Uploaded byKarl Obispo
Physical and Mechanical Control
Physical and mechanical control methods modify the environment or use physical force to manage pest populations. Temperature, moisture, light, and sound can all be manipulated to exceed insect tolerance thresholds. High temperatures from sun drying grains or hot water treatments can kill pests. Low temperatures in cold storage facilities also control certain insects. Mechanical methods directly kill pest life stages through actions like hand picking, crushing, or using machines that apply centrifugal force. Physical barriers like banding, netting, or traps can exclude pests from infested areas. While requiring more labor than chemicals, physical and mechanical control have merits like utilizing local labor and posing less ecological risk than pesticides when properly applied.
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Physical and Mechanical Control
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- 2. Physical Control Definition: Modificationof physical factors in the environment to minimize or prevent pest problems is called physical control Impact of physical control Insect require definite ranges of physical conditions and any departure from such ranges are lethal to the survival and other life activities of insects
- 3. Physical Methods in PestManagement
- 4. Temperature manipulation Insect activityand metabolic rate are influenced by environmental temperature. Optimum range of temperature is vital for normal insect activity.
- 5. High lethal temperature Sun dryingof grains- rice weevil Hot water treatment of rice seeds at 52-54C for 15 min- White tip nematode Flaming (Flame thrower)- locusts and moringa hairy catterpillar
- 6. Low lethal Temeperature Cold Storageof Potatoes- Potato tuber moth
- 7. Sun drying ofgrains
- 8. Hot water treatmentof seeds
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- 11. Moisture Manipulation In well-dried grains(moisture content <10%), the survival of stored grain pests becomes impossible e.g. rice weevil, pulse beetle. Alternate wetting and drying in rice fields reduces the brown plant hopper damage.
- 12. Light Manipulation Behavioral orientation isinfluenced by light. Provision of light causes: 1. Mating frequency reduction –Red Hairy Caterpillar 2. Reduced fertility -Indian meal moth 3. Diapause distruption –All diapausing insects
- 13. Light trapping: itserves many purposes like monitoring initial infestation, seasonal incidence, pest-weather relationship, pest intensity, pest survey, trapping and killing.
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- 16. Electromagnetic Energy Use of radiofrequency (RF) (wavelength range 102–1010 µ) affects thoracic ganglion and causes synaptic blocking, alteration of amino compounds and dissolution of nerve cells e.g. rice weevils.
- 17. Use of infraredradiation (wavelength range 0.78-102 µ) - rice weevil Use of visible (0.38-0.78µ) and UV radiation (2x10-2-0.38µ). Yellow colour attracts aphids and black colour attracts angumois grain moth. Ionizing radiation- X-rays (10-5-10-2µ), gamma rays (10-8-10-4 µ) kill, sterilize insects at lethal dose.
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- 22. Sound energy Acoustic device(Bird scarer/acetylene exploders) produces sudden loud sound which frighten birds. Fire crackers also used to make loud sound to scatter away squirrel, foxes, rats, mice, deer, etc. Disadvantage: Habituation to the sound
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- 27. “ Definition: Use ofmechanical force or manual labour either for destruction or exclusion of pests
- 28. Mechanical Methods inPest Management Life stages of pests are killed by mechanical force or manual labor.
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- 30. Manual Labour Hand picking-Red hair caterpillar, American boll worm, egg masses of Spodoptera and RHC Hooking- Rhinoceros beetle Brushing- Woolen fabrics for cloth moth Combing- Delousing of head louse Crushing- Bed bugs and lice
- 31. Manual Labour Swatting- Hitby severe blow against mosquitoes Sifting- Sieving for red flour beetle Shaking plants- White grubs adults, case worm of rice
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- 40. Mechanical force Entoleter- Centrifugalforce is applied to kill insect stages of stored grain pests Hopped dozer- Kill nymphs of locusts by herding into trenches and filling with soil Tillage implements- Soil borne insects, pupae of many insects
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- 44. Mechanical barriers preventaccess of pests to hosts. Banding- Banding with grease or polythene sheets to control mango mealy bugs Wrapping- Covering the fruit with perforated polybags to control pomegrante fruit borer and cloth bag to control fruit pests of grapevine Covering material- Red earth coating on red gram grains to control pulse beetle
- 45. Netting- Mosquito controlin house, vector control in greenhouse Trenching- Trapping marching larvae of RHC Water barrier- Ant pans for ant control Tim barrier- Metallic sheet fixed around tree trunks in coconut for rat control
- 46. Trapping- Box trap,back break trap, wonder trap for rats Electric fencing- Electrocution checks rat and wild animals Insect proof packing- Stored pests
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- 56. Merits and Demerits ofPest Control
- 57. Merits Home labour utilization Lowequipment cost Ecologically safe Good component of IPM Demerits Limited application Require continuous use Rarely highly effective Labour intensive
- 58. THE END Prepared by:Karl Louisse D. Obispo