The document discusses the use of radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs) to provide power to nanosatellites. It covers the electronics, mechanical, programming, mathematical, and safety aspects of RTGs. The electronics section explains the Seebeck effect which converts temperature differences into electricity. Mechanically, RTGs use thick shielding, such as stainless steel, to protect radioactive material. Programming aspects include using RTGs to transmit sensor data from underwater acoustic beacons. Mathematically, the Fermi-Dirac distribution is used to calculate electron energies in RTGs. RTGs are safely designed using multiple protective layers to prevent radioactive material release.
The Thermo Electric Converter technology is a new answer to the heat to electricity puzzle that has been challenging scientists and engineers since the beginning of the industrial revolution. The technology basically utilizes a cyclic electrochemical reaction, in a cyclic endothermic/exothermic closed system. The implementations of this technology can be solar thermal or even waste heat recovery from industrial processes. The chemicals used in the mechanism are inexpensive and non toxic. I would like to see this system installed beneath roads, as to provide electricity to surrounding buildings. The theory is very simple and the technology is cheap. Investor enquiries welcome.
Thermoelectric power generator integrated cookstove a sustainable approach of...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Battery charging using thermoelectric generation module in automobileseSAT Journals
Abstract
The idea of this project is to utilise the waste heat energy being generated in automobiles. It involves the trapping of heat energy being generated from the heat source in vehicles and convert to electrical energy which can be used for many appliances. The heat energy and the temperature from the heat source is being sensed by the thermocouple and is converted to electrical energy by a device called Thermoelectric Generator which works on Seebeck effect. The electric potential produced in thermoelectric generator is boosted by the boost converter thereby increasing the magnitude of voltage, required for charging battery. Further, the battery is connected to run the auxiliary appliances in the system.
Keywords: Thermocouple; Thermoelectric Generator; Seebeck effect, Boost converter
The Thermo Electric Converter technology is a new answer to the heat to electricity puzzle that has been challenging scientists and engineers since the beginning of the industrial revolution. The technology basically utilizes a cyclic electrochemical reaction, in a cyclic endothermic/exothermic closed system. The implementations of this technology can be solar thermal or even waste heat recovery from industrial processes. The chemicals used in the mechanism are inexpensive and non toxic. I would like to see this system installed beneath roads, as to provide electricity to surrounding buildings. The theory is very simple and the technology is cheap. Investor enquiries welcome.
Thermoelectric power generator integrated cookstove a sustainable approach of...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Battery charging using thermoelectric generation module in automobileseSAT Journals
Abstract
The idea of this project is to utilise the waste heat energy being generated in automobiles. It involves the trapping of heat energy being generated from the heat source in vehicles and convert to electrical energy which can be used for many appliances. The heat energy and the temperature from the heat source is being sensed by the thermocouple and is converted to electrical energy by a device called Thermoelectric Generator which works on Seebeck effect. The electric potential produced in thermoelectric generator is boosted by the boost converter thereby increasing the magnitude of voltage, required for charging battery. Further, the battery is connected to run the auxiliary appliances in the system.
Keywords: Thermocouple; Thermoelectric Generator; Seebeck effect, Boost converter
Thermoelectric power generation (TEG) devices typically use special semiconductor materials, which are optimized for the Seebeck effect. The simplest TEG device consists of a thermocouple, comprising a p-type and n-type material connected electrically in series and thermally in parallel.
Heat is applied into one side of the couple and rejected from the opposite side. An electrical current is produced, proportional to the temperature gradient between the hot and cold junctions.
Electricity Generation using Thermoelectric System from Waste Heat of Flue Gasesijsrd.com
Energy related cost have become a significant fraction of cost in any industry. The three top operating expenses are often to be found in any industry like energy (both electrical and thermal), labour and materials. If we were found the manageability of the above equipment's the energy emerges a top ranker. So energy is best field in any industry for the reduction of cost and increasing the saving opportunity. Thermoelectric methods imposed on the application of the thermoelectric generators and the possibility application of Thermoelectrity can contribute as a "Green Technology" in particular in the industry for the recovery of waste heat. Finally the main attention is too focused on selecting the thermoelectric system and representing the analytical and theoretical calculation to represent the Thermoelectric System.
