The document discusses Integrated Pest Management (IPM). It provides a brief history of IPM, noting that the concept originated in California in the 1940s and was adopted as national policy by the US in the 1970s. The basic components of an IPM system are then outlined as monitoring pest levels, preventative cultural practices, mechanical and biological controls, and responsible pesticide use. Requirements of IPM include reducing impacts of pesticides on human health and ecosystems through alternatives such as cultural, mechanical, biological and chemical methods.

1. IntegratedIntegrated
PestPest
ManagementManagement
(I.P.M.)(I.P.M.)
PRESENTED BY-
Juhi Dhillon
C.C.S. U Meerut, 250005

2. HISTORY OF I.P.M.HISTORY OF I.P.M.
 Shortly after World War II, when syntheticShortly after World War II, when synthetic insecticidesinsecticides becamebecame
widely available,widely available, entomologistsentomologists in California developed the conceptin California developed the concept
of "supervised insect control.of "supervised insect control.
 In the United States, IPM was formulated into national policy inIn the United States, IPM was formulated into national policy in
February 1972 when PresidentFebruary 1972 when President Richard NixonRichard Nixon directed federaldirected federal
agencies to take steps to advance the concept and applicationagencies to take steps to advance the concept and application
of IPM in all relevant sectors.of IPM in all relevant sectors.
 In 1979, PresidentIn 1979, President Jimmy CarterJimmy Carter established an interagencyestablished an interagency
IPM Coordinating Committee to ensure development andIPM Coordinating Committee to ensure development and
implementation of IPM practices.implementation of IPM practices.

3. Requirements for I.P.M.Requirements for I.P.M.
 Chemical pesticides can impact the human health andChemical pesticides can impact the human health and
ecosystems. Example:- DDT, a pesticide, can accumulate inecosystems. Example:- DDT, a pesticide, can accumulate in
the fatty tissue of animals and affect bird reproduction.the fatty tissue of animals and affect bird reproduction.
 Insects can become resistant to chemical pesticides.Insects can become resistant to chemical pesticides.
Approximately 500 species of insects are resistant to one orApproximately 500 species of insects are resistant to one or
more pesticides.more pesticides.
 Due to exclusions it leads to transmit a large number ofDue to exclusions it leads to transmit a large number of
plant diseases worldwide.For eg.-plant diseases worldwide.For eg.-
Leaf rust of coffee, Late blight of potato etc.Leaf rust of coffee, Late blight of potato etc.
-Impact of overuse of chemical pesticides leading to
endangered species of birds.

4. BASIC COMPONENTS OFBASIC COMPONENTS OF
I.P.M.I.P.M.
 An American I.P.M. system designed around 6 basic components andAn American I.P.M. system designed around 6 basic components and
these are as follows-these are as follows-
- Acceptable pest levels.Acceptable pest levels.
- Preventive cultural practices.Preventive cultural practices.
- Monitoring.Monitoring.
- Mechanical controls.Mechanical controls.
- Biological controls.Biological controls.
- Responsible pesticides use.Responsible pesticides use.

5. What is IPM?What is IPM?
 Ecosystem-based strategy that focuses on long-term prevention ofEcosystem-based strategy that focuses on long-term prevention of
pests or their damage through a combination of techniques such aspests or their damage through a combination of techniques such as
biological control, habitat manipulation, modification of culturalbiological control, habitat manipulation, modification of cultural
practices, and use of resistant varieties.practices, and use of resistant varieties.
 It is also termed as I.D.M.(Integrated Disease Management).It is also termed as I.D.M.(Integrated Disease Management).
 3 principle approaches incudes-3 principle approaches incudes-
- Direct action against pathogen.- Direct action against pathogen.
- Genetic modification of the host.- Genetic modification of the host.
- Modification of environment to make it- Modification of environment to make it
it unfavourable for the host.it unfavourable for the host.

