Threatened abortion by dr alka mukherjee dr apurva mukherjee nagpur m.s.alka mukherjee
Threatened abortion is associated with bleeding and/or uterine cramping while the cervix is closed. This stage of abortion may progress to spontaneous incomplete or complete abortion. While this event may be considered a part of the quality control process in human reproduction, it is important to know the possible etiologies and when therapy might prevent pregnancy loss. The World Health Organization estimated that 15% of all clinically recognizable pregnancies and in spontaneous abortion, 50-60% of which are due to chromosomal abnormalities. Apart from the fetal factors, several maternal and probably paternal factors contribute to the causes of spontaneous abortion. The maternal factors that may be responsible for abortion include both local and systemic conditions such as infections, maternal disease states, genital tract abnormalities, endocrine factors and other miscellaneous causes (antiphospholipid antibodies, maternal-fetal histocompatibility, excessive smoking and other environmental toxicants, etc.). This review focuses on the management of threatened abortion, but it should be emphasized that the management to maintain pregnancy is reasonable only in those cases, in which the fetus is not seriously affected. It would not be beneficial to provide treatment that would permit chromosomally and anatomically abnormal embryos to survive to term. Treatment is feasible first of all in cases with maternal factors. Surgical procedures may precede pregnancy (correction of septate uterus, removal of a submucous leiomyomata) or may be performed usually in the second trimester (cervical cerclage). Maternal general diseases (diabetes, hypothyroidism) and infections should be treated accordingly. The most common entity to be treated in this category is luteal phase deficiency. Progesterone is the most important hormone for the maintenance of an early human pregnancy. Besides progesterone administration, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) also is the logical endocrine treatment of choice. In the pregnant woman hCG stimulates and optimizes hormonal production in the corpus luteum and may also influence the fetoplacental unit. The contribution of environmental, physical and chemical agents to the incidence of spontaneous abortion is controversial. They may be abortifacient even if they are not teratogenic. Exposure to environmental toxicants should be avoided. Paternal leukocyte immunotherapy has been associated with successful outcome in patients with unexplained repeated spontaneous abortion. This therapeutic approach is considered experimental, as there may be some significant risks. Associating maternal antiphospholipid antibodies with reproductive failure is a rapidly developing field. Administration of corticosteroids with low doses of aspirin has resulted in fetal salvage in women in whom antiphospholipid antibodies are present.
physiology of labor includes the contraction and retraction of the muscles of uterus. I hope this presentation will help the persons of concerned subject.
Drug use in midwifery and obstetrical
1. Defination of Mala-n
2.Mode of intake of mala-n
3.Mode of action of mala-n.
4. Advantages of mala-n
5. Disadvantages of mala-n
6. contraindication of mala-n
7. Side of mala-n
This topic includes Introduction for analgesia and anesthesia used in obstetrics, maternal risk factors for anesthesia, anatomical and physiological considerations, analgesia during labour and delivery, sedatives and analgesia, opioid analgesics, combination of narcotics and antiemetics, inhalation methods, commonly used local anesthesia in obstetrics, spinal anesthesia, infiltration anesthesia, patient controlled anesthesia, psychoprophylaxis, general anesthesia for cesarean section, complication of general anesthesia and its management.
Threatened abortion by dr alka mukherjee dr apurva mukherjee nagpur m.s.alka mukherjee
Threatened abortion is associated with bleeding and/or uterine cramping while the cervix is closed. This stage of abortion may progress to spontaneous incomplete or complete abortion. While this event may be considered a part of the quality control process in human reproduction, it is important to know the possible etiologies and when therapy might prevent pregnancy loss. The World Health Organization estimated that 15% of all clinically recognizable pregnancies and in spontaneous abortion, 50-60% of which are due to chromosomal abnormalities. Apart from the fetal factors, several maternal and probably paternal factors contribute to the causes of spontaneous abortion. The maternal factors that may be responsible for abortion include both local and systemic conditions such as infections, maternal disease states, genital tract abnormalities, endocrine factors and other miscellaneous causes (antiphospholipid antibodies, maternal-fetal histocompatibility, excessive smoking and other environmental toxicants, etc.). This review focuses on the management of threatened abortion, but it should be emphasized that the management to maintain pregnancy is reasonable only in those cases, in which the fetus is not seriously affected. It would not be beneficial to provide treatment that would permit chromosomally and anatomically abnormal embryos to survive to term. Treatment is feasible first of all in cases with maternal factors. Surgical procedures may precede pregnancy (correction of septate uterus, removal of a submucous leiomyomata) or may be performed usually in the second trimester (cervical cerclage). Maternal general diseases (diabetes, hypothyroidism) and infections should be treated accordingly. The most common entity to be treated in this category is luteal phase deficiency. Progesterone is the most important hormone for the maintenance of an early human pregnancy. Besides progesterone administration, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) also is the logical endocrine treatment of choice. In the pregnant woman hCG stimulates and optimizes hormonal production in the corpus luteum and may also influence the fetoplacental unit. The contribution of environmental, physical and chemical agents to the incidence of spontaneous abortion is controversial. They may be abortifacient even if they are not teratogenic. Exposure to environmental toxicants should be avoided. Paternal leukocyte immunotherapy has been associated with successful outcome in patients with unexplained repeated spontaneous abortion. This therapeutic approach is considered experimental, as there may be some significant risks. Associating maternal antiphospholipid antibodies with reproductive failure is a rapidly developing field. Administration of corticosteroids with low doses of aspirin has resulted in fetal salvage in women in whom antiphospholipid antibodies are present.
