The document provides an overview of various political ideologies including communism, socialism, liberalism, conservatism, fascism, and feminism. It explains the foundational beliefs and goals of each ideology, emphasizing their perspectives on social organization, individual rights, and the role of government. Key figures and historical contexts are mentioned to illustrate the evolution and impact of these ideologies in society.

1. PHILIPPINE POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE
Prepared by: Ms. Irish Verone M. Polidario

2. 1. COMMUNISM
• Also known as “Revolutionary Proletarian Socialism” or
“Marxism”, is both political and economic philosophy.
• Communism is enclosed in two primary writings:
1. The Communist Manifesto, by Karl Marx in 1848.
2. Das Kapital, by Friedrich Engels (a follower of Marx)

3. Karl Marx Friedrich Engels

4. COMMUNISM
•According to Marx and Engels, a person’s view of
the world depends on its class membership.
•Socialization among people now determines the
limit and extent of a person’s world view and
members of each class should act and think
according to their class membership (social
construction of reality)

5. COMMUNISM
•Furthermore, according to Marx, material
production or economic relationships are basic to
all life.
•People must produce goods before they can do
anything, they must produce themselves.
However, they cannot even do that unless they are
capable of feeding themselves.

6. MAIN GOALS OF
THE COMMUNIST MANIFESTO
•To focus on the struggle and motivate the
common people to riot.
•To envision a model government, whose
economics would destroy the upper class-freeing
the lower class from tyranny.

7. According to The Communist Manifesto,
Communism has ten (10) essential planks:
1. Abolition of Private property
2. Heavy Progressive Income Tax
3. Abolition of Rights of Inheritance
4. Confiscation of Property Rights
5. Central Bank
6. Government ownership of Communication
and Transportation
7. Government ownership of Factories and
Agriculture
8. Government control of Labor
9. Corporate Farms and Regional Planning
10.Government Control of Education

8. 2. SOCIALISM
•Socialism refers to a broad set of economic
theories of social organization advocating public or
state ownership and administration of the means
of production and distribution of goods, and a
society characterized by equal opportunities for all
individuals, with a fair or egalitarian method of
compensation.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism)

9. SOCIALISM
• Socialism existed as a result of communism.
• Society, not individuals, should own the property.
• Common ownership would mean that all should be
given the opportunity to participate on how resources
should be used and thus nobody should solely take
control of the resources.

10. SOCIALISM
•Further, this means the right to participate in the
social decisions that affect them, that is production
of goods and services and the sole object of the
production would be to meet human needs. This
would mean now that nobody will sell, buy and
have money.

11. SOCIALISM
•The government then should plan the economy;
There is no free market (an economic system in
which prices are determined by unrestricted
competition between privately owned businesses) so
that all citizens will have roughly the same level of
prosperity.

12. President Hugo Chavez
(President Of Venezuela, 1999-2013) mentioned
The Elementary Triangle Of Socialism:
1. Social ownership of the means of production
The mean of production is owned by the community.
Social ownership does not mean state ownership. It means
the people are both producers and members of the society
are the ones that determine the result of their labor.

13. 2. Social production organized by workers
(lead to cooperation and solidarity)
3. Satisfaction of communal needs and purposes
It emphasizes the necessity of letting go of personal
interest and think for the community and society.

14. 3. LIBERALISM
• Liberalism a political or social philosophy advocating
the freedom of the individual, parliamentary systems of
government, nonviolent modification of political, social,
or economic institutions to assure unrestricted
development in all spheres of human endeavor, and
governmental guarantees of individual rights and civil
liberties.
(http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/liberalism) Liberalism emphasizes individual rights and equality of opportunity.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism)

15. LIBERALISM
•Liberalism was originated from the writings of John
Locke (1632-1704) who developed the arguments
for consent, majority rule, and rights, particularly
property rights.
•Most recent liberals trace their roots to John
Stuart Mill (1806-1873) “On Liberty” (1859) that
stressed freedom of thought and speech.

16. ACCORDING TO
JOHN F. KENNEDY (1917-1963)
•“if by a “liberal” they mean someone who looks
ahead and not behind, someone who welcomes new
ideas without rigid reactions, someone who cares the
welfare of the people, someone who believes that we
can break through the slate mate and suspicious grip
us in our policies abroad, if that is what they mean
by a “liberal”, then I’M PROUD TO SAY THAT I’M A
LIBERAL.”

17. LIBERALISM
• Liberalism emphasizes a tendency to favor change.
• People should keep trying to improve human society.
• Change is brought about by the conscious action of men
and women.
• Liberalism believes that people should be willing to use
the government to improve their condition.

18. LIBERALISM
• Some people must be helped to live better lives and fulfill
their individual freedom.
• Liberals prefer individual freedom but are ambivalent about
economic freedom.
• Most problems are derived from impersonal, social and
economic forces acting on humanity.
• The role of the government must be limited (that it cannot
invade rights and freedoms of individual).

19. Human beings commit mistakes,
but committing mistake is better
than suppression of error.

20. 4. CONSERVATISM
•Edmund Burke- Founder of Modern Conservatism.
-authored Reflections on the French Revolution
(1790) in which he said that “society is a complex web of
relationships among the past, present, and future.”
•Conservatism emphasizes that change is not good.
Something that has worked, even if not very well, is
better than something untried and unknown.

21. CONSERVATISM
• Tradition is important; no human reason can undo it.
• Conservatives do not reject human reason completely but they
would rather trust tradition because they believe that tradition
contains the accumulated wisdom of past generations.
• The world changes and so does the conservatives. They do not
want to conserve all the past, they want to conserve what they
believe is the best of the past.
• Conservatives believe that human reason can devise a solution to
human problems.

22. Freedom is necessary but too
much freedom is bad for the
society.

23. 5. FASCISM
• Benito Mussolini- an Italian WW1 veteran, founded the
fascist party.
• Fascism’s basic assumption is that humans are not
rational beings, thus, they can only be led and
manipulated. Nations and races have to compete to
survive.
• An ideal fascist sees himself as part of a nation and
never as a separate entity.

24. FASCISM
• According to Benito Mussolini, the carrier of the culture and
spirit of the nation are the past, present and future. It
represents the “immanent conscience of the nation”; and that it
educates the citizen in all the virtues.
• Further, he added that the individual is the nation and the
success of the nation lies on his continuous obedience to the
state.
• The nation is embodied in the state, an therefore the state
must be glorified.

25. 6. FEMINISM
•This political ideology focuses on the position of
women in society and the roles they play.
•However, they also believe that improving the
status of women will also benefit all human beings
whatever their gender is.

26. FEMINISM
•According to the feminist, political needs have to be
redefined. In the family, for example, the men work
outside the home for wage. If the man’s wage is
enough, the woman does not work, but if the man’s
wage is not enough to pay for the helpers, the
woman has to work in the house without pay. If the
woman works outside the home, she still has to do
the housework.

27. •Furthermore, feminism argues that women should
be given equal opportunity of socialization as the
men; this means that if men can drive a car, women
should drive a car as well.

28. Any questions?

29. Get ¼ sheet of paper

30. QUIZ

31. -Ms. Ivy