Recent Advances in Biopesticides BY Ghulam Murtazamurtaza8513
Biopestides are being manufactured all across the world but due to limited resources the research in biopesticides is not upto the mark. however advancement has been made in recent decades to protect crops from the attack of different insect pest in order to meet the agricultural productivity.
Recent Advances in Biopesticides BY Ghulam Murtazamurtaza8513
Biopestides are being manufactured all across the world but due to limited resources the research in biopesticides is not upto the mark. however advancement has been made in recent decades to protect crops from the attack of different insect pest in order to meet the agricultural productivity.
this ppt tells you about the registration and safety testing of bio-pesticides and what are the various types of pesticdes have been used and their registration process, etc....hope that you will find it easy ....
this ppt tells you about the registration and safety testing of bio-pesticides and what are the various types of pesticdes have been used and their registration process, etc....hope that you will find it easy ....
MICROBIAL INSECTIDES...USES AND APPLICATIONS OF INSECTICIDESlokismicrobiology
Microbial insecticides are those microorganisms or their products that are capable of attacking and killing pest insects. This may be considered to be an aspect of biological control, but when one is dealing with the products of such microbes the control may be termed chemical.
Insecticide
An insecticide is a substance used to kill insects. They
include ovicides and larvicides used against insect eggs and larvae, respectively. Insecticides are
used in agriculture, medicine, industry and by consumers. Insecticides are claimed to be a major
factor behind the increase in agricultural 20th century\'s productivity . Nearly all insecticides
have the potential to significantly alter ecosystems; many are toxic to humans; some concentrate
along the food chain.
Insecticides can be classified in two major groups: systemic insecticides, which have residual or
long term activity; and contact insecticides, which have no residual activity.
Furthermore, one can distinguish three types of insecticide. 1. Natural insecticides, such as
nicotine, pyrethrum and neem extracts, made by plants as defenses against insects. 2. Inorganic
insecticides, which are metals. 3. Organic insecticides, which are organic chemical compounds,
mostly working by contact.
The mode of action describes how the pesticide kills or inactivates a pest. It provides another
way of classifying insecticides. Mode of action is important in understanding whether an
insecticide will be toxic to unrelated species, such as fish, birds and mammals.
Insecticides are distinct from insect repellents, which do not kill.
activity
Systemic insecticides become incorporated and distributed systemically throughout the whole
plant. When insects feed on the plant, they ingest the insecticide. Systemic insecticides produced
by transgenic plants are called plant-incorporated protectants (PIPs). For instance, a gene that
codes for a specific Bacillus thuringiensis biocidal protein was introduced into corn and other
species. The plant manufactures the protein, which kills the insect when consumed .Contact
insecticides are toxic to insects upon direct contact. These can be inorganic insecticides, which
are metals and include arsenates, copper and fluorine compounds, which are less commonly
used, and the commonly used sulfur. Contact insecticides can be organic insecticides, i.e. organic
chemical compounds, synthetically produced, and comprising the largest numbers of pesticides
used today. Or they can be natural compounds like pyrethrum, neem oil etc. Contact insecticides
usually have no residual activity.
Efficacy can be related to the quality of pesticide application, with small droplets, such as
aerosols often improving performance.[4][better source needed]
Biological pesticides
Main article: Biopesticide
Many organic compounds are produced by plants for the purpose of defending the host plant
from predation. A trivial case is tree rosin, which is a natural insecticide. Specific, the production
of oleoresin by conifer species is a component of the defense response against insect attack and
fungal pathogen infection . Many fragrances, e.g. oil of wintergreen, are in fact antifeedants.
Four extracts of plants are in commercial use: pyrethrum, rotenone, neem oil, and various
essential oil.
The term biopesticides refers to compounds that are used to manage agricultural pests by means of specific biological effects. It refers to products containing biocontrol agents like natural substances such as plants, certain minerals, animals, micro organisms including their genes or metabolites.
PLANT PROTECTION:BIOLOGICAL,PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL,CHEMICAL,BIOPESTICIDE
Biological pest control is the method of pest control using the natural enemies of pests, such as their parasites, pathogens and predators. In this method, the natural enemies are multiplied and released to the field by artificial means to fight the pests. Biological control method involves three main steps, namely inoculation, augmentation and conservation.
Mechanical controlThis is the procedure in which members of the pest species are trapped or killed by mechanical means, or are prevented from gaining access to the host plants by making barriers. Mechanical pest control has only limited application, though it is effective under certain circumstances. It is very effective in the initial stage of infestation of some insect pests, such as aphids, jassids, scale insects, etc. It can give spectacular results, if carried out as an organized campaign over a larger area.
