This document provides an overview of infertility, including its definition, causes, types, diagnosis, treatment and counseling. It discusses infertility in both men and women and the various medical conditions that can lead to infertility issues. Common treatments are also outlined, such as fertility drugs to induce ovulation or procedures like intrauterine insemination (IUI) and in vitro fertilization (IVF). The importance of infertility counseling is highlighted to help couples cope with stress and make decisions. Ethical considerations around assisted reproduction technologies are also briefly covered.
Hydatidiform Mole (HM) is a rare mass or growth that forms inside the uterus at the beginning of a pregnancy. It is a type of gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD).
When a normal sperm cell fertilizes one of these oocytes, the resulting embryo has only one set of chromosomes. Because the embryo has no genes from the mother, the pregnancy cannot develop normally, resulting in a hydatidiform mole.
Hydatidiform Mole (HM) is a rare mass or growth that forms inside the uterus at the beginning of a pregnancy. It is a type of gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD).
When a normal sperm cell fertilizes one of these oocytes, the resulting embryo has only one set of chromosomes. Because the embryo has no genes from the mother, the pregnancy cannot develop normally, resulting in a hydatidiform mole.
This topic contains detailed description about labour, its definition, date of onset of labour, calculations of date of delivery, causes of onset of labour, physiology of normal labour, and events, clinical course and management of each stages of labour.
Postnatal care (PNC) for the mother should respond to her special needs, starting within an hour after the delivery of the placenta and extending through the following six weeks. The care includes the prevention, early detection and treatment of complications, and the provision of counselling on breastfeeding, birth spacing, immunization and maternal nutrition. To standardise the PNC service, you are advised to use the screening, counselling and postnatal care cards. These cards ensure that you have covered all the essential steps in every home visit.
this ppt is beneficial for nursing and obstetric and gynaecology students.
The cause of infertility may be difficult to determine but may include inadequate levels of certain hormones in both men and women, and trouble with ovulation in women.
This topic contains detailed description about labour, its definition, date of onset of labour, calculations of date of delivery, causes of onset of labour, physiology of normal labour, and events, clinical course and management of each stages of labour.
Postnatal care (PNC) for the mother should respond to her special needs, starting within an hour after the delivery of the placenta and extending through the following six weeks. The care includes the prevention, early detection and treatment of complications, and the provision of counselling on breastfeeding, birth spacing, immunization and maternal nutrition. To standardise the PNC service, you are advised to use the screening, counselling and postnatal care cards. These cards ensure that you have covered all the essential steps in every home visit.
this ppt is beneficial for nursing and obstetric and gynaecology students.
The cause of infertility may be difficult to determine but may include inadequate levels of certain hormones in both men and women, and trouble with ovulation in women.
Infertility in male and female.pptx for Nursing studentsankitarya2550
Infertility is a condition referred to unavailability to conceive after continue one year of regular coitus without using any kind of contraceptive and family planning methodology.
INFERTILITY AND ITS MANAGEMENT IS A LIGHTNING TOPIC OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY. ALL THE METHODS OF INFERTILITY MANAGEMENT ARE DISCUSSED IJN THIS SLIDE.
The Assisted Reproductive Techniques - ART (IVF, IUI, ZIFT, GIFT, ICSI etc.)Muhammad Anas Shamsi
Assisted reproductive technology (ART) is used to treat infertility. It includes fertility treatments that handle both a woman's egg and a man's sperm. It works by removing eggs from a woman's body. The eggs are then mixed with sperm to make embryos. The embryos are then put back in the woman's body. In vitro fertilization (IVF) is the most common and effective type of ART.
To spread chuckling and happiness into the lives of couples living with infertility. In 2007, renowned IVF Specialist Dr. Akash Sharma (Chairman) and Dr. Sarita (Medical Director) founded Adam And Eve Test Tube Baby and Fertility Centre in Noida with a positive vision and commitment to provide highly advanced and innovative fertility treatments. to outweigh the pessimism from couples with sterility and fill their lap with Joy.
Dr. Shilpa Bhandari is a highly experienced IVF specialist in Indore Madhya Pradesh and provides affordable ivf cost in Indore at Mohak infertility center. Book an appointment today Call now us 78980-47572 / 80852-77666 and online visit - https://mohakivf.com/
The programme “family planning” initiated in 1951.
Reproductive and child health care (ACH)
Sexually transmitted diseases (STD).Increased health facilities, better living conditions are the cause
of population explosion.
Out of 6 billion world population 1 billion are Indians.
Rapid decline in death rate, maternal mortalility rate
(MMR) and infant mortality rate (IMR) are major cause of
population growth.
Indian population growth rate is around 1.7 percent. Amniocentesis: A fetal sex determination test based on the
chromosomal pattern in the amniotic fluid surrounding the
developing embryo.
„Saheli‟ an oral contraceptive for female, developed by
CDRI.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
2. OUTLINE
• Introduction of infertility.
• Definition of infertility.
• Risk factors of infertility.
• Causes of infertility in men & women.
• Types of infertility.
• Diagnosis of infertility.
• Treatment of infertility.
• Counseling for infertility.
• Ethical & legal aspects of ART.
3. INTRODUCTION OF INFERTILITY
Infertility is a significant social and medical
problem affecting couples world wide.
Infertility refers to an inability to conceive
after having regular unprotected sex.
Average incidence of infertility is about 15%
globally. (varies in different populations ).
Some causes can be detected and treated,
where as others can not:
Unexplained infertility constitutes about 10 % of
all cases.
4. According to Mayoclinic, USA :-
- 20% cases of infertility are due to a
problem in man.
