Gene structure and its characteristics: structure of DNA, structure by watson and crick double helix structure, dominant and recessive gene, homologous and heterozygous state, translation, transcription, characteristics of gene.
Gene structure and its characteristics: structure of DNA, structure by watson and crick double helix structure, dominant and recessive gene, homologous and heterozygous state, translation, transcription, characteristics of gene.
Genetic counseling: Introduction, definition, purposes of genetic counseling, indications of genetic counseling, beneficiaries of genetic counseling, phases of genetic counseling, role of nurse in genetic counseling, application of genetic counseling.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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Genetic counseling: Introduction, definition, purposes of genetic counseling, indications of genetic counseling, beneficiaries of genetic counseling, phases of genetic counseling, role of nurse in genetic counseling, application of genetic counseling.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Some speech disorders, such as stuttering or speech sound disorders (e.g., articulation or phonological disorders), may arise during childhood due to developmental factors. These can include delays in speech and language development or difficulties in coordinating the muscles involved in speech production.
Birth Defects was written for healthcare workers who look after individuals with birth defects, their families, and women who are at increased risk of giving birth to an infant with a birth defect. This book is being used in the Genetics Education Programme which trains healthcare workers in genetic counselling in South Africa. It covers: modes of inheritance, medical genetic counselling, birth defects due to chromosomal abnormalities, single gene defects, teratogens, multifactorial inheritance
Birth Defects: Introduction to birth defectsPiLNAfrica
Birth Defects was written for healthcare workers who look after individuals with birth defects, their families, and women who are at increased risk of giving birth to an infant with a birth defect. This book is being used in the Genetics Education Programme which trains healthcare workers in genetic counselling in South Africa. It covers: modes of inheritance, medical genetic counselling, birth defects due to chromosomal abnormalities, single gene defects, teratogens, multifactorial inheritance
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Craniofacial syndromes /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental ...Indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Anomalies in development of face {pre and post} /certified fixed orthodontic...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
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Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
5. A. Congenital anomalies
Congenital anomalies comprise a wide range of
abnormalities of body structure or function that are present
at birth and are of prenatal origin.
Congenital anomaly are a diverse group of disorders of
Congenital anomaly are a diverse group of disorders of
prenatal origin which can be caused by single gene defect
chromosomal disorders ,multifactorial inheritance ,
environmental, tetra gene defect micronutrients
deficiencies .
6. DEFINITION
Congenital disorders can be defined as structural or
functional anomalies that occur during intrauterine life. Also
called birth defects, congenital anomalies or congenital
called birth defects, congenital anomalies or congenital
malformations, these conditions develop prenatally and may
be identified before or at birth,
According to Jennifer Doudna & Samuel H. Sternberg
8. MALFORMATION MAY INVOLVE ONE ORGAN/SYSTEM OR
MULTIPLE SYSTEMS :
1. Single system defects (single abnormalities):
Single abnormalities may have a genetic or non genetic basis.
For. e.g., congenital heart defects.
For. e.g., congenital heart defects.
2. Multiple malformation syndromes (multiple abnormalities):
It consists of defects in two or more systems and is more likely
to be due to chromosomal abnormalities.
9. 3. Syndrome: A recognizable pattern of anomalies a
group of signs or changes in the body that are typical of
an illness
4. Malformation: Is a primary structural defect
4. Malformation: Is a primary structural defect
occurring during the development of an organ or tissue.
Partial or complete or alterations in the normal structure
Ex. Cleft lip and cleft palate
10. 5. Dimorphology is the study of malformation
arising from abnormal embryogenesis.
6. Deformation: Abnormal form, shape or
6. Deformation: Abnormal form, shape or
position of a structure caused by mechanical
factors.
7. Dysplasia: Abnormal organization of tissue.
11. 8. Disruption: Morphologic defect resulting
from extrinsic interference with normal
process. Morphological change of the already
formed structure due to exposure to
destructive process.
destructive process.
Ex. Amniotic band syndrome (ABS) occurs
when the lining of the amniotic sac is damaged
during pregnancy,
12.
13. Causes of congenital anomalies:
The common causes can be grouped into three categories:
Genetic, environmental and multifactorial origin.
GENETIC FACTORS: It plays a role in some birth
GENETIC FACTORS: It plays a role in some birth
defects. Genetic causes of congenital anomalies can be
divided into two main categories:
1. Those associated with chromosomal aberration.
2. Those arising from single gene mutations.
14. Chromosomal birth defects:
Abnormalities in the number or structure of
chromo- somes can cause birth defects and is
responsible for about 6% of congenital
abnormalities. Several chromosomal disorders
responsible for about 6% of congenital
abnormalities. Several chromosomal disorders
can lead to spontaneous abortions/miscarriage.
e.g. Down syndrome, Turner syndrome.
15. Single gene defects :
Deletion or mutation in a single gene
can cause congenital abnormalities.
Single gene mutation follow Mendelian
Single gene mutation follow Mendelian
pattern of inheritance and are
responsible for about 7.5% of all
congenital abnormalities..
16. ENVIRONMENTAL CAUSES (TERATOGENS):
An agent which causes a birth defect or mal- formations
of an embryo fetus is known as a teratogen. Teratology is
the study of develop- mental defects . If mother is
exposed to teratogens during pregnancy, it can produce
exposed to teratogens during pregnancy, it can produce
fetal death, growth retardation, fetal malforma- tion or
functional impairment.
The teratogens may be drug, chemical, physical or
biological agents.
17. MULTIFACTORIAL INHERITANCE :
Some birth defects are caused by a
combination of genes and
environmental exposure. Multifactorial
environmental exposure. Multifactorial
inheritance is defined as inheritance of
genes with environmental factors.