Generating Electricity More Efficiently with Multiphase Thermoelectric Converter"Douglas" F. Palte
The Multiphase Thermoelectric Converter is a direct thermal-to-electrical energy conversion system designed in order to harvest most of the waste heat energy efficiently into electricity. Conceptually, it works by ionizing hot coolant in order to force it F=q(v × B) to push its ions against moving magnetic fields doing useful work converting thermal energy directly into electric power at high efficiency with almost no moving parts. Essentially, it can be comprised of two sets of concentric helix-coils (contra-aligned in Brayton cycle), feed by six phases [0° 60° 120° 180° 240° 300°], for producing opposing moving magnetic forces, for axially and radially compressing a hot ionized coolant F=q(v × B), forcing it to expand longitudinally which boosts the alternating magnetic fields F=i(L × B) ε=(Bℓv sinθ) electrodynamically converting thermal energy into electricity. Wherein, the phase rotation keeps hot plasma centered far from electromagnetic coils, which allow to induce high pressure and withstand very high temperatures for virtually getting closer to the maximum efficiency η=1-(TC/TH), e.g. TC=300K, TH=30000K, η%=99%. Together with the Aneutronic Reactor, it is to form the most perfect means for providing a high degree of cleanliness and efficiency, with practically no thermal and radioactive waste.
http://www.crossfirefusion.com/thermoelectric
To design a project that could be used to utilize the waste heat energy into electricity for multipurpose use in various applications and household purposes. This system should be economical, easy to implement and does not produce any kind of pollution, it is silent and does not require any kind of fuel to work. The main feature of this project is that it converts direct temperature difference into electricity. It is based upon thermoelectric energy generation concept and has many applications in electricity generation from automobile waste heat, heat liberated from household items, electricity generation from glaciers (ice) and a lot of similar applications where temperature difference from environment is converted into electricity. This concept is very useful in terms that it adds up to other renewable sources of energy and can be used in place of other non-conventional sources of energy like wind, solar, tides, geothermal heat, etc. This is a new concept for electricity generation using temperature difference between junctions of a peltier element to be used in our project. The complete Thermo Electric Generator would be based on Seebeck Effect that is reverse of peltier effect. The thermoelectric effect is the direct conversion of temperature differences to electric voltage and vice-versa
Thermoelectric power generation (TEG) devices typically use special semiconductor materials, which are optimized for the Seebeck effect. The simplest TEG device consists of a thermocouple, comprising a p-type and n-type material connected electrically in series and thermally in parallel.
Heat is applied into one side of the couple and rejected from the opposite side. An electrical current is produced, proportional to the temperature gradient between the hot and cold junctions.
Electricity Generation using Thermoelectric System from Waste Heat of Flue Gasesijsrd.com
Energy related cost have become a significant fraction of cost in any industry. The three top operating expenses are often to be found in any industry like energy (both electrical and thermal), labour and materials. If we were found the manageability of the above equipment's the energy emerges a top ranker. So energy is best field in any industry for the reduction of cost and increasing the saving opportunity. Thermoelectric methods imposed on the application of the thermoelectric generators and the possibility application of Thermoelectrity can contribute as a "Green Technology" in particular in the industry for the recovery of waste heat. Finally the main attention is too focused on selecting the thermoelectric system and representing the analytical and theoretical calculation to represent the Thermoelectric System.
Generating Electricity More Efficiently with Multiphase Thermoelectric Converter"Douglas" F. Palte
The Multiphase Thermoelectric Converter is a direct thermal-to-electrical energy conversion system designed in order to harvest most of the waste heat energy efficiently into electricity. Conceptually, it works by ionizing hot coolant in order to force it F=q(v × B) to push its ions against moving magnetic fields doing useful work converting thermal energy directly into electric power at high efficiency with almost no moving parts. Essentially, it can be comprised of two sets of concentric helix-coils (contra-aligned in Brayton cycle), feed by six phases [0° 60° 120° 180° 240° 300°], for producing opposing moving magnetic forces, for axially and radially compressing a hot ionized coolant F=q(v × B), forcing it to expand longitudinally which boosts the alternating magnetic fields F=i(L × B) ε=(Bℓv sinθ) electrodynamically converting thermal energy into electricity. Wherein, the phase rotation keeps hot plasma centered far from electromagnetic coils, which allow to induce high pressure and withstand very high temperatures for virtually getting closer to the maximum efficiency η=1-(TC/TH), e.g. TC=300K, TH=30000K, η%=99%. Together with the Aneutronic Reactor, it is to form the most perfect means for providing a high degree of cleanliness and efficiency, with practically no thermal and radioactive waste.
