The document discusses the causes and treatment of female infertility. It outlines various causative factors including problems with the fallopian tubes, ovulation, endometriosis, cervical or uterine issues, and other behavioral and environmental factors. Diagnostic tests like hysterosalpingography and laparoscopy are used to identify issues. Treatments include fertility drugs to stimulate ovulation, surgery to repair damaged tubes, and IVF which involves retrieving eggs, fertilizing them with sperm in vitro, and transferring embryos into the uterus. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle, treating existing diseases, and not delaying parenthood can help prevent some cases of infertility.
Infertility: Causes (Men, Women), Symptoms, Diagnosis and TreatmentYashodaHospitals
Find out about the challenges of infertility, when to see a doctor, causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatments including insemination and in vitro fertilization.
Infertility: Causes (Men, Women), Symptoms, Diagnosis and TreatmentYashodaHospitals
Find out about the challenges of infertility, when to see a doctor, causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatments including insemination and in vitro fertilization.
As an intern doctor in Gyne department , this presentation outlines the steps of assessment of an infertile couple including history taking , examinations and relevant investigations and imagings .
Introduction
Natural conception
Epidemiologic figures
Factors affect the natural conception rate
Causes of subfertility
Female causes of subfertility
ovulation
Ovarian problems
Marker of ovarian reserve
Tubal blockage
Endometrial factors
Uterine factors
Cervical factors
History and PE
Investigations
Treatment
Male subfertility
Hypothalamic-pituitary disease
Obesity
Primary hypogonadism
Sperm transport disorders
Defective ejaculation
History and PE
Investigations
Surgical sperm retrieval
Cryopreservation of gametes
Infertility is a medical condition which can be treated and both female and male suffer from Infertility worldwide. Female infertility is not being able to conceive after having regular unprotected sex for a year or not being able to carry the pregnancy till term and having repeated miscarriages. Female factor accounts for approximately one-third of all infertility cases
discussion of the condition leading into a possible female infertility, how to avoid such conditions, how to treat and address them, and raise awareness for both doctors and patients.
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Infertility in male and female.pptx for Nursing studentsankitarya2550
Infertility is a condition referred to unavailability to conceive after continue one year of regular coitus without using any kind of contraceptive and family planning methodology.
This presentation consist brief introduction about the IVF (In-vitro fertilization) in humans.
There are more than 15 slides which gives you basic study about the history of IVF, causes of IVF, basic steps involved in IVF process, ethical issues and etc.
Hope it will help you and make you easy to understand the IVF.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
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Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
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Female infertility
1. OUTLINE
Introduction
Causative Factors
o Age
o Fallopian tubes
o Ovulation problems
o Endometriosis
o Cervical Causes
o Uterine causes
o Behavioural factors
o Unexplained Infertility
o Environmental and occupational factors
Diagnostics And Treatments
In-vitro Fertilization
o The IVF Procedure
Preventive Measures
o Maintaining a Healthy life Style
o Treating and Preventing existing Diseases
o Not Delaying Parenthood
References
2. INTRODUCTION
“Infertility is the absence of fertility or inability to sustain it after an appropriate duration
of attempting conception by regular intercourse.”
It is not a disease,neither a condition or symptom that prevents the physical well-being of the
infertile individual or couple. However,the desire to have children makes it certainly an important
condition,and it is usually managed in the context of clinical madicine.
About 10% of couples are affected by infertility, which means that they've been trying to get
pregnant for at least a year — or for at least six months. Both men and women can be infertile.
According to the Centers for Disease Control, 1/3 of the time the diagnosis is due to female
infertility, 1/3 of the time it is linked to male infertility, and the remaining cases of infertility are
due to a combination of factors from both partners. For approximately 20% of couples, the
cause cannot be determined.
The cause of female infertility can be difficult to diagnose, but many treatments are available.
Treatment isn't always necessary. Half of all infertile couples will go on to conceive a child
spontaneously within the next 24 months.
3. CAUSATIVE FACTORS:
Female infertility can be also be caused by a number of factors, including the following:
1. Effect of Age:
Women are born with a finite number of eggs. Thus, as the reproductive years
progress, the number and quality of the eggs diminish. Eggs that become damaged or
develop chromosomal abnormalities cannot sustain a pregnancy. The chances of
having a baby decrease by 3% to 5% per year after the age of 30. This reduction
in fertility is noted to a much greater extent after age 40.
Possible solutions: Egg donation or surrogacy. Success rates 43 per cent of women
who have a fertilised donor egg implanted become pregnant
2. Damage to fallopian tubes:
Blocked or damaged fallopian tubes prevent eggs from getting to the uterus and
sperm from getting to the egg. Leading causes include pelvic inflammatory disease,
sexually transmitted diseases such as chlamydia, and previous sterilisation surgery.