Physical controlThis involves the deliberate modification of some physical factors to slow down the growth of pest population or to minimise or prevent pest infestation
Biopesticides are the organic pesticides obtained or prepared from living organisms. They are harmless to beneficial plants, but control the growth of harmful pests.
IPM- Integrated Pest Management StrategiesAlbertPaul18
This is a presentation I made for my Internal Assessment. It contains information related to Integrated Pest Management strategies used in Crop Science.
Environmental health is the branch of public health concerned with all aspects of the natural and built environment affecting human health. In order to effectively control factors that may affect health, the requirements that must be met in order to create a healthy environment must be determined.[1] The major sub-disciplines of environmental health are environmental science, toxicology, environmental epidemiology, and environmental and occupational medicine.[2]
Definitions
WHO definitions
Environmental health was defined in a 1989 document by the World Health Organization (WHO) as: Those aspects of human health and disease that are determined by factors in the environment.[citation needed] It is also referred to as the theory and practice of accessing and controlling factors in the environment that can potentially affect health.[citation needed]
A 1990 WHO document states that environmental health, as used by the WHO Regional Office for Europe, "includes both the direct pathological effects of chemicals, radiation and some biological agents, and the effects (often indirect) on health and well being of the broad physical, psychological, social and cultural environment, which includes housing, urban development, land use and transport."[3]
As of 2016, the WHO website on environmental health states that "Environmental health addresses all the physical, chemical, and biological factors external to a person, and all the related factors impacting behaviours. It encompasses the assessment and control of those environmental factors that can potentially affect health. It is targeted towards preventing disease and creating health-supportive environments. This definition excludes behaviour not related to environment, as well as behaviour related to the social and cultural environment, as well as genetics."[4]
The WHO has also defined environmental health services as "those services which implement environmental health policies through monitoring and control activities. They also carry out that role by promoting the improvement of environmental parameters and by encouraging the use of environmentally friendly and healthy technologies and behaviors. They also have a leading role in developing and suggesting new policy areas."[5][6]
Other considerations
The term environmental medicine may be seen as a medical specialty, or branch of the broader field of environmental health.[7][8] Terminology is not fully established, and in many European countries they are used interchangeably.[9]
Children's environmental health is the academic discipline that studies how environmental exposures in early life—chemical, nutritional, and social—influence health and development in childhood and across the entire human life span.[10]
Other terms referring to or concerning environmental health include environmental public health and health protection.
Disciplines
Five basic disciplines generally contribute to the field of environmental health: environmental epidemiology,
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
3. INTRODUCTION
The use of certain chemicals in
the form of dust, sprays,
granules, and, gases to control
insect population .
Substances that prevent, inhibit,
destroy, kill insects are called
insecticides
4. INSECTICIDES
Natural Insecticides.
• Pyrethrum (flower extract)
• Nicotine (tobacco extract)
• Rotenone (root extract)
• Safer’s Insecticidal Soap , etc.
Synthetic Insecticides.
• Organochlorenes
e.g. :- DDT ,BHC ,Aldrin , etc.
• Organophosphates
e.g. :- Malathion, etc.
• Carbamates
e.g. :- Carbaryl ,Dimetlian ,etc.
6. DUSTS:
These are the simplest of formulations
and the easiest to apply .
In a formulated dust following mixtures
are found:
a) Undiluted toxic agent, e.g., sulfur dust
used for control of mites and powdery
mildew .
b) Toxic active ingredient plus an inert
diluent .
Dusts are the least effective and,
although prices are lower, have the least
economic return.
e.g. : Tri-Die Silica & Pyrethrum Dust and
D-Fense Deltamethrin Dust .
7. GRANULES:
In this type of formulation the
chemical is in the form of small
granules of inert material.
The size of the granules varies from
20 to 80 mesh .
The a.i. of the granules varies from
3% to 10% in India, but may be up to
25% in some countries.
e.g. : "Triton X 45" and
carbofuran granules.
8. FUMIGANTS:
Fumigants are volatile poisons and enter
the body of the insects through the
respiratory system.
The chemical may be applied as a gas or
as a volatile liquid.
Fumigants are the insecticides that
forms gases or vapors toxic to insects
and microorganisms.
All types of insects can be killed by
fumigants irrespective of the types of
mouthparts .
e.g.:- paradichlorobenzene and
methyl bromide , etc.
