The document defines protoplasm as the living contents of a cell surrounded by a plasma membrane. It is present in both the cytoplasm and nucleoplasm of eukaryotic cells. Protoplasm consists of water, organic compounds like carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, as well as inorganic compounds. It exhibits physical properties like Brownian motion, the Tyndall effect, and ameboid movement due to its colloidal nature. Protoplasm allows cells to carry out life functions and maintains the shape of cells.

1. Protoplasm
Group 4th
BIOLOGY CELL

2. • Dewi Anggi Pratiwi
• Risa Andriani
• Tari Rezky Ayunda
GROUP MEMBERS :

3. • Definition
• Chemical Properties of Protopalsm
• Physical properties Protopalsm
Materials

4. DEFINITION
What is
Protoplasm ?
Where is it ?

5. DEFINITION
Protoplasm is the living
contents in a cell that is
surrounded by a plasma
membrane.
Protoplasm
Proto = First
Plasm = Substance
Protoplasm is devied in two
form :
1. Liquid  Sol
2. Jelly  Gel
*Depends on physiological state
Protoplasm is devied in two presence
:
1. Cytoplasm
2. Nucleoplasm

6. PROTOPLASM
• Present between the nucleus and the
plasma membrane of a eukaryotic cell
• Within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell,
suspended in cytosol, are a variety of
organelles of specialized form and
function.
Cytoplasm
• Enveloped by the nuclear membrane or
nuclear envelope
• The nucleoplasm is a highly viscous liquid
that surrounds the chromosomes and
nucleoli
• Many substances such as nucleotides and
enzymes are dissolved there.
• The soluble, liquid portion of the
nucleoplasm is called the nuclear
hyaloplasm.
Nucleoplasm

7. PICT OF PROTOPLASM
Cytoplasm Nucleoplasm

8. Compounds of cells Protoplasm of Animal
cells (in%)
Protoplasm of plant cells
(in%)
Water 60 75,0
Organic compound 35,7 22,5
Protein+nuclead acid 17,8 4
Lipida 11,7 0,5
Saccharida 6,2 18
Anorganic compound 4,3 2,5
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

9. WATER
A. The function of water in protoplasm:
1. As solvent elements and other chemical compounds
2. As a transport agent
3. As feedstock hydrolysis reaction
4. In place of chemical reactions in water
B. Chemical Structure

10. CARBOHYDRATE
B. Structure : CnH2n0nA. Function
• The main energy source
• Assist in the process of
metabolism
• Assist in the process of
calcium arbsosbtion

11. CARBOHYDRATE
Carbohydrate
Monosaccharid
e
Disaccharides Polysaccharides
• Simple one
• Example :
• Gluchose
• Fructose
• Galactose
• Ribosa
• Manosa
• Consist of two
monosaccharides
• Example ;
• Lactosa
• Maltosa
• Sucrosa
• Consist of more
than two
disaccharides
• Example
• Amilum
• Selosa

12. Monosaccharide

13. Disaccharides

14. Polysaccharides

15. PROTEIN PROTEIN
A. Function

16. Are a type of protein that acts as a catalyst, speeding up
chemical reactions
ENZIM

17. PROTEIN PROTEIN
B.
Structure
Polypeptide
Amino acid

18. Polypeptide
-Polypeptides Are polymers (chains) of
amino acids
- A protein Consists of one or more
polypeptides

19. Amino Acid
- Are organic molecules possessing both
carboxyl and amino groups
- Differ in their properties due to differing
side chains, called R groups

20. Amino Acid
Are linked by peptide bonds

21. Lipid
• Lipids are a diverse group of
hydrophobic molecules
• Lipids
– Are the one class of large biological
molecules that do not consist of
polymers
– Share the common trait of being
hydrophobic

22. Fats
– Are constructed from two types of smaller molecules, a
single glycerol and usually three fatty acids
– Vary in the length and number and locations of double
bonds they contain

23. Fats
• Are constructed from two types of smaller molecules,
a single glycerol and usually three fatty acids

24. Fats
• Saturated fatty acids
– Have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms
possible
– Have no double bonds
(a) Saturated fat and fatty acid
Stearic acid

25. Fats
25
• Unsaturated fatty acids
– Have one or more double bonds
(b) Unsaturated fat and fatty acid
cis double bond
causes bending
Oleic acid

26. Phospholipids
• Phospholipids
– Have only two fatty acids
– Have a phosphate group instead of a third fatty
acid

27. Phospholipids
• Phospholipid structure
– Consists of a hydrophilic “head” and hydrophobic
“tails”
CH2
O
PO O
O
CH2CHCH2
OO
C O C O
Phosphate
Glycerol
(a) Structural formula (b) Space-filling model
Fatty acids
(c) Phospholipid
symbol
Hydrophilic
head
Hydrophobic
tails
–
CH2
Choline
+N(CH3)3

28. Phospholipids
Hydrophilic
head
WATER
WATER
Hydrophobic
tail
• The structure of phospholipids
– Results in a bilayer arrangement found in cell
membranes

29. Steroids
• Steroids
– Are lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting
of four fused rings
• One steroid, cholesterol
– Is found in cell membranes
– Is a precursor for some hormones
HO
CH3
CH3
H3C CH3
CH3

30. Nucleic Acid
• Nucleic acids are composed of nucleotides to form long
polynucleotide chains.
– Each nucleotide is composed of 3 smaller units:
• 5-carbon sugar (deoxyribose or ribose).
• Phosphate group attached to one end of sugar.
• Nitrogenous base attached to other end of sugar.
Nitrogenous
base
Nucleoside
O
O
O


O P CH2
5’C
3’CPhosphate
group Pentose
sugar
Figure 5.26
O

31. Nucleic Acid
• The “backbone” of the nucleic acid is formed by the sugar and
phosphate pairs.
• The “rungs” are formed by paired nitrogenous bases.
– Nitrogenous bases complementary pair
• A + T (U)
• C + G..

