Huntington's disease is a rare, inherited disease that causes the progressive breakdown of nerve cells in the brain. It is caused by a faulty gene that results in parts of the brain becoming gradually damaged over time. The main symptoms are movement disorders, cognitive decline, and psychiatric problems. Mental illness refers to conditions that affect mood, thinking, and behavior, including depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, and addictive behaviors. There are many contributing factors including genetics, brain chemistry, life experiences, and environment. Left untreated, mental illness can cause disability and physical health complications.

1. GRACIOUS COLLEGE OF NURSING
ABHANPUR RAIPUR C.G.
HUNTINGTON DISEASE
AND
MENTAL ILLNESS
MENTAL ILLNESS
PRESENTED BY
OM VERMA
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

2. INTRODUCTION
Huntington disease is a progressive brain
disease / Huntington disease is an autosomal
dominant diseased that causes uncontrolled
movements, emotional problems, and loss of
thinking ability (cognition). Adult-onset
thinking ability (cognition). Adult-onset
Huntington disease, the most common form
of this disorder, An inherited condition in
which nerve cells in the brain break down over
time. usually appears in a person's 30yr age
or 40 yr age.

4. Definition
Huntington's disease is a rare, inherited
disease that causes the progressive
breakdown (degeneration) of nerve cells in
the brain. Huntington's disease has a wide
impact on a person's functional abilities and
impact on a person's functional abilities and
usually results in movement, thinking
(cognitive) and psychiatric disorders.
According to National Institute of
Neurological Disorders and Stroke

5. Huntington's disease is a condition that
damages nerve cells in the brain causing them
to stop working properly. It's passed on
(inherited) from a person's parents. The
damage to the brain gets worse over time. It
can affect movement, cognition (perception,
can affect movement, cognition (perception,
awareness, thinking, judgement) and mental
health.
According to AND

7. Genetics HTT mutation
(huntingtin)
The HTT mutation that causes Huntington
disease involves a DNA segment known as
a CAG trinucleotide repeat. This segment is
made up of a series of three DNA building
made up of a series of three DNA building
blocks (cytosine, adenine, and guanine) that
appear multiple times in a row. Normally, the
CAG segment is repeated 10 to 35 times within
the gene. In people with Huntington disease,

8. INFECTION
Huntington's disease is caused
by a faulty gene that results in
parts of the brain becoming
parts of the brain becoming
gradually damaged over time.

9. DAMAGE BRAIN SPINAL CORD
AND PERIPHERAL NERVE
Pressure on the spinal
cord and nerves may be associated with
herniation or disc
herniation or disc
displacement. Brain degeneration also
causes central nervous system diseases
and Huntington's disease

10. METABOLIC DISORDER
Huntington's disease patients have
a number of peripheral
manifestations suggestive of
manifestations suggestive of
metabolic and endocrine
abnormalities.

11. Lack of oxygen nutrient and blood
supply in brain and Small vessel
disease with small deep infarcts is
the most common sub-type of stroke
STROKE AND VASCULAR DISEASES
the most common sub-type of stroke
leading to abnormal movements, and
lead the Huntington's disease

12. Huntington disease arises from
a combinatory toxicity
of polyglutamine and copper
TOXINS
of polyglutamine and copper
binding. Abnormal function of
huntingtin (Htt) protein

13. Pathogenesis:
The HTT protein Huntingin interacts with several other
proteins and appears to have multiple biological functions.
The mutated HTT protein ( chromosome -4 ) is toxic to
certain types of cells, particularly in the brain.
Histological, it shows localized neuronal cell death. Basal
ganglia plays a key role in movement and behaviour control.
Repetition of nucleotide triplet CAG
(Cytosine, Adenine, Guanine)

14. Pathogenesis:
Abnormal polyglutamine acid sequence
Excessive mutation of glutamine protein
Lead Excitotoxicity refers to an excessive activation of
neuronal amino acid receptors.
The accumulating damage to basal ganglia causes the
characteristic involuntary and jerky movements
associated with Huntington disease
.

