This document provides an introduction to nano-materials. It defines nano-materials as artificial semiconductor structures with dimensions on the nanometer scale, including quantum wells, wires, and dots. Electron behavior changes from plane waves in free space, to Bloch waves in bulk semiconductors, to discrete energy levels in low-dimensional nano-structures. Nano-materials are of interest because they allow tailoring of electronic and optical properties by controlling geometric confinement. Common fabrication methods include lithography and self-organized growth to achieve sizes less than 100nm for full quantum confinement effects. Nano-materials demonstrate properties like ballistic transport, tunneling, and quantized energy levels that enable applications in light sources, detectors, and electronic devices
This includes what is Quantum Dots and their properties ,types of synthesis methods of nano materials such as top down, bottom up etc.It includes few things about Carbon Quantum Dots.
This includes what is Quantum Dots and their properties ,types of synthesis methods of nano materials such as top down, bottom up etc.It includes few things about Carbon Quantum Dots.
Novel effects can occur in materials when structures are formed with sizes comparable to any one of many possible length scales, such as the de Broglie wavelength of electrons, or the optical wavelengths of high energy photons. In these cases quantum mechanical effects can dominate material properties. One example is quantum confinement where the electronic properties of solids are altered with great reductions in particle size. The optical properties of nanoparticles, e.g. fluorescence, also become a function of the particle diameter. This effect does not come into play by going from macrosocopic to micrometer dimensions, but becomes pronounced when the nanometer scale is reached.
Synthesis and Characterization of MOF based Composites for Energy storage app...Danyal Hakeem Jokhio
Despite extensive efforts and research put in the field, conventional energy storage devices (ESDs) such as various supercapacitors and batteries are near their performance limit in terms of power densities, energy densities, capacitance, charge retention, and cyclic stability. This is primarily due to limiting intrinsic properties of the electrode materials such as average surface area and poor porosity, combined with sluggish redox kinetics due to lack of electrode functionality. So, the need of the hour is to explore new materials for efficient storage of the energy. Among these new materials, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) can serve as potential candidates because they have high specific surface area, high porosity with tuneable morphology and hence tuneable pore size, functionality linking to active metal sites and ligands. However, there remains a gap in fully utilising MOFs in energy storage applications commercially. Due to the highly porous nature of MOFs, their structural stability is compromised especially in aqueous electrolytes. To utilize the maximum potential of MOFs as electrode materials, it is of utmost importance to address poor structural integrity and low intrinsic conductivity of MOFs.
In this work, it has been tried to overcome the above-mentioned drawbacks of MOFs by using additives of conductive nature such as graphene nanoplatelets (GNP). Hydrothermal approach was used to synthesize hybrid MOF by controlling molar ratio of Nickel and Cobalt in combination with different organic ligands. As a battery-type supercapacitor electrode material, the 2:1 Ni/Co hybrid MOF with 40mg GNP, using terephthalic acid as ligand, delivered a high specific capacity of 658.8 C·g−1 at the current density of 1 A·g−1. Similarly, the 1:2 Ni/Co hybrid MOF, using 2-MethylImidazole as ligand, delivered a high specific capacity of 642.4 C·g−1 at the current density of 1 A·g−1. Moreover, breakthrough results were obtained by optimizing synthesis with in-situ deposition on nickel foam of 2:1 Ni/Co (with 40mg GNP) hybrid MOF, which produced an impressive specific capacity of 1264 C·g−1 at 1 A/g, surpassing, to the best of our knowledge, most of the previously reported MOF based electrode materials.
This work not only develops a high-performance electrode material of supercapacitor, but being the first of its kind in Pakistan, also provides the foundation of systematic research for the electrochemical properties of multi-metal MOFs.
Novel effects can occur in materials when structures are formed with sizes comparable to any one of many possible length scales, such as the de Broglie wavelength of electrons, or the optical wavelengths of high energy photons. In these cases quantum mechanical effects can dominate material properties. One example is quantum confinement where the electronic properties of solids are altered with great reductions in particle size. The optical properties of nanoparticles, e.g. fluorescence, also become a function of the particle diameter. This effect does not come into play by going from macrosocopic to micrometer dimensions, but becomes pronounced when the nanometer scale is reached.
