you picture in your
head when you think
of anything.
Right now in your head,
picture a model.
These 3
probably fit into
your concept
(schema) of a
model.
But does this one?

49. Assimilation
• Incorporating new
experiences into
existing schemas.
If I teach my 3 year
that an animal with 4
legs and a tail is a
dog….
What
would he
call this?
Or this?
What schema would you assimilate this
into?

50. Assimilation in High School
• When you first meet
somebody, you will
assimilate them into
a schema that you
already have.
If you see two guys dressed like this,
what schema would you assimilate
them into?
•Would you always be right?

51. Accommodation
• Changing an
existing
schema to
adopt to new
information.
If I tell someone from the mid-west to picture their
schema of the Bronx they may talk about the ghetto
areas.
But if I showed them other areas of the Bronx, they would be forced to
accommodate (change) their schema to incorporate their new information.

52. Stages of Cognitive Development
Sensorimotor
Stage
• Experience the
world through our
senses.
• Do NOT have object
permanence.
• 0-2
Click Mom to see a baby with no
object permanence.

53. Preoperational Stage
• 2-7
• Have object
permanence
• Begin to use language to
represent objects and
ideas
• Egocentric: cannot look
at the world through
anyone’s eyes but their
own.
• Do NOT understand
concepts of
conservation.
Click the boy
to see kids
with
egocentrism.

54. Conservation
• Conservation refers
to the idea that a
quantity remains the
same despite
changes in
appearance and is
part of logical
thinking.
Click the boy to see kids
trying to grasp
conservation.

55. Concrete Operational Stage
• Can demonstrate
concept of
conservation.
• Learn to think
logically
Click the penguin to see kids try to grasp concrete logic.

56. Formal Operational Stage
• What would the world
look like with no light?
• Picture god
• What way do you best
learn?
• Abstract reasoning
• Manipulate objects
in our minds without
seeing them
• Hypothesis testing
• Trial and Error
• Metacognition
• Not every adult gets
to this stage

57. Criticisms of Piaget
• Some say he
underestimates the
abilities of children.
• Information-
Processing Model says
children to not learn in
stages but rather a
gradual continuous
growth.
• Studies show that our
attention span grows
gradually over time.

58. Types of Intelligence
Crystallized Intelligence
• Accumulated knowledge.
• Increases with age.
Fluid Intelligence
• Ability to solve
problems quickly and
think abstractly.
• Peaks in the 20’s and
then decreases over
time.

59. Moral Development
Three Stage Theory by Lawrence Kohlberg!!!

61. Pre-conventional Morality
• Morality based on
rewards and
punishments.
• If you are rewarded
then it is OK.
• If you are punished,
the act must be
wrong.

62. Conventional Morality
• Look at morality
based on how others
see you.
• If your peers , or
society, thinks it is
wrong, then so do
you.

63. Post-Conventional Morality
• Based on self-defined
ethical
principles.
• Your own personal
set of ethics.

64. Criticisms of Kohlberg
• Carol Gilligan pointed
out that Kohlberg
only tested boys.
• Boys tend to have
more absolute value
of morality.
• Girls tend top look
at situational
factors.
Heinz Example of Morality

65. Gender Development
• Biology (neuroscience)
perspective: Corpus
Callosum larger in
woman.
• Psychodynamic
perspective:
Competition for
opposite sex parent.
• Social-Cognitive
Perspective : Gender
Schema Theory
• Behavioral Perspective:
Social Learning Theory