The document discusses the key elements that define a modern state: population, territory, government, and sovereignty. It explains that states emerged in Europe between the 12th-17th centuries as feudal systems broke down and were replaced by sovereign states. The 1648 Peace of Westphalia established the principles of modern international relations, including state sovereignty, equality among states, and non-intervention in other states' affairs.

1. State, Nations, and
Globalization
Chapter 4

2. “As we have seen, the
wireless and airplane
have made the world so
small and nations so
dependent on each other
that only alternative to
war is the United States
of the World.”
John Boyd Orr

3. State

4. What is State
• Groups of people which have acquired international
recognition as an independent country and which
have a population, a common language and a defined
and distinct territory.
• A state is an organized political community living
under a single system of government.

5. “A state is a community of persons
more or less numerous, permanently
occupying a definite portion of
territory, independent of external
control and possessing an organized
government to which the great body
of inhabitants render habitual
obedience.”
- Gardner

6. Four Elements of States
1. Population
-the State is a human institution. Hence population is
it’s first and foremost element.
-No state can be imagined without the people, as
there must be some rule and others to be ruled.
-State is a community of persons. It is a human
political institution. Without a population there can be no
State. Population can be more or less but it has to be
there.

7. “A good citizen makes a
good state”
-Aristotle

8. 2.Territory
-People cannot constitute a state,unless they habbit in
a definite territory.
-Territory is its “material basis”
The territory of the state comprises:
• Land, mountains, rivers and lakes within its frointers,
• Territorial water, extending six miles into the sea from the
coast
• Air, space,lying above its territory.

9. • A geographical contiguous territory is an asset;otherwise
it creates problems of administration and control.
• Any interference with rights of one state by others may
lead to wars.
• This is the rationale of the idea containeb in the concept
of Respect for Territorial Integrity and Sovereinty,

10. Art.1 Sec. 1 1997 Constitution
NATIONAL TERRITORY
The national territory comprises the Philippines archipelago,
with all the islands and waters embraced therein, and all other
territories over sovereignty or jurisdiction, consisting of its
terrestrial, fluvial and aerial domains, including its territorial
sea ,the seabed, the subsoil, the insular shelves and other
submarine areas. The waters around, between and connecting
the island of the archipelago, regardless of their breath and
dimensions form part of the internal waters of the Philippines.

11. The Archipelagic Principle of Territoriality
• An Archipelago is defined as a sea or part of a sea
studded with the islands, often synonymous with
island groups, or as a large group of islands in an
extensive body of water, such as sea.( Deleon, 1997)

12. • In various conference of the United Nations on the Law of the
Sea,the Philippines and other archipelago states proposed that
an archipelago composed of goups of islands forming a state is a
single unit ,with the islands and the waters within the baselines
are internal waters
- Internal Waters are the waters Around, Between and
connecting the islands of the archipelago, regardless of their
breath and dimension.

13. Other Territories over the Philippines has
Sovereinty or Jurisdiction
• Any territory that presently, belongs or might in the future
belong to the Philippines through any of the accepted any
of the accepted international modes acquiring territory.
TERRITORIAL SEA – The belt of the sea located between
the coastal state qon the hand and high seas on the other
extending up to 12 nautical miles from the law water mark.

14. • EXCLUSIVE ECONOMIC ZONE – body of water extending up
to 200 nautical miles,within which the state may sovereign
rights to explore, exploit, conserve and manage the natural
resourses.

15. The state in the EEZ exercises jurisdiction with the
regard to:
1. The establishment and use of the artificial islands,
installations, and structures;
2. Marine scientific research;
3. 3.The protection and preservation of marine environm

16. 3. Government
• A community of persons does not form a state unless
it is organized by established government.

17. Government usually consists of three branches:
1. Legislature an elected group of people who have the
power to make and change laws in a state or country.
2. Executive someone in a high position, esp. in business,
who makes decisions and acts according to them.
3. Judiciary the part of a country’s government that is
responsible for its legal system and that consists of all
the judges in its courts of law

18. Purposes and Objectives of the States that the
Government Seeks to Attain
a. Domestic Order and Tranquility
The primary purpose of the state that its government seeks to
achieve is the maintenance of domestic order and tranquility.
b. Common Defence of the States
Concominant with maintenance of domestic order and tranquility,
the government also undertakes to defend the state from external
aggression.

19. C. Blessing of Liberty and Justice
The third objective of the state is to secure for the people the
blessings of liberty and justice. Life, liberty and the pursuit of
happiness are the inalienable rights of man. The freedom of
association, freedom of religion, and the rights of person
accused of crimes should not be subject to restrants.

20. D. Promotion of General Welfare
the government undertakes this by performing service
functions, like the creation of essential public service,
promotions of health and sanitation, regulations of business
and dissemination of public information.

21. E. Promotion of Public Morality
the state is concerned with value judgments and moral
standards.
Government should set one code of moral conduct for all,
including officers.

22. 4.Sovereignty
• This is the power of the state to command and enforce
obedience of its will from people.
• It means power over people of an area unrestrained by
laws originating outside the area or independence
completely devoid of direct external control.

23. There are four kinds of sovereignty:
A.Legal sovereignty
Is the authority which has the power to issue final commands.
This is the supreme power
B.Political sovereignty
Is the power behind the legal sovereignty or the sum of the
influences that operate upon it.
In a narrower sense electorate constitutes the political
sovereignty and in a broader sense the whole mass of
population.

24. • C. Internal sovereignty
Refers to the power of the state to control its domestic
affairs.
D.External sovereignty
Is the power of the state to direct its relations with other
states.
The state is not subject to the control dictation, or
government of any power.

25. Emergence of the Modern State System
The modern state system emerged in Europe between the
start of the 12th century and the end of the 17th.
States began to replace existing forms of political organization
in the late Middle Ages in Europe when key actors, responding
to a diverse set of political and economic incentives, formed
coalitions that undermined one set of political arrangement,
feudalism and gradually replaced it with another, the sovereign
state.

26. • Feudal arrangements were the person commitments by individual
lords and vassal.
• Public power and authority –including the military -held by private
individuals.

27. Two Internal sources of pressure Destabilize
the Feudal System.
• The first was a centuries-long conflict between the pope
and the holy roman emperor ,which exhausted the only
two claimants increase to universal authority in medieval
Europe.
• The second was a large and sustained increase in trade,
which led to an increase in the number of new actors:

28. Peace of Westphalia (1648) Thirty years War, created a set of agreed-
upon principles for legitimate rule that provided the first normative
basis for modern state system.

29. The Westphalian system of sovereign states
It is established in 1648 as part of the peace of Westphalia .

30. Three core points to treaty :
1. The principle of state sovereignty
2. The principle of (Legal) equality of states
3. The principle of non-intervention of one state in the
international affairs of another