1. Growth and development are influenced by both heredity and environment. 2. Development proceeds in an orderly sequence from head to trunk to limbs, and internally from central to peripheral. 3. Growth rates are not uniform and may be accelerated or delayed based on various genetic and environmental factors.

2. An increase in the size of
bodily parts or of the
organism as a whole. It
signifies quantitative changes.

3. The orderly and sequential
changes that occur with the
passage of time as an organism
moves from conception to death.
Also referred to as gradual growth
which indicates changes in
character.

4. Process wherein
development in the
individual is due to bodily
changes determined by
heredity.

6. Refers to a person’s inherited
characteristics, determined
by genetics.

7. Refers to a person’s
experiences in the
environment.

9. Heredity
 Refers to the sum total of characteristics
biologically transmitted through parents to
offspring and direct determining physical
constitution and traits. It is nature’s way of
passing on to children the actual and potential
characteristics of parents.

10. Two Types of Cells of Human Being
•Body or Somatic Cells
•Germ or Reproductive Cells
Heredity is concerned with germ cells.
Each of these cells has a nucleus which contains
set of 46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs.

12. -Are the physical vehicles that contain the estimated
quarter of a million genes that each human being
possesses.
Genes
- Are large molecules of deoxyribunucleic acid (DNA)
- Are the actual hereditary units that combine and
act to determine the individuals unique physical
structure.

15. In the nucleus of the zygote ,
the hereditary materials of both
the mother and father combined

16. The 46 chromosomes contain the individual’s
genotype, the full set of genes inherited from both
parents. How the individual actually looks and acts
is his or her phenotype.
Defective genes produce defective characteristics
and normal genes, normal characteristics under
the average normal environmental conditions.
General Rule:
The normal gene is dominant and the defective
gene, recessive.

18. Most common chromosomal birth defect
which is often referred to as mongolism.
Usually caused by the presence of an
extra chromosome.
It is characterized by severe mental
retardation, skeletal deformities and
abnormally—wide set eyes.

21. This results in females having a
single X chromosome, instead of the
normal XX.
This disorder usually involves failure to
develop sexual characteristics; the individual
that has the female genetalia but lacks
ovaries, hence, cannot become pregnant.

22. Although usually of normal
intelligence, the individual shows specific
cognitive defects which is called VISUAL
AGNOSIA - inability to discriminate or
recognize the form of objects.
also known as "Gonadal dysgenaesis"

24. This occurs in perhaps one in every 400
males.
The male is characterized to have an extra
X chromosome, hence a combination of XXY.
The individual is physically a male, with penis
and testicles, but marked feminine
characteristics. He has feminized breast
development, and small testes that do not
produce sperm.

27. This is another sex chromosome abnormality
in males which results in abnormality large,
aggressive males who may become aggressive
criminals.

30. 1. Growth and development is a continuous process, but it
does not proceed at a uniform rate.
2. Growth and development may be accelerated or
retarded.
3. The process of growth and development are influenced
by heredity and environment.
4. Growth is unique. Some functions that result from
growth are unique to the species like crawling, standing
and walking. These are called phylogenetic functions.
While functions that are unique to the individual are
called ontogenetic functions, like for example, skating
and bicycling which are acquired through practice and
not because one is a member of the species.

31. 6. Growth is sequential. Human beings tend to develop in
an orderly and predictable sequence. The infant
gradually becomes mobile by lifting first his head, then
his chest, and then his abdomen. He sits, crawls, stands
alone and then walks in that order. The sequence is
orderly, but the timing may be varied.
7. Development is a product of maturation and learning.
8. The various aspects of development are integrated. For
example, gains in one phase of growth depends on gains
in other aspects, like emotional growth depending on
social growth and cognitive development depending on
physical growth.

32. According to Bee (1975)

33. 1.Principle of Directionality
Development governed by maturation has a
clear directionality. In the case of fetal
development, there are two directions.
Development proceeds from the head
downward (cephalocaudal) and from the
trunk outward (proximodistal).

34. 2.Principle of functional
asymmetry
 This refers to the tendency of
human to develop asymmetrically.
Example: handedness.

35. 3. Principle of self-regulating
fluctuation
 Development does not proceed at
the same even pace along all fronts
simultaneously. For example: the child
does not usually begin talking
extensively until he has learned to
walk.

37. 1. Heredity is determined at the moment
of conception.
2. Variations occur for within the species
there are differences. No two individuals
are exactly alike.
3. Inheritance is not merely from the
father and the mother, but also from the
two lines of ancestry of both families.

38. 5. All hereditary qualities are not apparent
at birth.
6. Heredity involves a general capacity to
do certain things rather than a specific
ability, that is, what is inherited is the total
of potentialities which can manifest
themselves only in the course of
development under suitable conditions.
7. Acquired characteristics are not
inherited.