The TORCH complex refers to a group of perinatal infections - Toxoplasmosis, Other (syphilis, varicella, parvo virus), Rubella, Cytomegalovirus, and Herpes simplex virus type 2. These infections can cross the placenta and infect the fetus, potentially causing severe anomalies or death. Toxoplasmosis is caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii which can infect fetuses during acute maternal infection via the placenta. Rubella virus infection during pregnancy increases risks of fetal anomalies, especially in the first trimester. Cytomegalovirus is a herpes virus that commonly infects fetuses, with 30
When fetal head is delivered, but shoulders are stuck and cannot be delivered it is known as shoulder dystocia.
The anterior shoulder becomes trapped behind on the symphysis pubis, whilst the posterior shoulder may be in the hollow of the sacrum or high above the sacral promontory.
Cord prolapse is a frightening and life-threatening event that occurs in labor. Rapid identification and immediate appropriate response may well save the life of a neonate. Therefore, clinicians should be knowledgeable in its recognition and management.
When fetal head is delivered, but shoulders are stuck and cannot be delivered it is known as shoulder dystocia.
The anterior shoulder becomes trapped behind on the symphysis pubis, whilst the posterior shoulder may be in the hollow of the sacrum or high above the sacral promontory.
Cord prolapse is a frightening and life-threatening event that occurs in labor. Rapid identification and immediate appropriate response may well save the life of a neonate. Therefore, clinicians should be knowledgeable in its recognition and management.
This ppt is made by Mr. arkab khan pathan under guidance of Mrs. RAKHI GOAR. this ppt contain the detail and all the lecture notes of HEG.
THANK YOU.
Arkab khan
Series of events that takes place in the genital organ in an effort to expel the viable products of conception out of the womb through the vagina into the outer world is called labour.
there are four stages of labour.
TORCH syndrome is a group of symptoms caused by Toxoplasmosis, Rubella, Cytomegalovirus, Herpes simplex, and other organisms including syphilis, Varicella zoster, and parvovirus.
This ppt is made by Mr. arkab khan pathan under guidance of Mrs. RAKHI GOAR. this ppt contain the detail and all the lecture notes of HEG.
THANK YOU.
Arkab khan
Series of events that takes place in the genital organ in an effort to expel the viable products of conception out of the womb through the vagina into the outer world is called labour.
there are four stages of labour.
TORCH syndrome is a group of symptoms caused by Toxoplasmosis, Rubella, Cytomegalovirus, Herpes simplex, and other organisms including syphilis, Varicella zoster, and parvovirus.
TORCH, which includes Toxoplasmosis, Other (syphilis, varicella-zoster, parvovirus B19), Rubella, Cytomegalovirus (CMV), and Herpes infections, are some of the most common infections associated with congenital anomalies.
This PowerPoint summarizes the core points to be known on congenital(TORCH) infections. I hope you find it helpful(especially those of you who are preparing for a seminar in med school).
This slide contains clinical features, perinatal and post natal diagnosis of congenital torch infection in fetus and neonates, and management of congenital toxaplasma, rubella, CMV, Herpes simplex, varicella, and other infections.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
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- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
2. TORCH complex is a medical acronym for a set of
perinatal infections, That can lead to severe fetal
anomalies or even death.
They are a group of viral, bacterial, and protozoan
infections that gain access to the fetal blood stream
transplacentally via the chorionic villi.
3. T- toxoplasmosis
O- other infections
R- rubella
C- cytomegalovirus
H- herpes simplex II virus
Other infections- syphilis, varicella zoaster, parvo
virus.
4. TOXOPLASMOSIS
Caused by protozoan intracellular parasite-
toxoplasma gondii.
Modes of transmission – feco-oral route
by eating infected raw or cocked meat, or through
contact with infected cat faeces.
Or through placenta.
5. Organism and transmission
T. gondii has three different
forms
The definitive host is cat.
The oocytes produced the
sporozites in the
enteroepithilial cells of cat
and passed into the faeces.
Sporozites become infected
after 21 days of shedding.
Excystation in the human
gut after ingestion of
infected sporozytes.
6. Sporozytes circulates in maternal blood stream.
Trophozytes develop and multiply within the cells
causes cell rupture and death.
Host immune response activated and begins third
stage.
Host antibody formation reaction converts the
parasites from the trophozites into tissue cyst form,
and no longer circulate in blood to cause infection.
Fetal infections occurs only in acute phase of
infection, when T. gondii in maternal blood
transported to placenta and fetus.
7.
8. Clinical manifestations
Acute toxoplasmosis is mostly subclinical.
Affects 0.3-1% of pregnant women, with an
approximately 60% transmission rate to the fetus.
Risk Increases with gestation age.
9. Primary maternal infection in pregnancy-
Fetal death higher with infection in 1st trimester
Infection rate is higher with infection in 3rd
trimester.