http://www.crossfirefusion.com/thermoelectric
To design a project that could be used to utilize the waste heat energy into electricity for multipurpose use in various applications and household purposes. This system should be economical, easy to implement and does not produce any kind of pollution, it is silent and does not require any kind of fuel to work. The main feature of this project is that it converts direct temperature difference into electricity. It is based upon thermoelectric energy generation concept and has many applications in electricity generation from automobile waste heat, heat liberated from household items, electricity generation from glaciers (ice) and a lot of similar applications where temperature difference from environment is converted into electricity. This concept is very useful in terms that it adds up to other renewable sources of energy and can be used in place of other non-conventional sources of energy like wind, solar, tides, geothermal heat, etc. This is a new concept for electricity generation using temperature difference between junctions of a peltier element to be used in our project. The complete Thermo Electric Generator would be based on Seebeck Effect that is reverse of peltier effect. The thermoelectric effect is the direct conversion of temperature differences to electric voltage and vice-versa
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Novel technique in charactarizing a pv module using pulse width modulatoreSAT Journals
Abstract The fabrication and characterization of PV modules are always done under standard test conditions (STC). However, The condition of operation are often far from thisstandard conditions. As a result, developing a characterization circuit is considered as a point of interest for researchers.This paper presents a new methodology in characterizing a PV module using an electronic load circuit. The circuit is implemented using a power MOSFET driven by a pulse width modulator (PWM) developed by LABVIEW. The system is tested and its results are validated by comparing it with simulation results performed by Comsol Multiphysics and Matlab. The system shows high accuracy with respect to the previous published work with lower cost and higher simplicity. Keywords: Photovoltaic, Characterization, Electronic load, and Pulse width modulation (PWM)…
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Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
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3. RTG in Nanosatellite
Electronics Aspect
Seebeck Effect
1.
The Seebeck effect is the conversion of temperature differences directly into electricity.
2.
The Seebeck effect is a classic example of an electromotive force (emf) and leads to measurable currents or voltages
in the same way as any other emf.
Electromotive forces modify Ohm's law by generating currents even in the absence of voltage differences (or vice
versa); the local current density is given by
3.
where V is the local voltage and σ is the local conductivity.
•
In general the Seebeck effect is described locally by the creation of an electromotive field
where S is the Seebeck coefficient (also known as thermo power), a property of the local material, and is
the gradient in temperature .The Seebeck coefficients generally vary as function of temperature, and depend
strongly on the composition of the conductor. For ordinary materials at room temperature, the Seebeck coefficient
may range in value from −100 μV/K to +1,000 μV/K.
4. RTG in Nanosatellite
Mechanical Aspect
The casing of the nuclear fuel:
•An RHS-90 is a sealed radiation source in which the fuel composition is sealed hermetically and two-fold into a capsule
using argon welding.
•Several RTGs use strontium-90 in the form of strontium borosilicate glass.
•The capsule is protected against external impact by the thick shell of the RTG, which consists of stainless
steel, aluminium and lead.
•Although molybdenum has several metallurgical characteristics that make its fabrication (especially by welding)
difficult, it has some important properties that give it good potential for use in the next generation of nuclear reactors or
in radioisotope thermoelectric generators.
5. RTG in Nanosatellite
Programming Aspect
An automatic, nuclear powered underwater acoustic beacon and data telemetry system:
•The system's primary function is to provide timed acoustic pulses for the exact positioning determination of various
hydrophones on an underwater array.
•The second function is to measure internal temperatures of the nuclear generator along with other parameters.
• On a predetermined schedule, these data are converted to a coded binary bit form and are acoustically transmitted aspulse tones to the array.