physiology of labor includes the contraction and retraction of the muscles of uterus. I hope this presentation will help the persons of concerned subject.
Drug use in midwifery and obstetrical
1. Defination of Mala-n
2.Mode of intake of mala-n
3.Mode of action of mala-n.
4. Advantages of mala-n
5. Disadvantages of mala-n
6. contraindication of mala-n
7. Side of mala-n
This topic includes Introduction for analgesia and anesthesia used in obstetrics, maternal risk factors for anesthesia, anatomical and physiological considerations, analgesia during labour and delivery, sedatives and analgesia, opioid analgesics, combination of narcotics and antiemetics, inhalation methods, commonly used local anesthesia in obstetrics, spinal anesthesia, infiltration anesthesia, patient controlled anesthesia, psychoprophylaxis, general anesthesia for cesarean section, complication of general anesthesia and its management.
Presentation on this topic is available on link 👇
https://youtu.be/d_JgNiYv7eU
This topic contains detail about genital prolapse in pregnancy, It's definition, incidence, types, stages, causes, risk factors, clinical features, effect of prolapse, effect on pregnancy, effect during labour and puerperium, prevention, treatment and nursing management during pregnancy, labour and puerperium.
This topic contains detailed description regarding Normal puerperium, it's definition, duration, phases, involution of uterus and other pelvic organs, lochia, general physiological changes of puerperium, lactation, management of normal puerperium, management of ailments and postnatal care.
REPRODUCTIVE ISSUES DUE TO LOW SPERM COUNT.
DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT, MANAGEMENT AND PREVENTION.
For Scientific Free Lectures, Visit - http://bit.ly/VisitZofirAcademy
Presentation on this topic is available on link 👇
https://youtu.be/d_JgNiYv7eU
This topic contains detail about genital prolapse in pregnancy, It's definition, incidence, types, stages, causes, risk factors, clinical features, effect of prolapse, effect on pregnancy, effect during labour and puerperium, prevention, treatment and nursing management during pregnancy, labour and puerperium.
This topic contains detailed description regarding Normal puerperium, it's definition, duration, phases, involution of uterus and other pelvic organs, lochia, general physiological changes of puerperium, lactation, management of normal puerperium, management of ailments and postnatal care.
REPRODUCTIVE ISSUES DUE TO LOW SPERM COUNT.
DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT, MANAGEMENT AND PREVENTION.