6. How does IPM work?How does IPM work?
 It reduces the amount of chemical pesticides by using three possibleIt reduces the amount of chemical pesticides by using three possible
approaches:-approaches:-
1.1. Mechanical controlMechanical control ––
It can be achieved through Eradication .It can be achieved through Eradication .
- Quarantine also plays a vital role in this ,as it is a legal restriction on- Quarantine also plays a vital role in this ,as it is a legal restriction on
the movement of agriculture commodites.the movement of agriculture commodites.
Other methods that are used for eradication purpose includes-Other methods that are used for eradication purpose includes-
 Crop rotation.Crop rotation.
 Field sanitation.Field sanitation.
 Chemical and heat treatment.Chemical and heat treatment.
 Eradication of alternate hosts.Eradication of alternate hosts.
 Protection.Protection.

7. Japanese Beetle Traps used for catching
Small scale eradication are carried out in local tracks to control
various diseases like-
-Loose smut of wheat.
-Covered smut of barley.
-Red rot of sugarcane .
-Wilt of arhar and many others.
Mechanically the insects and pests can be cotrolled by using the
traps,for eg.-Catching of Japanese bettle by using traps.

8. 2 . Biological control-
As this method does not pose any environmental
threat ,besides being inexpensive it has therefore, gained significant
prominence.
-Viruses, bacteria , fungi and sometimes insects are also used for
this purpose as- Mycoviruses, Mycoparasites and Myconematicide.
- Besides this sowing Resistant varieties also plays a crucial role in
the biological control.
The 2 types of genetic resistant to pathogen in
plants are- MONOGENIC and POLYGENIC.
A natural enemy of the pest
Example – Lady bugs feeding on
the Aphids.

9. Microbes as biologicalMicrobes as biological
control-control-
a.a. MYCOVIRUSES-MYCOVIRUSES- Few viruses present in fungi successfullyFew viruses present in fungi successfully
attack fungi. For eg.-attack fungi. For eg.- Penicillium stoloniferumPenicillium stoloniferum filterate destroysfilterate destroys
Agaricus bisporusAgaricus bisporus..
b.b. MYCOPARASITES-MYCOPARASITES- Few soil fungi and bacteria effectivelyFew soil fungi and bacteria effectively
reduces the infection of pathogenic fungi on the host plant. Forreduces the infection of pathogenic fungi on the host plant. For
eg.-eg.- Trichoderma harzianumTrichoderma harzianum reduces the infection ofreduces the infection of SclerotiumSclerotium..
c.c. MYCONEMATICIDE-MYCONEMATICIDE- Few fungi feed on nematodes .Genera ofFew fungi feed on nematodes .Genera of
fungi such as-fungi such as- ArthrobotrysArthrobotrys,,DactylariaDactylaria etc. are predacious onetc. are predacious on
nematodes and kill them.nematodes and kill them.

10. 3. Chemical control-
- The chemicals used in the plant protection can be classified
as-
a.Eradicants.
b.Surface protectants.
c.Systemic protectants.
-Bordeaux mixture was discovered accidentally in France by
the Millardet in 1882.
-Burganday mixture is generally formed by replacing lime
with the sodium carbonate and it was discovered in 1987.
-Sulphur is the earliest known fungicide and it is useful
against Powdery Mildew.
-Copper is one of the best known fungicide ,and it is present
in the Bordeaux Mixture.

11. Some Systemic fungicide includes-
 AVAX- It controls Basidiomycotina besides Verticillium,Monilia etc.
PLANTVAX- It controls Basidiomycotina besides Dueteromycotina,
Curvularia, Botrytis and also toxic for the diseases like – Smut of
Wheat.
VITAVAX- It is highly toxic to Basidiomycotina.
BENLATE- It is a broad spectrum fungicide and effective against –
Rice blast,Powdery mildew, Apple scab etc.
BAVISTIN- It controls both Ascomycotina and Deuteromycotina
effectively.
BENOMYL- It affects DNA synthesis of microbes and protein

12. Essential requirements during chemicalEssential requirements during chemical
control-control-
 SAFENER-SAFENER- It reduces the phytotoxicity of anotherIt reduces the phytotoxicity of another
chemical.Glyceride oils are good safeners.chemical.Glyceride oils are good safeners.
 SPREADER-SPREADER- It improves the contact between the fungicide andIt improves the contact between the fungicide and
sprayed surface.Mineral oils and soaps are commonly used for this.sprayed surface.Mineral oils and soaps are commonly used for this.
 STICKER-STICKER- It is a substance added to spray or dust which improvesIt is a substance added to spray or dust which improves
the adherence to plant surfaces. Gum arabic ,dextrins,oils etc.arethe adherence to plant surfaces. Gum arabic ,dextrins,oils etc.are
commonly used as stickers.commonly used as stickers.
Sticker.