Synthesis and Characterization of MOF based Composites for Energy storage app...Danyal Hakeem Jokhio
Despite extensive efforts and research put in the field, conventional energy storage devices (ESDs) such as various supercapacitors and batteries are near their performance limit in terms of power densities, energy densities, capacitance, charge retention, and cyclic stability. This is primarily due to limiting intrinsic properties of the electrode materials such as average surface area and poor porosity, combined with sluggish redox kinetics due to lack of electrode functionality. So, the need of the hour is to explore new materials for efficient storage of the energy. Among these new materials, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) can serve as potential candidates because they have high specific surface area, high porosity with tuneable morphology and hence tuneable pore size, functionality linking to active metal sites and ligands. However, there remains a gap in fully utilising MOFs in energy storage applications commercially. Due to the highly porous nature of MOFs, their structural stability is compromised especially in aqueous electrolytes. To utilize the maximum potential of MOFs as electrode materials, it is of utmost importance to address poor structural integrity and low intrinsic conductivity of MOFs.
In this work, it has been tried to overcome the above-mentioned drawbacks of MOFs by using additives of conductive nature such as graphene nanoplatelets (GNP). Hydrothermal approach was used to synthesize hybrid MOF by controlling molar ratio of Nickel and Cobalt in combination with different organic ligands. As a battery-type supercapacitor electrode material, the 2:1 Ni/Co hybrid MOF with 40mg GNP, using terephthalic acid as ligand, delivered a high specific capacity of 658.8 C·g−1 at the current density of 1 A·g−1. Similarly, the 1:2 Ni/Co hybrid MOF, using 2-MethylImidazole as ligand, delivered a high specific capacity of 642.4 C·g−1 at the current density of 1 A·g−1. Moreover, breakthrough results were obtained by optimizing synthesis with in-situ deposition on nickel foam of 2:1 Ni/Co (with 40mg GNP) hybrid MOF, which produced an impressive specific capacity of 1264 C·g−1 at 1 A/g, surpassing, to the best of our knowledge, most of the previously reported MOF based electrode materials.
This work not only develops a high-performance electrode material of supercapacitor, but being the first of its kind in Pakistan, also provides the foundation of systematic research for the electrochemical properties of multi-metal MOFs.
The principles of physics, as far as I can see, do not speak
against the possibility of maneuvering things atom by atom.”
“Put the atoms down where the chemist says, and so you make
the substance.”
SINGLE ELECTRON TRANSISTOR: APPLICATIONS & PROBLEMSVLSICS Design
The goal of this paper is to review in brief the basic physics of nanoelectronic device single-electron transistor [SET] as well as prospective applications and problems in their applications. SET functioning based on the controllable transfer of single electrons between small conducting "islands". The device properties dominated by the quantum mechanical properties of matter and provide new characteristics coulomb oscillation, coulomb blockade that is helpful in a number of applications. SET is able to shear domain with silicon transistor in near future and enhance the device density. Recent research in SET gives new ideas which are going to revolutionize the random access memory and digital data storage technologies.
Single Electron Transistor: Applications & Problems VLSICS Design
The goal of this paper is to review in brief the basic physics of nanoelectronic device single-electron transistor [SET] as well as prospective applications and problems in their applications. SET functioning based on the controllable transfer of single electrons between small conducting "islands". The device properties dominated by the quantum mechanical properties of matter and provide new characteristics coulomb oscillation, coulomb blockade that is helpful in a number of applications. SET is able to shear domain with silicon transistor in near future and enhance the device density. Recent research in SET gives new ideas which are going to revolutionize the random access memory and digital data storage technologies.
Single elctron transistor PHASE 1.pptxssuser1580e5
PART-01
Single electron devices (SEDs) are the promising candidates where the bits can be defined using only a few electrons, leading to circuits with immunity from statistical fluctuations in the number of electrons per bit and very low power consumption
Tensile, Impact and Hardness Testing of Mild SteelGulfam Hussain
The main purpose of this report is to study the mechanical properties and
failure mode of mild steel. Three types of standard tests i.e. tensile test, impact
test, and hardness test were conducted on the standard specimens of mild steel.
From the tests, results were obtained; Tensile strength, Impact strength, and
hardness were calculated. It was observed that Tensile Strength, Impact Strength
and Hardness of MS specimen were 1450.833 N/mm², 29.5 J & 59.25 HRB.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
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Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
2. 2
Outline
• What is “nano-material” and why we are
interested in it?
• Ways lead to the realization of nano-materials
• Optical and electronic properties of nano-
materials
• Applications
3. 3
What is “nano-material” ?
• Narrow definition: low dimension semiconductor
structures including quantum wells, quantum
wires, and quantum dots
• Unlike bulk semiconductor material, artificial
structure in nanometer scale (from a few nm’s to
a few tens of nm’s, 1nm is about 2 mono-
layers/lattices) must be introduced in addition to
the “naturally” given semiconductor crystalline
structure
4. 4
Why we are interested in “nano-material”?