• The coded signal is received by the array and then relayed to a manned shore station via cable to be decoded and
displayed.
•The system was designed Incorporate circuitry for the automatic coding and acoustic telemetry of data concerning the
RTG and power circuits to an array that is linked to shore via cable for subsequent evaluation of the RTG's operating
characteristics.
6. RTG in Nanosatellite
Mathematical Aspect
Fermi Dirac Distribution:
Using the Fermi-Dirac distribution, the average energy Eav per electron in a metal is given by,
where EF0 is the Fermi energy at 0 K. The average energy in the hot end is greater, and energetic electrons in the hot
end diffuse toward the cold region until the potential prevents further diffusion. This Fermi-dirac distribution is derived
using binomial coefficient principle and Lagrange’s multipliers.
7. Fermi-Dirac Distribution Derivation using Lagrange’s
Multipliers and Sterlings Approximations
RTG in Nanosatellite
The number of ways of distributing ni indistinguishable particles among the gi sublevels of an energy level, with a maximum
of one particle per sublevel, is given by the binomial coefficient, using its combinatorial interpretation
For example, distributing two particles in three sublevels will give population numbers of 110, 101, or 011 for a total of three
ways which equals 3!/(2!1!).
The number of ways that a set of occupation numbers ni can be realized is the product of the ways that each individual energy
level can be populated:
Following the same procedure used in deriving the Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics, we wish to find the set of ni for which W is
maximized, subject to the constraint that there be a fixed number of particles, and a fixed energy. We constrain our solution
using Lagrange multipliers forming the function:
8. RTG in Nanosatellite
Using Stirling's approximation for the factorials, taking the derivative with respect to ni, setting the result to zero, and
solving for ni yields the Fermi–Dirac population numbers:
By a process similar to that outlined in the Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics article, it can be shown thermodynamically
that
and
where µ is the chemical potential, k is Boltzmann's constant and T is
the temperature, so that finally, the probability that a state will be occupied is:
9. Safety
RTG in Nanosatellite
•More than 35 years have been researched in the engineering concepts and testing of RTG.
•Multiple layers of protective materials, including iridium capsules (or platinium-sodium capsules for RHUs) and high
strength, heat-resistant graphite blocks are used to protect the radionuclide and prevent its release.
• Iridium is a strong, corrosion-resistant metal that is chemically compatible with plutonium dioxide.
•In addition, graphite is used because it is lightweight and highly heat-resistant.
•Several test for potential accident scenarios to know how RTG responses has been developed.
10. Conclusion
RTG in Nanosatellite
•In space application, Radioisotope Power Systems takes some advantages over solar panels.
•In several space operations there are long periods of darkness, and RPS will be the best actual technology.
•For outer planet missions, RTGs are more useful than solar panels to generate electric power for feeding
communication systems and scientific instruments on the spacecraft.
•Additionally, there are new space technologies that use natural resources with/without radioisotope power systems.
•Actual high-magnitude earthquakes events occurred in Japan in 2011, has severally damaged the Fukushima reactor.
This marks the difficult to change the public opinion about nuclear energy. Besides, the low disposal of Plutonium-238
is a serious drawback.
•The re-establishment of this man-made radioisotope production will be more difficult with these events.
•For using less plutonium than required, RPS efficiency must improve.
•Using low conductivity materials and high thermoelectric rating, Z, RPS efficiency would improve.
•A high-efficiency Stirling-type system would give an apparent mass/power benefit, as well as using less plutonium
for a similar power output.
11. Reference
• Radioisotopes - Applications in Physical Sciences(Book by Prof.Nirmal Singh)
• www.ieeexplore.org- for the scientific papers.
• www.google.com-for its vast number of images and path to all other websites.
• www.wikipedia.org- for the derivations and explanations it provided.
• Elseivers Publications- For providing ennumerable scientific journals.
• www.aws.org
• www.bellona.org
• www.nasa.gov
RTG in Nanosatellite
Editor's Notes
Thermocouples; Junction resistance neglected;
Borosilicate glass; argon gas welding ; molybdenum for fabrication;
The amount of fuel to be burnt; the lastness of power source; transmission of data to ground station are programmed;