9. SPRAYS:
In spraying, the chemicals to be
applied are dissolved or
suspended in water or less
commonly in an oil-based carrier.
The mixture is then applied as a
fine mist to plants, animals, soils,
or products to be treated .
e.g. : Hydrogen cyanide , Nicotine,
Naphthalene .
10. ADVANTAGES:
Cost effectiveness
Timeliness and Flexibility
Chemicals are easy to use
in controlling insects.
Works with great
efficiency.
DISADVANTAGES:
Reduction of beneficial
species.
Residues in food for human
and feed for live stock.
Poisoning hazards and other
health effects.
13. INTRODUCTION
Natural control strategies that
employ biological agent for
insect pest suppression.
This management activity is
designed to protect or conserve
natural enemies .
Started to emerge in 1870 in
U.S.A .
Charles Valentines Riley ,
“Father of Modern Biological
control”
15. IMPORTATION / CLASSICAL
:
Classical biological control involves
the introduction of pests natural
enemy to a new location where they
do not occur naturally.
Parasitoidal wasps Trichogramma
ostriniae to control European corn
borer Ostrinia nubilalis .
16. AUGMENTATION :
Involves the supplemental release of natural enemies ,
boosting the naturally occurring population.
Periodic releases of augmentation:
Inoculative release.
Inundative release.
17. PERIODIC RELEASES OF AUGMENTATION
Inoculative release: Small numbers of the control agents
are released at intervals to allow them to reproduce in
the hope of setting up longer term .
e.g. ; Encarsia formosa Green house white fly,
Phytosieulus persimilis Spotted spider mite.
Inundative release : Involves mass culture and release
of natural enemies to suppress the pest population
directly.
e.g. ; massive release of Trichogramma sp. in vegetable
or field crops.
18. CONSERVATION :
Involves avoidance of measures that destroy natural
enemies and use of measure that increases their
longevity and reproduction of the natural enemies.
Natural enemies are already adapted to the habitat and
to the target pest.
Conservation involves :
Avoid harmful cultural practices
Maintenance of diversity
Protection from pesticides/insecticides.
19. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENTS
The biocontrol agents protect plants from their natural enemies
like parasites, from predation, etc.
They help in controlling the infestation of plant pests such as
weeds, nematodes, insects, and mites.
PREDATOR
PARASITOIDS
PATHOGENIC MICROORGANISMS
Bacteria
Fungi
Viruses
20. PREDATORS:
Predators are mainly free living
species that directly consumes a
large number of prey .
Examples :-
i. lady bugs Aphids
ii. Spotted lady beetle larvae of
Colorado potato beetle
iii. Gambusia sp. fish mosquito
larvae
21. PARASITOIDS :
Lays their eggs on the body of an insect host which is then used
as a food for developing larvae.
IMPORTANT GROUPS ARE :
i. Ichneumonid wasps – mainly on caterpillars of butterflies
ii. Braconid wasps- attack caterpillar and other insects
iii. Chalcid wasps- parasites eggs and larvae of green and white fly
iv. Tachinid fly- larval beetles , caterpillars and true bugs.
22. PATHOGENIC MICROORGANISMS :
1. BACTERIA
Bacteria are used for biological control , infect insects via their
digestive tract .
e.g. :- Bacillus thuringiensis Lepidoptera , Diptera .
Bacillus sphaericus Diptera.
2. FUNGI
They can infect wide range of insect hosts.
There has been limited success in Fungi as biological agent.
e.g. :- Verticillium lecanii aphids and white flies.
Lagenidium giganteum mosquito larvae.
23. 3. VIRUSES
Viruses are obligate disease causing organisms.
Viruses are host specific.
Provide safe , effective and sustainable control
of variety of insects .
Baculoviruses are arthropod specific :
Two Genera :
i. Nuclear polyhedrovirus.
ii. Granulovirus .
e.g. :- Lymantria dispar Gypsy moth
24. Advantages:-
Absence of toxic effects.
No development of
resistance.
No residues of poisons.
No build up of toxins .
No killing of pollinators or
secondary pests.
Disadvantages:-
Control is slow.
It is often unpredictable.
It requires expert
supervision.
Very expensive.
Difficult to develop and
apply.
25. REFERENCES :-
Burges , H.D. and Hussey , N.W. Microbial control of
insect pest.
Saxena A.B. Biological control of insect pest.
An Introduction to insecticides , George W. Ware.
Wikipedia.
For images - www.bing.com