Possible solutions: Laparoscopic surgery to open tubes, if possible (small area of
blockage). If surgery fails, in vitro fertilisation is an option.
The main causes of tubal damage include:
(1) Infection
(2) Abdominal Diseases
(3) Previous Surgeries
(4) Ectopic Pregnancy
This is a pregnancy that occurs in the tube itself and, even if
carefully and successfully overcome, may cause tubal damage and is a
potentially life-threatening condition.
(5) Congenital Defects
In rare cases, women may be born with tubal abnormalities, usually
associated with uterus irregularities.
4. 3. Ovulation problems (failing to ovulate a mature oocyte):
“Any condition (usually hormonal) that prevents the release of a mature egg from
an ovary,causes infertility. Possible symptoms include infrequent periods and
excessively heavy or light bleeding.”
(1) Hormonal Problems
These are the most common causes of anovulation. The process of ovulation
depends upon a complex balance of hormones and their interactions to be successful,
and any disruption in this process can hinder ovulation. Polycystic ovary syndrome, the
most common disorder responsible for this problem. This syndrome is characterized by
a reduced production of FSH, and normal or increased levels of LH, oestrogen and
testosterone. The current hypothesis is that the suppression of FSH associated with this
condition causes only partial development of ovarian follicles, and follicular cysts can be
detected in an ultrasound scan. The affected ovary often becomes surrounded with a
smooth white capsule and is double its normal size. The increased level of oestrogen
raises the risk of breast cancer.
(2) Scarred Ovaries
(3) Premature Menopause
(4) Follicle Problems
Although currently unexplained, "unruptured follicle syndrome" occurs in women
who produce a normal follicle, with an egg inside of it, every month yet the follicle fails to
rupture. The egg, therefore, remains inside the ovary and proper ovulation does not
occur.
5. Possible solutions: Ovulation-stimulating drugs such as clomiphene, follicle-stimulating
hormones, human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) and in vitro fertilisation (IVF) using
these drugs.
4. Endometriosis:
“Excessive growth of the lining of the uterus.”
Approximately 10% of infertile couples are affected by endometriosis For women with
endometriosis, the monthly fecundity (chance of getting pregnant) diminishes by 12 to
36%. Growth occurs not only in the uterus but also elsewhere in the abdomen, such as
in the fallopian tubes, ovaries and the pelvic peritoneum.
This condition, in which endometrial tissue (the uterine lining that sheds with
each monthly period) grows outside the uterus, is a major cause of infertility in women.
Possible symptoms: include painful menstrual periods, irregular or heavy bleeding and
possibly, repeated miscarriages.
Possible solutions: Laparoscopic surgery to remove abnormal tissue or unblock tubes
and assisted conception treatments.
5. Cervical causes:
A small group of women may have a cervical condition in which the sperm
cannot pass through the cervical canal. Whether due to abnormal mucus production or a
prior cervical surgical procedure, this problem may be treated with intrauterine
inseminations.
6. Uterine causes:
Abnormal anatomy of the uterus; the presence of polyps and fibroids.
7. Unexplained infertility:
The cause of infertility in approximately 20% of couples will not be determined
using the currently available methods of investigation.
8. Behavioral Factors:
Diet and Exercise
6. Smoking
Alcohol
Drugs
9. Environmental and Occupational Factors:
The ability to conceive may be affected by exposure to various toxins or chemicals
in the workplace or the surrounding environment. Substances that can cause mutations,
birth defects, abortions, infertility or sterility are called reproductive toxins.
Lead
Exposure to lead sources has been proven to negatively impact fertility in humans. Lead
can produce teratospermias (abnormal sperm) and is thought to be an abortifacient, or
substance that causes artificial abortion.
Medical Treatments and Materials
Repeated exposure to radiation, ranging from simple x-rays to chemotherapy, has been
shown to contribute to a wide array of ovarian problems.
Ethylene Oxide
A chemical used both in the sterilization of surgical instruments and in the manufacturing
of certain pesticides, ethylene oxide may cause birth defects in early pregnancy and has
the potential to provoke early miscarriage.
DIOGNOSTICS AND TREATMENT:
If female infertility is suspected, your doctor may order several tests, including:
A blood test to check hormone levels
An endometrial biopsy to check the lining of the uterus
Two diagnostic tests that may be helpful in detecting scar tissue and tubal obstruction are
hysterosalpingography and laparoscopy:
Hysterosalpingography (HSG):
This procedure involves either ultrasound or X-rays taken of the reproductive organs. Either dye
or saline and air are injected into the cervix and travel up through the fallopian tubes. This
enables the ultrasound or X-ray to reveal if the fallopian tubes are open or blocked.