32. Nucleic Acid
• There are two types of nucleic acids
– Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
– Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

33. Nucleotide
Phosphate
group
Nitrogenous
base
Sugar
Polynucleotide Sugar-phosphate backbone
DNA nucleotide
Phosphate
group
Nitrogenous base
(A, G, C, or T)
Thymine (T)
Sugar
(deoxyribose)
DNA
• DNA is a nucleic acid, made of long chains of
nucleotides

34. DNA
DNA Function
– Directs RNA synthesis
(transcription)
– Directs protein synthesis
through RNA (translation)
1
2
3
Synthesis of
mRNA in the nucleus
Movement of
mRNA into cytoplasm
via nuclear pore
Synthesis
of protein
NUCLEUS
CYTOPLASM
DNA
mRNA
Ribosome
Amino
acidsPolypeptide
mRNA
Figure 5.25

35. DNA
Pyrimidines
Thymine (T) Cytosine (C)
Purines
Adenine (A) Guanine (G)
• DNA has four kinds of bases, A, T, C, and G

36. 3’ end
Sugar-phosphate
backbone
Base pair (joined by
hydrogen bonding)
Old strands
Nucleotide
about to be
added to a
new strand
A
3’ end
3’ end
5’ end
New
strands
3’ end
5’ end
5’ end
Figure 5.27
DNA
• Cellular DNA molecules
– Have two polynucleotides
that spiral around an
imaginary axis
– Form a double helix
• The DNA double helix
– Consists of two
antiparallel
nucleotide strands

37. Ribbon model Partial chemical structure Computer model
Hydrogen bond
DNA
• Hydrogen bonds between bases hold the strands
together: A and T, C and G

38. RNA
– different sugar
– U instead of T
– Single strand, usually
Phosphate
group
Nitrogenous base
(A, G, C, or U)
Uracil (U)
Sugar
(ribose)

39. RNA
Transcription produces genetic messages in the
form of mRNA

40. RNA
RNA polymerase
DNA of gene
Promoter
DNA Terminator
DNA
Initiation
Elongation
Termination
Area shown
in Figure 10.9A
Growing
RNA
RNA
polymerase
Completed RNA
• In transcription, DNA helix unzips
– RNA nucleotides line up along one
strand of DNA, following the base-
pairing rules
– single-stranded messenger RNA
peels away and DNA strands rejoin

41. RNA
DNA
RNA
transcript
with cap
and tail
mRNA
Exon Intron IntronExon Exon
Transcription
Addition of cap and tail
Introns removed
Exons spliced together
Coding sequence
NUCLEUS
CYTOPLASM
Tail
Cap
• Noncoding segments,
introns, are spliced out
• A cap and a tail are
added to the ends
Eukaryotic RNA is
processed before leaving
the nucleus

42. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
• Protoplasm consists of various types of elements and organic and inorganic compounds
are heterogeneous.The sizes of particles are dissolved in the protoplasm ranged from
0.001 to 0.1 microns, so that it is a colloid solution
• Organic compounds that make up the matrix (protoplasm liquid) as karbohidarat,
proteins and fats in the form of suspension (size greater than 0.1 microns), while ions are
smaller than 0.001 microns in the form of a pure solution.

43. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
• Brown motion, the motion of the molecules of protoplasm are irregular due to the
presence of water molecules.The motion was studied by Robert Brown (1827), an expert
on the Scottish nation Botany in a colloidal solution.Brownian motion is usually the case
in a colloidal solution and movement depends on the temperature and particle size.
• Colloidal solution on protoplasm can reflect light when the light comes right direction of
the colloidal system, incident light reflection is called theTyndall effect.
• Siklosis, the current form of movement that occurs in the protoplasm is in a state of sol.
This Siklosis caused by Hydrostatic Pressure,Temperature, pH, viscosity (viscosity), Age
of Sel.
• Ameboid motion, is the movement of protoplasm in the cells (especially animal cell:
Amoeba, Protozoa and leukocytes) are caused by changes in the function so that the
cytoplasm of elongated condition.
• Pressure surface, caused by the attraction of the molecules on the surface of the

44. 1. Dea
Depend on physiological form : liquid and gel, jelaskan physiological
itu seperti apa .
2. Cindy
Cytoplasma & Nucleoplasma apakah subtansinya sama ?
Mengapa terjadi perbedaan antara sel hewan dan sel tumbuhan ?
3. Bayu
Bagaimana mekanisme protoplasma menjaga bentuk sel ?
4. Abigail
Mengapa sel dikatakan hidup jika memiliki protoplasma ?