• Expecting different behavior of electrons in their
transport (for electronic devices) and correlation
(for optoelectronic devices) from conventional
bulk material
5. 5
Stages from free-space to nano-material
• Free-space
SchrÖdinger equation in free-space:
Solution:
Electron behavior: plane wave
,...3,2,1,/2 == lLlk
π1)/(
Etrki
k
e −
=ψ
0
22
2
||
m
k
E
=
trtr
t
i
m
,,
2
0
)
2
(
ψψ
∂
∂
=∇−
6. 6
Stages from free-space to nano-material
• Bulk semiconductor
SchrÖdinger equation in bulk semiconductor:
Solution:
Electron behavior: Bloch wave
trtr
t
irV
m
,,0
2
0
)](
2
[
ψψ
∂
∂
=+∇−
)()( 00 RlrVrV
+=
r
e
rV
ε
2
0 )( −=
kne Etrki
kn
)/( −
=ψ
effm
k
E
2
|| 22
=
7. 7
Stages from free-space to nano-material
• Nano-material
SchrÖdinger equation in nano-material:
with artificially generated extra potential contribution:
Solution:
trtrnano
t
irVrV
m
,,0
2
0
)]()(
2
[
ψψ
∂
∂
=++∇−
)(rVnano
knrFe kn
iEt
kn
)(,
/−
=ψ
8. 8
Stages from free-space to nano-material
Electron behavior:
Quantum well – 1D confined and in parallel plane 2D Bloch
wave
Quantum wire – in cross-sectional plane 2D confined and
1D Bloch wave
Quantum dot – all 3D confined
9. 9
A summary on electron behavior
• Free space
– plane wave with inherent electron mass
– continued parabolic dispersion (E~k) relation
– density of states in terms of E: continues square root
dependence
• Bulk semiconductor
– plane wave like with effective mass, two different type of
electrons identified with opposite sign of their effective mass,
i.e., electrons and holes
– parabolic band dispersion (E~k) relation
– density of states in terms of E: continues square root
dependence, with different parameters for electrons/holes in
different band
10. 10
A summary on electron behavior
• Quantum well
– discrete energy levels in 1D for both electrons and holes
– plane wave like with (different) effective masses in 2D parallel
plane for electrons and holes
– dispersion (E~k) relation: parabolic bands with discrete states
inside the stop-band
– density of states in terms of E: additive staircase functions, with
different parameters for electrons/holes in different band
• Quantum wire
– discrete energy levels in 2D cross-sectional plane for both
electrons and holes
– plane wave like with (different) effective masses in 1D for
electrons and holes
– dispersion (E~k) relation: parabolic bands with discrete states
inside the stop-band
– density of states in terms of E: additive staircase decayed
functions, with different parameters for electrons/holes in
different band
11. 11
A summary on electron behavior
• Quantum dot
– discrete energy levels for both electrons and holes
– dispersion (E~k) relation: atomic-like k-independent discrete
energy states only
– density of states in terms of E: δ-functions for electrons/holes
12. 12
Why we are interested in “nano-material”?
Electrons in semiconductors: highly mobile, easily
transportable and correlated, yet highly
scattered in terms of energy
Electrons in atomic systems: highly regulated in
terms of energy, but not mobile
13. 13
Why we are interested in “nano-material”?
Electrons in semiconductors: easily controllable
and accessible, yet poor inherent performance
Electrons in atomic systems: excellent inherent
performance, yet hardly controllable or
accessible
14. 14
Why we are interested in “nano-material”?
• Answer: take advantage of both semiconductors
and atomic systems – Semiconductor quantum
dot material
15. 15
Why we are interested in “nano-material”?
• Detailed reasons:
– Geometrical dimensions in the artificial structure can be tuned to
change the confinement of electrons and holes, hence to tailor
the correlations (e.g., excitations, transitions and
recombinations)
– Relaxation and dephasing processes are slowed due to the
reduced probability of inelastic and elastic collisions (much
expected for quantum computing, could be a drawback for light
emitting devices)
– Definite polarization (spin of photons are regulated)
– (Coulomb) binding between electron and hole is increased due
to the localization
– Increased binding and confinement also gives increased
electron-hole overlap, which leads to larger dipole matrix
elements and larger transition rates
– Increased confinement reduces the extent of the electron and
hole states and thereby reduces the dipole moment
16. 16
Ways lead to the realization of nano-
material
• Required nano-structure size:
Electron in fully confined structure (QD with edge size d), its allowed
(quantized) energy (E) scales as 1/d2
(infinite barrier assumed)
Coulomb interaction energy (V) between electron and other charged
particle scales as 1/d
If the confinement length is so large that V>>E, the Coulomb interaction
mixes all the quantized electron energy levels and the material
shows a bulk behavior, i.e., the quantization feature is not preserved
for the same type of electrons (with the same effective mass), but
still preserved among different type of electrons, hence we have
(discrete) energy bands
If the confinement length is so small that V<<E, the Coulomb
interaction has little effect on the quantized electron energy levels,
i.e., the quantization feature is preserved, hence we have discrete
energy levels
17. 17
Ways lead to the realization of nano-
material
• Required nano-structure size:
Similar arguments can be made about the effects of
temperature, i.e., kBT ~ E?