For Scientific Free Lectures, Visit - http://bit.ly/VisitZofirAcademy
Infertility problem and Fertility managementRotunda TCHR
Infertility India, Infertility Clinic India, Infertility Surgery India, Infertility, Infertility treatment India, Infertility abroad, conceive a baby, IVF, ICSI, PGD, GIFT, ZIFT, egg donation, sperm, embryo transfer, Pregnancy, egg donor, low cost IVF treatment, diagnosis, female fertility, male infertility, infertility specialist, infertility specialist in India, infertility treatment hospitals in India, infertility treatment clinic India, infertility treatment centre India, test tube baby, gender selection, sex selection, assisted reproductive technique, causes of infertility, procedure of fertility, IVF clinic, IVF clinics in India, pregnancy, sperm analysis, low sperm count, infertility treatment, infertility causes, infertility,IVF India, IVF Clinic India, IVF India, IVF Centre, IVF Treatment India, IVF, IVF Clinic, IVF Center, IVF India, IVF Specialist Doctor, IVF Treatment, IVF Treatment In India, IVF Treatment In Abroad, Women Infertility, Men Fertility, Test Tube Baby, IVF Procedure, ICSI, Embryo Transfer, Variations On Embryo Transfer, GIFT, ART, Egg Donation, Egg Donor, Low Cost Of Treatment, IVF Treatment Available In India, IVF,IVF India, IVF Clinic, Egg Donation, Surrogacy India, Fertility, Infertility, Surrogacy, Genetic Treatment, Human Reproduction, IVF Specialists, Success Rate, Fertility In India, Fertility Abroad, Fertility Treatment In India, Fertility Treatment In Abroad, Infertility In India, Infertility Treatment Abroad, Infertility Treatment In India, Infertility Treatment Abroad, IVF Treatment, IVF Treatment In India, IVF Treatment Abroad, Surrogacy, Surrogacy Treatment, Surrogacy Treatment In India, Surrogacy Treatment In Abroad, Gynecologist, Surrogate Mother, Surrogate Motherhood, Surrogate Mother India, Ovulation Induction, Laser Assisted Hatching, Oocyte Retrieval
We provide complete treatment of infertility in Indore at a very low cost. We have a team of very experienced IVF Specialist doctors, who have been providing treatment to childless couples for many years. If you are looking for a Fertility centre in Indore as per your budget, then you should visit the Care Womens Centre. Book an appointment today with the bsst IVF center in indore, call now 8889016663 and visit https://www.carewomenscentre.com/ for more information.
ART refers to methods used to achieve pregnancy by artificial or partially artificial means.
• INCLUDES- artificial insemination, In vitro fertilization (IVF) , Zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT) or Tubal Embryo Transfer, Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) , Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)
Female and male infertility Causes & Management by Asar KhanAsar Khan
In this Presentation we have included the male and female infertility their causes and Management. we hope that it will provide you some basic information regarding this issues.
Infertility in male and female.pptx for Nursing studentsankitarya2550
Infertility is a condition referred to unavailability to conceive after continue one year of regular coitus without using any kind of contraceptive and family planning methodology.
Infertility is a medical condition which can be treated and both female and male suffer from Infertility worldwide. Female infertility is not being able to conceive after having regular unprotected sex for a year or not being able to carry the pregnancy till term and having repeated miscarriages. Female factor accounts for approximately one-third of all infertility cases
Men and women can both be infertile, and the cause of infertility varies in women and men. For women, the cause of infertility ranges from diseases of the thyroid to fibroids in the uterus and even endometriosis.
Dr. Shilpa Bhandari is a highly experienced IVF specialist in Indore Madhya Pradesh and provides affordable ivf cost in Indore at Mohak infertility center. Book an appointment today Call now us 78980-47572 / 80852-77666 and online visit - https://mohakivf.com/
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
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We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
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ESC Beyond Borders _From EU to You_ InfoPack general.pdf
infertility.pdf
1. GRACIOUS COLLEGE OF NURSING
RAIPUR C.G.
INFERTILITY
INFERTILITY
PRESENTED BY
OM VERMA
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
2.
3. DEFINITIONS
Infertility is defined as the failure to conceive
after one year of regular intercourse without
contraception.
According to Dr. Kamini A Rao
According to Dr. Kamini A Rao
Infertility is a disease of the male or female
reproductive system defined by the failure to achieve a
pregnancy after 12 months or more of regular
unprotected sexual intercourse.
According to S.S. Randhawa
5. TYPES OF INFERTILITY
Primary: A woman who was never pregnant
and who can’t conceive after one year of not
using birth control.
Secondary: Secondary infertility occurs when a
woman can’t get pregnant again after having at
least one successful pregnancy.
6. Risk factors
Many of the risk factors for both male and
female infertility are the same. They include:
Age.
Tobacco use.
Tobacco use.
Alcohol use.
Being overweight.
Being underweight.
Exercise issues.
7.
8.
9. 1. SPERM ABNORMALITY
sperm abnormality are due to low
sperm count ,poor sperm quality
its caused is unknown in 30% to
40% of cases.
40% of cases.
