This document provides an overview of information technology concepts including networks, connecting devices, signals, and network topologies. It defines local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs). It also describes common network topologies like star, bus, ring, mesh, and tree. The document outlines different linking devices used to interconnect computers like repeaters, bridges, routers, and gateways. It concludes with definitions and descriptions of analog signals, digital signals, bit rates, and bandwidth.

1. Presentation of Information Technology Presented To: Sir Salman Ashar

5. Network Diagram:

6. Local Area Network: A local area network is data communication system in a limited geographical area. Like a home, office, or small group of buildings

7. Metro-Politan Area Network: A Metro-politan area network is a network designed to extend over an entire city.

8. Wide Area Network: A wide area network provides long distance transmission of data over a large geographical areas Comprising a country,a continent or the whole world. The most well-known example of a WAN is the Internet.

9. Network Topology: . The logical layout of the cables and devices that connects the nodes of a computer.

11. Bus Topology: All devices are connected to a central cable, called the bus or backbone .

12. Star Topology: All devices are connected to a central hub.Nodes communicate across the network by passing data through the hub.

13. Ring Topology: All devices are connected to one another in the shape of a closed loop, so that each device is connected directly to two other devices, one on either side of it.

14. Mesh Topology: In a true mesh topology every node has a connection to every other node in the network

15. Tree Topology: Tree topologies integrate multiple star topologies together onto a bus.

16. Hybrid Topology: A hybrid topology is always produced when two different basic network topologies are connected. Two common examples for Hybrid network are: star ring network and star bus network.

17. Linking devices: A type of linking mechanism needed to interconnect at least two computers.They are used to create a network. For example Cables,Switches or Hubs.

18. Connecting Devices Networking Devices Internetworking Devices Repeaters Bridges Routers Gateways Repeater Bridges Routers Gateways Networking Devices Internetworking Devices

19. Repeaters : A network device used to regenerate or replicate a signal. Repeaters are used in transmission systems to regenerate analog or digital signals distorted by transmission loss.

20. Bridges : A Bridge is an interface used to connect the same types of networks.

21. Bridges Diagram:

23. Router : A Router is a special computer that directs communicating messages when several networks are connected together.

25. Gateways: A Gateway is an interface permitting communication between dissimilar networks.

27. MULTIPROTOCOL ROUTERS: Multiprotocol routers have been designed to route packets belonging to two or more protocols

28. BROUTER: A Brouter is a single protocol or multi protocol router that sometimes acts as a router and sometimes as a bridge.

29. Switches : Switches are the hardware or software devices capable of creating temporary links between two or more devices linking to the switch but not to each.

30. Hubs: A Hub is the simple connection point for different type of devices on a network. It sends all the data to all devices connected to it.

31. Nodes: Any device that is attached to a network.A node may be a microcomputer,terminal,storage device or peripheral device which enhance the usefulness of the network.

32. Signals: The electronic transformation of data and information through a medium is called signal.

34. Analog signals: The transformation of data in the form of waves.

35. Digital signals: The signals which travels in form of 0s and 1s .

36. Periodic signal: Periodic signals consist of a continuously repeated pattern.

37. Aperiodic signal: Aperiodic signals consist of a non repeated pattern.

39. Simple Signal: A simple analog signals consist of a single sine wave or a single frequency signals.

40. Composite signals: The signals which composed of more than one sine waves having different frequencies.

41. Frequency spectrum and bandwidth: The frequency spectrum of a signals is the collection of all the component frequencies that it contain . The bandwidth of a signal is the width of frequency spectrum.

42. Digital Signal: The signals which travels in form of 0s and 1s .

43. Bit interval and bit rate: The bit interval is the time required to send a single bit. The bit rate is number of bit intervals per second,usually expressed in bits per second.

44. Any Questions?

45. Thank You.