Political science is the study of the state and government. It analyzes how governments are formed and how they function, as well as their relationships with citizens. Throughout history, political science has progressed from seeing government as divine to recognizing that states can be improved. Key figures like Aristotle, Machiavelli, and Lieber helped establish political science as a field of study. A state requires a people, territory, government, and sovereignty to function. While nations are based on ethnicity, states are legal entities that can include multiple nations. Governments take various forms like democracies, dictatorships, and monarchies.

1. Introduction to Political Science

2. What is Political Science?
• Political science is defined as the study of
the state and government.
• It comes from the Greek word polis, which
means city-state, and ciencia, which means
knowledge or study.

3. Stages in the Study of Political
Science
• Religious Stage – the government, it’s leaders and
laws was considered as divine or divinely
inspired.
• Metaphysical Stage – the state was considered as
a human institution and it is therefore absolute
(cannot be changed).
• Modern Stage – the state was deemed capable of
being improved by rulers and subjects according
to certain principles and laws.

4. DEVELOPMENT OF POLITICAL
SCIENCE
• Aristotle
– wrote “Politics”, the first systematic work on political
affairs.
– Father of Political Science
• Niccolo Machiavelli
– wrote “The Prince”, a handbook for rulers in the art of
government.
– Father of Modern Political Science
• Prof. Francis Lieber
– wrote “Manual of Political Ethics”; the first systematic
treatise in political science

5. What is a state?
• A group of persons, more or less
numerous, permanently occupying a
definite portion of territory, independent
of external control, and possessing a
government to which a great body of
inhabitants render habitual obedience.

6. Elements of a State
• People
• Territory
• Government
• Sovereignty

7. What is the difference between
Nation and State?
• State is a legal or juristic concept, while
Nation is an ethnic or racial concept.
• Nasci = to be born indicates a relation of
birth or origin and implies a common race.
• Thus, a nation may comprise several states
Example: Egypt, Iraq, Saudi, Lebanon,
Jordan, etc. belong to Arab nation.

8. • It is also possible for a single state to be
made up of more than one nation, e.g. US
which was the “melting pot” of many
nations that were eventually combined into
the “American nation”
What is the difference
between Nation and State?

9. A. People
• Different meanings as used in the 1987
Constitution:
– Inhabitants (sec. 2, Art III; sec. 1, Art. XIII);
– Citizens (secs. 1 & 4, Art II; sec 7, art. III);
– Electors (sec. 4, Art. VII)
• As a requisite for Statehood, there should
be an adequate number for self-
sufficiency and defense; of both sexes for
perpetuity.

10. What is the Difference between
Citizenship and Nationality?
Citizenship
• Legal or juristic
• Can be changed
or taken-back
Nationality
• Ethnic or racial
• Absolute, Innate

11. Citizens
• “A people bound together by common
attractions and repulsions into a living
organism possessed of a common pulse, a
common intelligence and inspiration, and
destined apparently to have a common
history and a common fate.” (Malcom)

12. B. Territory
The National Territory
Sec. 1, Art. I: The national territory comprises the
Philippine archipelago, with all the islands and
waters embraced therein, and all other
territories over which the Philippines has
sovereignty or jurisdiction, consisting of its
terrestrial, fluvial and aerial domains, including
its territorial sea, the seabed, the subsoil, the
insular shelves, and other submarine areas.”

13. • Terrestrial = land
• Fluvial = internal waters
• Aerial domains = aerospace
• Marine = external waters both
surface and sub-aquatic
Components of Philippine Territory :

14. C. Government
• The agency or instrumentality through
which the will of the State is formulated,
expressed and realized.
• Our Constitution, however, requires our
government to be democratic and
republican.

15. Section 1, Art II. The Philippines is a democratic
and republican State. Sovereignty resides in the
people and all government authority emanates
from them.
REPUBLICAN
• It is one wherein all government authority
emanates from the people and is exercised by
representatives chosen by the people.
C. Government

16. C. Government
DEMOCRATIC
• This emphasizes that the Philippines has
some aspects of direct democracy such as
initiative and referendum.

17. Types of Governments

18. Governance
• Define the different types of governments (i.e.,
democracy, autocracy, oligarchy, monarchy,
and dictatorship).

19. Democracy
• In a democracy, the government is elected by the
people. Everyone who is eligible to vote has a
chance to have their say over who runs the
country. It is distinct from governments controlled
by a particular social class or group (aristocracy;
oligarchy) or by a single person (despotism;
dictatorship; monarchy).
• A democracy is determined either directly or
through elected representatives.

20. Autocracy
• Government by a single person having
unlimited power; despotism (domination
through threat of punishment and
violence) .

21. Oligarchy
• A government in which a few people such
as a dominant clan or clique have power.

22. Monarchy
• A monarchy has a king, queen, emperor or
empress.
• The ruling position can be passed on to the ruler’s
heirs.
• In some traditional monarchies, the monarch has
absolute power.
• But a constitutional monarchy, like the UK, also
has a democratic government that limits the
monarch's control.

23. Dictatorship
• A country ruled by a
single leader. The leader
has not been elected and
may use force to keep
control.
• In a military dictatorship,
the army is in control.

24. Anarchy
• Anarchy is a situation where there is no
government. This can happen after a civil
war in a country, when a government has
been destroyed and rival groups are fighting
to take its place.
• Anarchists are people who believe that
government is a bad thing in that it stops
people organizing their own lives.

25. Capitalist
• In a capitalist or free-market country,
people can own their own businesses and
property. People can also buy services for
private use, such as healthcare.
• But most capitalist governments also
provide their own education, health and
welfare services.

26. Communist
• In a communist country, the government
owns property such as businesses and
farms.
• It provides its people's healthcare, education
and welfare.

27. Republic
• A republic is a country that has no monarch.
• The head of the country is usually an
elected president.

28. Revolutionary
• If a government is
overthrown by force, the
new ruling group is
sometimes called a
revolutionary
government.

29. Totalitarian
• This is a country with
only one political party.
• People are forced to do
what the government
tells them and may also
be prevented from
leaving the country.

30. D. Sovereignty
• The supreme and uncontrollable power
innate in a State by which that State is
governed.
• Sovereignty resides in the people and all
government authority emanates from
them. (Sec. 1 Art.II)

31. Sovereignty
• Sovereignty is the broader term. It has two
aspects:
• TWO aspect of Sovereignty :
A. Internal – freedom of the State to manage
its own affairs;
B. External – freedom of the State to direct its
foreign affairs.

32. Sovereignty
• Manifestation of Sovereignty :
A. Legal Sovereignty – is the power of the
state to make and implement laws within its
jurisdiction.
B. Political Sovereignty – is the authority of
the people to choose who will be the leaders
or official of the state.

33. Sovereignty vs. Independence
• Independence is synonymous with external
sovereignty.
• It is defined as the power of a State to
manage its external affairs without direction
or inference form another State.

34. Inherent Powers of the State
 The Police Power
 The Power of Eminent Domain
 The Power of Taxation

35. Duties of the State
• Peace and Order
• Political Harmony (Good Laws)
• Social Justice
• Economic Development

36. Theories of State Origin
• Divine Theory – the state is of divine origin, all
political authority emanates from God.
• Social Contract Theory - this theory states that
men agreed among themselves to live under one
civil society or body politic. A person surrendered
his natural liberty but gained in return the
protection and civil rights guaranteed by the
governments.
• Force Theory – the state has arisen through sheer
force; a tribe conquering other tribes to form a
kingdom.