Low sperm count ( Oligospermia )
A low sperm count is also called
oligospermia
10. POOR SPERM MOTILITY –
Slow and zig-zig movement of sperm
may have difficulty invading cervical
mucosa or penetration the zona
pellucida of the egg
Poor sperm motility means that the
sperm do not swim properly, which can
lead to male infertility. Poor sperm
motility is also known
as asthenozoospermia .
11. ABNORMAL SPERM MORPHOLOGY
Abnormal sperm have head or tail defects —
such as a large or misshapen head or a
crooked or double tail. These defects might
affect the ability of the sperm to reach and
affect the ability of the sperm to reach and
penetrate an egg.
Teratospermia means increase in the
percentage of sperm with abnormal form in
semen.
12. LOW SEMEN LEVEL –
( below the normal 2.5 -5 ml in one
ejaculation ) may caused infertility
13. 2. OTHER STRUCTURAL ABNORMALITY
@ Anorchia - Anorchia is the absence of
both testes at birth.
@. Testicular Dysgenesis Syndrome –
@. Testicular Dysgenesis Syndrome –
the genital abnormalities this syndrome
Hypospadias - is a birth defect in boys in
which the opening of the urethra is not
located at the tip of the penis.
14. @. sperm transport tube block-
Ejaculatory duct obstruction (EDO) refers to a
blockage of the ejaculatory duct (sperm duct)
@ . Syringomyelia - it is a neurological
disorder in which a fluid-filled cyst (syrinx)
disorder in which a fluid-filled cyst (syrinx)
forms within the spinal cord. to damage the
spinal cord and compress and injure the nerve
fibers that carry information to and from the
brain to the body. Result problem create in
ejaculate .
15. 3. GENETIC FACTORS-
@ Defective genetic material
@ Klinefelter syndrome is a genetic condition affecting
males, Klinefelter syndrome may adversely affect testicular
growth, resulting in smaller than normal testicles, which can
lead to lower production of testosterone.
lead to lower production of testosterone.
@ kartagener syndrome - The immotility is due to variety
of ultrastructural defects in respiratory cilia and sperm tail.
@ polycystic kidney disease - hormonal deficits associated
with uremia, chronic inflammation, and changes in
reproductive hormone levels.
16. 4. ENVIRONMENTAL AND LIFE STYLE OF
INFERTILITY AND LOW SPERM COUNT
@ Free Radicals ( Oxidants ) –
Although free radicals are naturally produce in
the body as a by product of many metabolic
the body as a by product of many metabolic
biochemical's reactions but several
enviormental factors ,chemicals and infections
produce high level of these radicals .high level
of radicals effect the genetic material as well
as the sperm in males
17. @.Exposed to estrogen like chemicals
Increased in male infertility and testicular ,
prostate cancer estrogen like chemical and
infections found in pesticides and other
industrial chemicals. over exposure to this
industrial chemicals. over exposure to this
chemical reduce of number of sertoli cells
(regulate cholesterol metabolism at the time
of spermatogenesis ) in male
18. @. Exposure to heavy metals
@. Radiation treatments
@. Smoking
@. Malnutrition and nutritional deficiency –
deficiency of vitamin C and E
@. Abuse of substance
@. Abuse of substance
@. Overheating The Testicles - Sperm cells tend
to die when exposed to too much heat. Continuous
exposure to higher temperatures can cause sperm
production to be lower, or cause the production of
abnormally shaped sperm cells resulting in infertility.
19. @ Emotional stress –
Men who feel stressed are more likely to
experience decreased testosterone, lower
sperm count, abnormal sperm production, and
decreased sperm motility, the function that
allows sperm to move. And all of this can
allows sperm to move. And all of this can
negatively affect overall fertility.
20. INFECTION AND MEDICAL CONDITION
Variocele - varicose vein in scrotum
Hypogonadism – Testosterone deficiency
Sexually transmitted disease – reputed infection of Chlamydia
tracomatis or gonorrhea infection can caused scarring and
blockage of sperm passage area human papllomaviruses may
also impaired sperm function
also impaired sperm function
Mumps - is a viral infectious disease caused due
to mumps virus that affects the male glands of saliva and
testicles, leading to infertility in men.
Other medical condition - severe injury ,HIV , Heart disease
,kidney disease Cushing syndrome ( too much of the hormone
cortisol over a long period of time.) D.M. anemia .
21.
22. LACK OF PROPER GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT:
Proper growth and development during the
period of puberty and adolescence are
essential for fertility in women. Nutritional
deficiency, especially of the proteins may
deficiency, especially of the proteins may
cause an underdevelopment of the genital
organs and improper functioning of the
endocrine system. That is why the women
having irregular and scanty periods are often
infertility .