13. WHAT ISWHAT IS
QUARANTINE ??QUARANTINE ??
 It is defined as a legal restriction on the movement of agricultureIt is defined as a legal restriction on the movement of agriculture
commodities for the purpose of exclusion ,prevention or delay in thecommodities for the purpose of exclusion ,prevention or delay in the
establishment of plant pest s and diseases in the areas where they areestablishment of plant pest s and diseases in the areas where they are
not known to occur.not known to occur.
 Quarantine laws are formulated and implemented either by the fedralQuarantine laws are formulated and implemented either by the fedral
or state government.or state government.
 The first quarantine regulation was promulgated in France in 1660The first quarantine regulation was promulgated in France in 1660
 The first Fedral Plant Quarantine Act was passed in U.S.A.in 1912.The first Fedral Plant Quarantine Act was passed in U.S.A.in 1912.
 In India the Destructive Insect and Pest Act was passed in 1914.In India the Destructive Insect and Pest Act was passed in 1914.

14. Pheromones and IPMPheromones and IPM
 Pheromones can be utilized to catch or detect insects.Pheromones can be utilized to catch or detect insects.
Pheromones are chemicals emitted by an animal thatPheromones are chemicals emitted by an animal that
signals another animal of thesignals another animal of the samesame species.species.
 Example: female gypsy moths emit a pheromone to attract a male.Example: female gypsy moths emit a pheromone to attract a male.
Bag with pheromones.

15. Advantages of IPMAdvantages of IPM
 To the agricultural producers- By reduction in the producer economic
risk, by the promotion of low cost of carefully targeted pest
management practices.
To the environment- By the promotion of sustainable bio based pest
management alternatives.
To pest management professionals and organizations- As a result of
demand for new ,innovative and marketable products and services.
To the general public- Assurance of safe, reliable, low cost pest control
through improved pest management.

16. Disadvantages of IPMDisadvantages of IPM
 Integrated Pest Management systems are extremely complex andIntegrated Pest Management systems are extremely complex and
require a higher level of understanding to utilize.require a higher level of understanding to utilize.
 An IPM system of pest control involves a lot more time and isAn IPM system of pest control involves a lot more time and is
sometimes more costly than the traditional method of sprayingsometimes more costly than the traditional method of spraying
pesticides to eliminate pests.pesticides to eliminate pests.
 In order for an IPM to work effectively, it needs constant monitoring.In order for an IPM to work effectively, it needs constant monitoring.
 Also, the natural enemies of pests used in some IPMs can laterAlso, the natural enemies of pests used in some IPMs can later
become pests themselves.become pests themselves.

17. References:References:
 http://ipmwww.ncsu.edu/urban/cropsci/c11struc/sipm.http://ipmwww.ncsu.edu/urban/cropsci/c11struc/sipm.h
..
 http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/IPMPROJECT/about.htmhttp://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/IPMPROJECT/about.html
..
 http://www.encapafrica.org/EGSSAA/ipm..pdfhttp://www.encapafrica.org/EGSSAA/ipm..pdf
 http://en.wikipediahttp://en.wikipedia org /wiki/Integrated pestorg /wiki/Integrated pest
management.management.
 http://www.ehow.com/info 8059906.drawbackshttp://www.ehow.com/info 8059906.drawbacks
integrated pest management.ipm. html.integrated pest management.ipm. html.
 http://www.sdstate.edu/ps/extension/ipm/benefits.http://www.sdstate.edu/ps/extension/ipm/benefits.
cfn.cfn.