Networking devices like repeaters, hubs, bridges, routers, switches, and gateways are used to connect nodes and networks. Repeaters extend network distance by boosting signals. Hubs connect workstations into a LAN by resending data frames to all ports. Bridges are more intelligent repeaters that examine MAC addresses to form tables. Routers operate at the network layer, can connect similar and dissimilar networks, and determine the shortest route between destinations. Switches form dedicated connections between ports like bridges but have multiple ports. Gateways link all seven layers of the OSI model when networks differ at any layer, primarily handling email protocols.

1. By
Ramola Dhande
Networking devices

2. Why devices are required?
 To transfer data effectively.
 To connect a LAN to the Internet.
 To break a LAN into segments to relieve traffic
congestion.
 To provide a security wall between two different
types of users.
 To connect WLAN to LAN.

3. Introduction
 Devices are used to connect different nodes to
each other or networks to each other.
 According to the type of network devices are
selected.
 Repeaters, routers, hubs, switches,bridges,
gateways are responsible for moving data from
one network cable to another.

4. Types of devices

5. Repeater
 It is a device that extends the distance of a
particular network run.
 It boost the signal and then send it to next node.
 Repeaters are only used to connect the same
type of media, such as 10Base-2 to 10Base-2, or
Token Ring to Token Ring.
 Repeaters operate at the physical layer of the
OSI networking model.

7. Hub
 A hub interconnects two or more workstations into a
local area network.
 When a workstation transmits to a hub, the hub
immediately resends the data frame to all connecting
links.
 It more simply called concentrators.
 It prevents collision between packets
transmission from one node to other.
 Also it has automatic partitioning property if any
one of port get damage.
 It is a physical layer device.

9. Bridges
 Bridges are basically more intelligent versions of
repeaters.
 Bridges examine the Media Access Control
(MAC) address of each packet and forms table.
 Use bridges is only on smaller networks.
 Bridges operate at the data-link layer.
 Bridges don’t really care about the network
protocols they’re carrying,they just forward
packets.

11. Router
 Routers are more intelligent bridges.
 Routers have processor and memory.
 Routers operate at the network layer.
 Routers can connect both similar and dissimilar
networks.
 It determine the shortest route to a destination
and use it.
 Routers actually become a node on a network,
and they have their own network address.
 Routers must be programmed to function
correctly.

13. Switches
 They are a lot like bridges, except that they have
many ports and otherwise look like a hub.
 switches form one-to-one connections between
any two ports.
 Multiple workstations connected to a switch use
dedicated segments. This is a very efficient way
to isolate heavy users from the network.

15. Gateways
 They are application-specific interfaces that link
all seven layers of the OSI Model when they are
dissimilar at any or all levels.
 The primary use for gateways today is for
handling e-mail.
 POP3 and SMTP are two protocols handle by it.

17. Devices and OSI model