Laparoscopy:
7. In this procedure, a laparoscope (a slender tube fitted with a fiberoptic camera) is inserted into
the abdomen through a small incision near the belly button. The laparoscope enables the doctor
to view the outside of the uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes to detect abnormal growths, as in
endometriosis. The doctor can also check to see if the fallopian tubes are open at the same
time.
IN-VITRO FERTILIZATION
Most infertile couples respond well to less complicated treatments, such as Hormonal
therapies and artificial insemination. However IVR remains the most commonly used for ART
procedures. Many people mistakenly believe that IVF is the only treatment option for infertile
couples.Actually, fewer than 5% of all patient who seek treatment for infertility receive IVF.
In-vitro fertilization is a kind of Assisted Reproductive Technology(ART) in which oocytes
and sperm retrieved from the male and female partners are placed together in a petri dish
where fertilization can take place. After the fertilized egg have begun dividing, they are
transferred into the female partner’s uterus, where implantation and embryonic development
can occur as in a typical pregnancy.
THE IVF PROCEDURE:
The IVF procedure has four basic steps:
I. Ovarian stimulation and monitoring
II. Egg retrieval
III. Fertilization
IV. Embryo transfer
1. Ovarian stimulation and monitoring:
Having several mature oocytes available for IVF increases the possibility that atleast one
will result in pregnancy. Typically women are injected with gonadotropins or anti-
estrogens over a period of days or weeks in order to “hyperstimulate” the ovaries to
produce mature oocytes.
2. Egg retrieval:
Once the follicle has matured (but not ruptured yet), the physician retrieves as many
oocytes as possible. This is done surgically, guiding an aspiration pipette to each mature
follicle and sucking up the oocyte. Once recovered , those oocytes that are mature and
healthy are transferred to a sterile container to await fertilization in the laboratory.
8. 3. Fertilization:
A semen sample is coolected from the male partner approximately 2 hours before the
female partner’s oocyte retrieval. These sperms are processed by a procedure called
‘’sperm washing’’ . The capacitated or washed sperms are placed in the petri dish with
oocyte, and the gametes are incubated at body temperature for 12 to 18 hours with
50,000 to 100000 motile sperms. If fertilization is successful, eggs will begin to divide.
4. Embryo transfer:
Embryo transfer is not complicated and can be performed without anethesia or surgery.
This procadure is usually done three days after egg retrieval and fertilization. The 6-8
celled healthy embryos are sucked into a tubular catheter and then transferred to the
uterus. Normal implantation and maturation of atleast one embryo is required to achieve
pregnancy.
In cases, in which fertilization has been achieved in vitro, but after a number of cycles,
implantation into uterus fails, the physician may suggest “assisted hatching” , in which
a small hole is lysed in zona pellucida prior to inserting the embryo in the uterus.
This procedure ensures that the embryo will be able to hatch from zona pellucida in time
to adhere to the uterus.
9. PREVENTION:
Some cases of female infertility may be prevented through identified interventions:
Maintaining a healthy lifestyle.
Excessive exercise, consumption of caffeine and alcohol, and smoking are all associated
with decreased fertility. Eating a well-balanced, nutritious diet, with plenty of
fresh fruits and vegetables (plenty of folates), and maintaining a normal weight are
associated with better fertility prospects.
Treating or preventing existing diseases.
Identifying and controlling chronic diseases such as diabetes and hypothyroidism increases
fertility prospects. Lifelong practice ofsafer sex reduces the likelihood that sexually
transmitted diseases will impair fertility; obtaining prompt treatment for sexually transmitted
diseases reduces the likelihood that such infections will do significant damage.
Regular physical examinations (including pap smears) help detect early signs of infections
or abnormalities.
Not delaying parenthood.
Fertility does not ultimately cease before menopause, but it starts declining after age 27
and drops at a somewhat greater rate after age 35.Women whose biological mothers had
unusual or abnormal issues related to conceiving may be at particular risk for some
conditions, such as premature menopause, that can be mitigated by not delaying
parenthood.
REFERENCES
http://www.stanford.edu/class/siw198q/websites/reprotech/New%20Ways%20of%20Maki
ng%20Babies/Causefem.htm
http://www.babycentre.co.uk/e6020/major-causes-of-infertility-chart#ixzz2QedceUL3
D efinition of infertility By Mayo Clinic staff
Developmental Biology By F.Scott Gillbert
www.gschool.com
www.wikipedia.com