This document provides an overview of presentation on information technology given to Sir Salman Ashar by a group of 7 students. The presentation outline includes topics like networks (LAN, MAN, WAN), interconnecting devices, signals, and network topologies. It describes different types of networks like local area network, metropolitan area network, and wide area network. It also explains various networking devices that interconnect computers like repeaters, bridges, routers, and gateways. The document defines key networking concepts such as signals, topologies, and interconnecting devices.

1. Presentation of Information Technology
Presented To:
Sir Salman Ashar

2. Group Members:
• Mirza Ali Raza. 90
• Syed Ali Kamran. 50
• M.Jafar Tayar. 48
• Hussain zain-ul- abiden. 85
• Amjad Abbas. 71
• Samiullah warrich. 62
• Raja shoaib Azam 59

3. Presentation Outline:
 Networks.(LAN,MAN,WAN)
 Interconnecting/Linking Devices
 Signals.

4. Network:
A computer network is a system for
communication between computers.
Components of Networks:
 People.
 Hard ware.
 Software.
 connectivity.
 Procedure.

5. Network Diagram:

6. Local Area Network:
A local area network is data communication
system in a limited geographical area. Like a
home, office, or small group of buildings

7. Metro-Politan Area Network:
A Metro-politan area network is a network
designed to extend over an entire city.

8. Wide Area Network:
A wide area network provides long distance
transmission of data over a large geographical areas
Comprising a country,a continent or the whole world.
The most well-known example of a WAN is the Internet.

9. Network Topology:
. The logical layout of the cables and
devices that connects the nodes of a
computer.

10. Types of Topologies:
 Star Topology.
 Bus Topology.
 Ring Topology.
 Mesh topology.
 Tree Topology.
 Hybrid Topology.

11. Bus Topology:
All devices are connected to a central
cable, called the bus or backbone.

12. Star Topology:
All devices are connected to a central
hub.Nodes communicate across the
network by passing data through the
hub.

13. Ring Topology:
All devices are connected to one another in
the shape of a closed loop, so that each
device is connected directly to two other
devices, one on either side of it.

14. Mesh Topology:
In a true mesh topology every node has a
connection to every other node in the network

15. Tree Topology:
Tree topologies integrate multiple star
topologies together onto a bus.

16. Hybrid Topology:
A hybrid topology is always produced when
two different basic network topologies are
connected. Two common examples for Hybrid
network are: star ring network and star bus
network.

17. Linking devices:
A type of linking mechanism needed to
interconnect at least two computers.They are used
to create a network. For example Cables,Switches
or Hubs.

18. Connecting Devices
Networking Devices
Networking Devices Internetworking Devices
Internetworking Devices
Repeaters
Repeater Bridges Routers
Routers Gateways

19. Repeaters :
A network device used to regenerate or replicate
a signal. Repeaters are used in transmission
systems to regenerate analog or digital signals
distorted by transmission loss.

20. Bridges :
A Bridge is an interface used to connect the
same types of networks.

21. Bridges Diagram:

22. Types of Bridges:
1) Simple Bridge
3) Multipoint Bridge
5) Transparent / Learning Bridge

23. Router :
A Router is a special computer that directs
communicating messages when several
networks are connected together.

24. Routing:
Routing concepts
Least cost Routing
Non adaptive Routing
Adaptive Routing

25. Gateways:
A Gateway is an interface permitting
communication between dissimilar
networks.

26. Other Devices:
• Multiprotocol Routers
• Brouters
• Switches

27. MULTIPROTOCOL ROUTERS:
Multiprotocol routers have been designed
to route packets belonging to two or more
protocols

28. BROUTER:
A Brouter is a single protocol or multi protocol
router that sometimes acts as a router and sometimes
as a bridge.

29. Switches :
Switches are the hardware or software devices
capable of creating temporary links between two or
more devices linking to the switch but not to each.

30. Hubs:
A Hub is the simple connection point for different
type of devices on a network. It sends all the data to
all devices connected to it.

31. Nodes:
Any device that is attached to a network.A node
may be a microcomputer,terminal,storage
device or peripheral device which enhance the
usefulness of the network.

32. Signals:
The electronic transformation of data and
information through a medium is called signal.

33. Types of Signals:
i) Analog signal.
ii) Digital signal.

34. Analog signals:
The transformation of data in the form of waves.

35. Digital signals:
The signals which travels in form of 0s and 1s .

36. Periodic signal:
Periodic signals consist of a
continuously repeated pattern.

37. Aperiodic signal:
Aperiodic signals consist of a non repeated pattern.

38. Types of Analog signal:
 Simple signal.
 Composite signal.

39. Simple Signal:
A simple analog signals consist of a single sine
wave or a single frequency signals.

40. Composite signals:
The signals which composed of more than one sine
waves having different frequencies.

41. Frequency spectrum and bandwidth:
The frequency spectrum of a signals is
the collection of all the component
frequencies that it contain .
The bandwidth of a signal is the width of
frequency spectrum.

42. Digital Signal:
The signals which travels in form of 0s and 1s .

43. Bit interval and bit rate:
The bit interval is the time required
to send a single bit.
The bit rate is number of bit intervals per
second,usually expressed in bits per second.

44. Any Questions?

45. Thank You.