23.
24. Ovulation disorders
which affect the release of eggs from the ovaries.
These include hormonal disorders such as polycystic
ovary syndrome. Hyperprolactinemia, a condition in
which have too much prolactin — the hormone that
stimulates breast milk production — also may
stimulates breast milk production — also may
interfere with ovulation.
Either too much thyroid hormone (hyperthyroidism)
or too little (hypothyroidism) can affect the
menstrual cycle or cause infertility. Other underlying
causes may include too much exercise, eating
disorders or tumors.
25. Uterine or cervical abnormalities,
Including abnormalities with the
cervix, polyps in the uterus or the
shape of the uterus. Noncancerous
(benign) tumors in the uterine wall
(benign) tumors in the uterine wall
(uterine fibroids) may cause infertility
by blocking the fallopian tubes or
stopping a fertilized egg from
implanting in the uterus.
26. Fallopian tube damage or
blockage
Often caused by inflammation of
the fallopian tube (salpingitis). This
the fallopian tube (salpingitis). This
can result from pelvic inflammatory
disease, which is usually caused by a
sexually transmitted infection,
endometriosis or adhesions.
27. Endometriosis
which occurs when endometrial
tissue grows outside of the
uterus, may affect the function
uterus, may affect the function
of the ovaries, uterus and
fallopian tubes.
28. Pelvic adhesions,
bands of scar tissue that bind
organs that can form after
pelvic infection, appendicitis,
endometriosis or abdominal or
endometriosis or abdominal or
pelvic surgery.
29. Cancer and its treatment.
Certain cancers — particularly
reproductive cancers — often
impair female fertility. Both
radiation and chemotherapy may
radiation and chemotherapy may
affect fertility.
30.
31. History taking
Physical examination
Pelvic exam:
Doctors will perform a pelvic exam, including a Pap smear to
check for structural problems or signs of disease.
check for structural problems or signs of disease.
Blood test: A blood test can check hormone levels, including
thyroid hormones.
Transvaginal ultrasound: Your doctor inserts
an ultrasound wand into the vagina to look for problems with
the reproductive system.
32. Hysteroscopy: Your provider inserts a thin, lighted
tube (hysteroscope) into the vagina to examine the
uterus.
Saline sonohysterogram (SIS): Your provider fills
the uterus with saline (sterilized salt water) and
conducts a transvaginal ultrasound. A full uterus
conducts a transvaginal ultrasound. A full uterus
makes it easier to see inside the uterus.
Hysterosalpingogram (HSG): X-rays capture an
injectable dye as it travels through the fallopian
tubes. This test looks for blockages.
33. Laparoscopy: Your
provider inserts a
laparoscope (thin tube
with a camera) into a
small abdominal
incision. Female pelvic
incision. Female pelvic
laparoscopy helps
identify problems like
endometriosis, uterine
fibroids and scar tissue.
34.
35. MALE INFERTILITY DIAGNOSED
These tests can help diagnose or rule out a male fertility
problem:
Semen analysis: This test checks for problems with sperm,
such as low sperm count and poor mobility. Some men need
a needle biopsy to remove sperm from the testicles and test
it.
it.
Blood test: A blood test can check testosterone, thyroid and
other hormone levels. Genetic blood tests look for
chromosomal abnormalities.
Scrotal ultrasound: An ultrasound of the scrotum identifies
varicoceles or other testicular problems.
36.
37.
38. A narrow, tightly-coiled tube
that is attached to each of the
testicles (the male sex glands
that produce sperm)
Epididymis A narrow, tightly-coiled tube that is attached to
each of the testicles (the male sex glands that produce sperm)
39. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a condition in which the
ovaries produce an abnormal amount of androgens,
42. To provide the correct information about the infertility and their
management
43.
44.
45. In vitro fertilization (IVF) –
During IVF , mature eggs are
collected (retrieved) from ovaries
and fertilized by sperm in a lab.
and fertilized by sperm in a lab.
procedures used to help with
fertility or prevent genetic problems
and assist with the conception of a
child.
46.
47.
48.
49. Intrauterine insemination (IUI) — a type of artificial insemination — is a
procedure for treating infertility. Introduction of sperm in to female
procedure for treating infertility. Introduction of sperm in to female
uterine cavity for achieving pegnacy