E.g.. Neural tube defect, congenital heart
disease
19. INTRODUCTION
A developmental delay refers to a child who
has not gained the developmental skills
expected of him or her, compared to others of
expected of him or her, compared to others of
the same age. Delays may occur in the areas of
motor function, speech and language,
cognitive, play, and social skills.
20. CAUSES OF DEVELOPMENTAL DELAY
@.Genetic or hereditary conditions like Down syndrome
@.Metabolic disorders like phenylketonuria (PKU) is an
@.Metabolic disorders like phenylketonuria (PKU) is an
inherited disorder that increases the levels of a
substance called phenylalanine in the blood.
Phenylalanine is a building block of proteins (an amino
acid )
21. @.Trauma to the brain, such as shaken baby
syndrome
Shaken baby syndrome - is a serious brain
injury resulting from forcefully shaking an
injury resulting from forcefully shaking an
infant or toddler. It's also known as abusive
head trauma,
22. @. Severe psychosocial trauma, emotional
trauma such as post-traumatic stress disorder
@.Exposure to certain toxic substances like
@.Exposure to certain toxic substances like
prenatal alcohol exposure or lead poisoning
@.Some very serious infections
@. Deprivation of food or environment
23. @. Premature birth that results in muscles
developing more slowly
@. Genetic causes (such as Down syndrome)
@.Nerve and muscle disorders (such as
@.Nerve and muscle disorders (such as
muscular dystrophy or cerebral palsy)
@. Developmental diagnoses such as autism
@.Hormonal causes such as hypothyroidism
24.
25. Delays in Motor Skills
• Gross motor skills- refer to any type of action that
require a child to move his or her muscles. Gross
motor skills refer to larger movements, such as
crawling, walking, or running.
crawling, walking, or running.
Fine motor skills- refer to smaller actions, such as
pointing or picking up items with their fingers
26. Delays in Cognitive Skills
• Often referred to as intellectual abilities, such
as verbal and non-verbal skills, attention, focus,
eye coordination and memory
eye coordination and memory
• Babies learn very Slowly , it starts by being
curious and they learn to identify basic colors,
or identify animals in pictures
27. Delayed Social Skills
It is common for children with developmental
delays to have difficulty with social and
emotional skills. For example, they may
have trouble understanding social cues,
have trouble understanding social cues,
initiating communication with others, or
carrying on two-way conversations. They may
also have difficulty dealing with frustration or
coping with change.
28. Delays in Communication Skills
• Communication development refers to
speech abilities and using spoken
language to communicate.
language to communicate.
• It includes issues related to hearing,
seeing and speaking problems
29. Signs and Symptoms of Developmental
Delay
Most common symptoms can include:
@. Learning and developing more slowly than other
children same age
children same age
@.Rolling over, sitting up, crawling, or walking much
later than developmentally appropriate
@. Difficulty communicating or socializing with others
30. @.Lower than average scores on IQ tests
@.Difficulties in Speaking
@.Having problems remembering things
@. Difficulty with problem-solving
@. Difficulty with problem-solving
@.Trouble learning in school
@.Inability to do everyday tasks
33. Abnormal Morphogenesis -a biological process that
causes a tissue or organ to develop its shape by
controlling the spatial ( location ) distribution of cells
during embryonic development.
Abnormal Embryogenesis is the process by which an
embryo develops into a foetus. It begins when an ovum
Abnormal Embryogenesis is the process by which an
embryo develops into a foetus. It begins when an ovum
and sperm meet and fertilization occurs. The fertilization
results in the formation of a zygote.
Abnormal Morphogenesis and Embryogenesis it is
called dysmorphism
34. DEFINITION
The condition of having an abnormally
shaped body part, especially as a
shaped body part, especially as a
congenital condition. It is called
Dysmorphism.
37. A dysmorphic feature is an abnormal difference in body
structure.
1. HYPERTELORISM –wide spacing between the eyes
Increased Distance Between
Two Body Parts.
38. A dysmorphic feature is an abnormal difference in
body structure.
2. HYPOTELORISM :- Narrow space between the eye
Abnormal
Decrease In The
Distance
Between The
Two Eyes
39. 3. An epicanthal fold is skin of the upper
eyelid that covers the inner corner of
the eye.
40. BROAD NASAL ROOT,
LOW SET EARS –
Low set ears (pinna), abnormal rotation, the
absence of ears, and abnormal folds in the ear
42. SCREENING
To examine / test/ Identification
somebody to find out if he/she has a
somebody to find out if he/she has a
particular disease and disorders it is
called screening.
43. GENETIC SCREENING - Is really focused on a
whole population of people, Genetic screening
may also be called DNA testing. It's a type of
test that can identify changes in the genes,
chromosomes or proteins in body. Genetic
chromosomes or proteins in body. Genetic
testing takes a sample of blood, skin, hair,
tissue or amniotic fluid. and send laboratory to
identify the causative agents in genetic
disorders .
44. Three categories of genetic testing are
available—
@. Cytogenetic testing,
@. Biochemical testing,
@. Biochemical testing,
@. Molecular testing,
To detect abnormalities in chromosome
structure, protein function and DNA sequence,
45. Cytogenetics –
involves testing samples of tissue, blood, or
bone marrow in a laboratory to look for
changes in chromosomes, including broken,
missing, rearranged, or extra chromosomes.
missing, rearranged, or extra chromosomes.
Changes in certain chromosomes may be a sign
of a genetic disease or condition or some types
of cancer.
46. Biochemical genetic testing involves the study
of enzymes in the body that may be abnormal
in some way. The enzymes may function
improperly or be absent or unstable.
Molecular tests look for changes in one or
Molecular tests look for changes in one or
more genes. These types of tests determine the
order of DNA building blocks (nucleotides) in
an individual's genetic code, a process called
DNA sequencing.