17. Sensory or motor impairments

18. Cognitive Disorders
Alzheimer's disease. slowly destroys memory and thinking
skills
Dementia -a serious mental problem caused by brain
disease or injury, that affects the ability to think, remember
and behave normally
Epilepsy-related cognitive dysfunction.
Epilepsy-related cognitive dysfunction.
Lack of awareness of one own ,s behavior and ability .
.
Mild cognitive impairment.
Slowness in processing thought or finding word
Difficulty in learning

20. POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY

21. NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TEST
Is a test to measure how well a
person's brain is working. The abilities
tested include reading, language
tested include reading, language
usage, attention, learning, processing
speed, reasoning, remembering,
problem-solving, mood and
personality

22. Positron emission tomography
(PET)
(PET) scan is an imaging test that can
help reveal the metabolic or
biochemical function of your tissues
biochemical function of your tissues
and organs. The PET scan uses a
radioactive drug (tracer) to show both
normal and abnormal metabolic
activity.

24. Haldol (haloperidol) and Thorazine (chlorpromazine) are the
best known typical antipsychotics. They continue to be useful
in the treatment of severe psychosis and behavioral problems

26. MENTAL ILLNESS

28. INTRODUCTION
Mental illness, also called mental health
disorders, refers to a wide range of
mental health conditions — disorders
that affect your mood, thinking and
that affect your mood, thinking and
behavior. Examples of mental illness
include depression, anxiety disorders,
schizophrenia, eating disorders and
addictive behaviors.

30. According to M.J. Simmons

31. Mental illnesses are health
conditions involving changes in
emotion, thinking or behavior (or a
combination of these). Mental
illnesses can be associated with
distress and/or problems functioning
According to Adam Rutherford
distress and/or problems functioning
in social, work or family activities. it
is called mental illness .

34. Psychosocial” factors such
disease.
Psychosocial” factors such
as stress, hostility,
depression, hopelessness,
and job control seem
associated with physical
health—particularly heart
disease.
Social Factor -Urbanization affects mental health through the influence of
increased stressors and factors such as overcrowded and polluted environment,
high levels of violence, and reduced social support.

35. Psychosocial” factors such
disease.
Psychosocial” factors such
as stress, hostility,
depression, hopelessness,
and job control seem
associated with physical
health—particularly heart
disease.
Social Factor -Urbanization affects mental health through the influence of
increased stressors and factors such as overcrowded and polluted environment,
high levels of violence, and reduced social support.

36. TYPES OF MENTAL ILLNESS
There are many different types of mental illness. Some of the
main groups of mental disorders are:
Mood disorders (such as depression or bipolar disorder) A
disorder associated with episodes of mood swings ranging
from depressive lows to manic highs.
Anxiety disorders
personality disorders
personality disorders
psychotic disorders (such as schizophrenia) involves delusions
(false beliefs), hallucinations )
Eating disorders
Trauma-related disorders (such as post-traumatic stress
disorder)
Substance abuse disorders

37. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS INCLUDE:
Feeling sad or down
Confused thinking or reduced ability to concentrate
Excessive fears or worries, or extreme feelings of guilt
Extreme mood changes of highs and lows
Withdrawal from friends
Withdrawal from friends
Significant tiredness, low energy or problems sleeping
Hallucinations
Inability to cope with daily problems or stress
Addicted alcohol or drug use

38. Increased Or Decreased Sleep
Increased Or Low Appetite
Lack Of Motivation
Major changes in eating habits
Sex drive changes
Excessive anger or violence
Excessive anger or violence
Suicidal thinking

39. Biology
Some mental illness may be due tp an abnormal
balance of chemical in the brain called
neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters help nerve cells in the
communicate with each other .
communicate with each other .
Abnormal balance of these chemical may disturb
the communication message
Leading to symptoms of mental illness

42. COMPLICATIONS
Mental illness is a leading cause of disability. Untreated
mental illness can cause severe emotional, behavioral
and physical health problems. Complications sometimes
linked to mental illness include:
Unhappiness and decreased enjoyment of life
Family conflicts
Family conflicts
Relationship difficulties
Social isolation
Self-harm and harm to others
Weakened immune system
Heart disease and other medical conditions