Risk of fetal infection-
1st trimester- 15% ( decreases the incidence of
infection but serious diseases are common,
including abortion).
2nd trimester- 25%
3rd trimester- 65% ( 90% newborns are without
clinical signs of infection.)
10. Maternal clinical manifestations
Most women are asymptomatic. Only about 10% of
women have s/s during acute infection-
1. lymphoadenopathy- indicates recent infection,
these are generally non tender, and
nonsuppurative.
2. Other symptoms are flu like illness such as-
fever
fatigue
Headache
Muscle pain, sore throat.
11. Severe and rare symptoms are-
Polymyositis
Dermatomyositis
chorioretinitis
12. Fetal clinical manifestations
If acute toxoplasmosis is acquired during pregnancy,
the infant is at the risk of developing congenital
toxoplasmosis.
Clinical triad of signs associated with congenital
toxoplasma infection is-
Chorioretinitis
Hydrocephalus
Intra cranial calcification.
15. Diagnostic evaluation
Serological testing-
is done in the immunocompetent patient. Screening
for the absence or presence of IgG or IgM specific
antibodies is vital to make the diagnosis of acute
toxoplasmosis in pregnancy.
Sabin- feldman dye test- indirect fluorescent
antibody test detects the level of IgG antibody.
ELISA- to detect IgM.
Lymphnode biopsy
Ultrasound.
19. RUBELLA
AKA german measels.
Caused by rubella virus ,a togavirus has single
stranded RNA genome.
Transmitted by droplet infection.
Virus has teratogenic properties can cross the
placenta where it stops cell development and leads
cell death.
Risk of developing fetal anomalies is directly
associated with maternal gestational age.
20. Incidences
1st trimester- 50% major fetal anomalies.
2nd trimester- 25%
3rd trimester- 10%
Spontaneous abortions occur upto 20% of cases. If
infection occur within 20 wks of gestation.
21. Clinical manifestations
Maternal symptoms-
Same as other flu-
1. Rashes
2. Low grade fever
3. Lymphoadenopathy
( suboccipital, posti cervical)
1. Joint pain
2. Headache
3. Conjunctivitis
22. Congenital rubella syndrome
It is characterized by-
Cochlear- sensorineural defects.
Cardiac – septal defects, PDA, pulmonary arterial
hypoplasia.
Neurological diseases- with a broad range of
presentation from behaviors to memingoencephalitis.
Ostitis
Hepatosplenomegaly.
Microcephaly
IUGR
Cataracts
Thrombocytopenia – blue berry muffin lesions.
23.
24. Diagnostic evaluation
Serological test to detect rubella specific antibodies.
Routine rubella IgG is done in the first trimester
Rubella IgM is done in suspected case.
Presence of antibodies + rash = confirm the
diagnosis.
25. Treatment
Prevention by active immunization.
No such treatment available.
Self limiting disease.
Maternal screening should be performed in early
pregnancy.
In infection is present in pregnancy, mother could not be
vaccinated because the rubella vaccine contained live
virus which can cross the placenta and affect the fetus.
Infact women should not be vaccinated 28 days before
conception.
26. Symptomatic treatment- analgesic and antipyretics.
Newborn should be managed for complications.
27. CYTOMEGALOVIRUS
CMV is a member of the herpes virus species.
Double strained DNA virus.
The virus most frequently passed on to fetus during
pregnancy.
Acc to American academy of pediatrics about 1% of
babies are born with the infection, a condition called
congenital CMV.
Transmission- direct person to person contact
(saliva, milk, urine, semen, tears, stools, blood,
cervical and vaginal secretions).
28. Incidences
Primary vertical cmv infection caries a 30% - 40%
risk of vertical transmission.
Among 30-40% , 2-4% develop severe
malformations.
40000 infant per year in the US.
29. Clinical manifestations
Maternal symptoms-
Fever
Weakness
Swollen glands
Joint stiffness
Muscle ache
Loss of appetite.
Fetal symptoms-
90% are asymptomatic at birth
Petechiae, jaundice
Chorioretinitis
Periventricular calcifications.
IUGR, hearing loss
Microcephaly
Delayed psychomotor
development
Heart block
32. HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS-2
INFECTION
Most common STD worldwide.
DNA virus belongs to alpha herpes virinae family
Primary infection to mother can lead severe illness to
mother in pregnancy.
The most common infection during pregnancy is
primary genital HSV infection.
33. Effect on pregnancy
Transplacental infection is not usual.
Fetus become infected by virus shed from the cervix
and vagina during vaginal delivery.
In utero transmission may occur in rupture of
membraines.
Increased risk of abortion is inconducive.
IUGR if infection acquired in 3rd trimester.
35. Treatment
CS indicated in primary HSV infection.
Suppressive viral therapy from 36 weeks untill
delivery, it includes-
Valacyclovir 500 mg PO bd
Acyclovir 400mg po tds. ( drug of choice)