But kBT doesn’t change the electron eigen states, instead,
it changes the excitation, or the filling of electrons into
the eigen energy structure
If kBT>E, even E is a discrete set, temperature effect still
distribute electrons over multiple energy levels and dilute
the concentration of the density of states provided by the
confinement, since E can never be a single energy level
Therefore, we also need kBT<E!
18. 18
Ways lead to the realization of nano-
material
• Required nano-structure size:
The critical size is, therefore, given by V(dc)=E(dc)>kBT (25meV at room
temperature).
For typical III-V semiconductor compounds, dc~10nm-100nm (around
20 to 200 mono-layers).
More specifically, if dc<10nm, full quantization, if dc>100nm, full bulk
(mix-up).
On the other hand, dc must be large enough to ensure that at least one
electron or one electron plus one hole (depending on applications)
state are bounded inside the nano-structure.
19. 19
Ways lead to the realization of nano-
material
• Current technologies
– Top-down approach: patterning → etching →
re-growth
– Bottom-top approach: patterning → etching →
selective-growth
– Uneven substrate growth: edge overgrowth,
V-shape growth, interface QD, etc.
– Self-organized growth: most successful
approach so far
20. 20
Electronic Properties
• Ballistic transport – a result of much reduced
electron-phonon scattering, low temperature
mobility in QW (in-plane direction) reaches a
rather absurd value ~107
cm2
/s-V, with
corresponding mean free path over 100µm
• Resulted effect – electrons can be steered,
deflected and focused in a manner very similar
to optics, as an example, Young’s double slit
diffraction was demonstrated on such platform
21. 21
Electronic Properties
• Low dimension tunneling – as a collective effect
of multiple nano-structures, resonance appears
due to the “phase-matching” requirement
• Resulted effect – stair case like I-V
characteristics, on the down-turn side, negative
resistance shows up
22. 22
Electronic Properties
• If excitation (charging) itself is also quantized
(through, e.g., Coulomb blockade), interaction
between the excitation quantization and the
quantized eigen states (i.e., the discrete energy
levels in nano-structure) brings us into a
completely discrete regime
• Resulted effect – a possible platform to
manipulate single electron to realize various
functionalities, e.g., single electron transistor
(SET) for logical gate or memory cell
23. 23
Optical Properties
• Discretization of energy levels increases the
density of states
• Resulted effect – enhances narrow band
correlation, such as electron-hole recombination;
for QD lasers, the threshold will be greatly
reduced
24. 24
Optical Properties
• Discretization of energy levels reduces
broadband correlation
• Resulted effect – reduces relaxation and
dephasing, reduces temperature dependence;
former keeps the electrons in coherence, which
is very much needed in quantum computing;
latter reduces device performance temperature
dependence (e.g., QD laser threshold and
efficiency, QD detector sensitivity, etc.)
25. 25
Optical Properties
• Quantized energy level dependence on size
(geometric dimension)
• Resulted effect – tuning of optical
gain/absorption spectrum
26. 26
Optical Properties
• Discretization of energy levels leads to zero
dispersion at the gain peak
• Resulted effect – reduces chirp, a very much
needed property in dynamic application of
optoelectronic devices (e.g., optical modulators
or directly modulated lasers)
27. 27
Applications
• Light source - QD lasers, QC (Quantum
Cascade) lasers
• Light detector – QDIP (Quantum Dot Infrared
Photo-detector)
• Electromagnetic induced transparency (EIT) – to
obtain transparent highly dispersive materials
• Ballistic electron devices
• Tunneling electron devices
• Single electron devices
28. 28
References
• Solid State Physics – C. Kittel, “Introduction to Solid State Physics”,
Springer, ISBN: 978-0-471-41526-8
• Basic Quantum Mechanics – L. Schiff, “Quantum Mechanics”, 3rd
Edition, McGraw Hill, 1967, ISBN-0070856435
• On nano-material electronic properties – W. Kirk and M. Reed,
“Nanostructures and Mesoscopic Systems”, Academic Press, 1991,
ISBN-0124096603
• On nano-material and device fabrication techniques – T. Steiner,
“Semiconductor Nanostructures for Optoelectronic Applications”,
Artech House, 2004, ISBN-1580537510
• On nano-material optical properties – G. Bryant and G. Solomon,
“Optics of Quantum Dots and Wires”, Artech House, 2005, ISBN-
1580537618