- 40% to 50% cases are due to women.
- 30% cases are due to problem in both men
& women.
In India , approximately 15% to 20% of couples
are infertile.
5. DEFINITION OF INFERTILITY
• Infertility is the failure to achieve
a birth ever a 12 months period
of unprotected intercourse.
OR
• Infertility is the inability of a
sexually active non contracepting
couple to achieve pregnancy in
one year.
7. CAUSES OF INFERTILITY
IN MEN & WOMEN
IN MEN:-
Low sperm count:
- Less than 10 million sperm per ml of
semen.
- Normal count is 20 million sperm per
ml of semen or more.
No sperm:
- Absence of sperms in semen.
8. Low sperm motility:
- Sperms are immotile, can not swim.
Abnormal sperms:
(Unusual shape , more difficult to move and fertilize
egg)
Its causes are:
- Testicular infections.
- Testicular cancer.
- Testicular surgery.
12. TYPES OF INFERTILITY
• Two types of infertility:
– Primary Infertility.
– Secondary Infertility.
13. 1. Primary Infertility:
When a women is unable to ever bear child .
2. Secondary Infertility:
When a women has been pregnant but
failure to achieve live birth after having a live
birth previously.
18. IN MEN:-
1. Premature ejaculation or Erectile dysfunction:
- Behavioral approaches (giving suggestions).
- or medications.
2. Variocele:
- If there is varicose vein in scrotum, it can be
surgically removed.
3. Blockage of the ejaculatory duct:
- Sperms can be extracted directly from the
testicles and injected into an egg in
laboratory.
19. 4. Retrograde ejaculation:
- Sperms can be taken directly from the
bladder and injected into an egg in
laboratory.
5. Surgery for epididymal blockage:
- A bypass of the blockage can be
performed, called vaso-epididymostomy
(vas deferens is re-connected to
epididymis ).
20. IN WOMEN:-
1. Ovulation disorder:
Fertility drugs are prescribed ...
a) Clomifine:-
- To encourage ovulation (in case of PCOS,
etc).
b) Metformin:-
- Clients who do not respond to
clomiphine.
- Especially when client with PCOS linked to
insulin resistance.
21. c) FSH:-
- A hormone produced by pituitary.
- Controls estrogen production by ovaries.
- It stimulate ovaries to mature egg follicle.
- Ex: Gonal-F, Repronex,Follistim,(given S/C)
d) Human Menopausal Gonadotrophin:-
- EX: Bravelle, Repronex, and Menopur (given
I/M or can be S/C).
- Genetically engineered products.
- Contains both FSH & LH.
- In case of absent ovulation due to
pituitary dysfunction.
22. e) Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin :-
- Given in combination (clomiphine + HMG
+ FSH ).
- It stimulates follicles to ovulate.
- given I/M or S/C.
f) Gn- RH :-
- For women who ovulate premature follicle
during HMG treatment.
- Delivers constant supply of Gn-RH to
pituitary gland , which alters the
production of hormone , that allows
doctor to induce follicle growth with FSH.
-Given by intranasal spray, subcutaneous
injections
23. g) Bromocriptane:-
- Stimulate ovulation by inhibiting
production of prolactin.
- Prolactin stimulates milk production in
lactating mothers.
- Ex: Parlodel, Cycloset, (given oral or i/v)
24. INFERTILITY COUNSELING
• Infertility counseling deals with the psycho-
social impact of infertility in terms of :
– Intervention,
– Treatment, and
– After-effects of both successful and unsuccessful
treatments.
• It also involves therapeutic work to help
patient cope with the consequences of
infertility & treatment.
25. Objectives & need of infertility counseling:
–Informed consent.
–To offer coping strategies to couples.
–To facilitate decision making.
–To offer preparation for procedures.
–To help client in achieving a better quality
of life.
–To provide genetic counseling.
26. Counseling Services:
–IVF- group discussion by staff.
–Third party reproduction for both donors
& recipients.
–Therapeutic counseling.
–Crisis counseling.
–Assessment & Follow-up.
27. Advantages of infertility counseling:
–Helps to deal with the emotional stress.
–Provide extra support.
–Allow the client in exploring all possible
options for family.
–Help the couples in overcoming the
dilemmas & deciding the right fertility
treatment.
–Explains about the infertility management
& specific treatment.
28. Role of Nurse in Infertility counseling:
–Receiving the patient & family, and make
them accessible & comfortable for
counseling.
–Fertility nurse specialists provide care for
the individuals and couples before, during,
and after fertility treatment.
29. –Nurse need to obtain history as prenatal,
family and other relevant history.
–Nurse has to perform primary physical
examination and collect other relevant
information regarding patient of reports.
30. –Give psychological support throughout the
counseling.
–Collect other information about tests,
reports & documents.
–Establish plan of care with family and co-
ordinate care with other health care
professionals.
31. –Maintain privacy and confidentiality of all
cases.
–Performing inseminations.
–Performing embryo transfers.
–Ensure follow-up & supportive services to
individual and family during counseling.
32. ETHICAL & LEGAL ASPECT OF
ASSISTED REPRODUCTION
TECNOLOGY (ART)
33. • The aim of ART (fertility treatment) is to
promote the chances of fertilization and
subsequent pregnancy by bringing the sperm
and egg close to each other.
• Different types are:
34. Intra-uterine Insemination (IUI):-
• It is indicated as a first-line management
where there are problems such as:
–Hostile cervical mucus,
–Anti-sperm or male fertility problem (low
sperm count or premature ejaculation),
–Although tubal patency of female partner
must be assured.
35. • It is also useful for cases of unexplained
infertility.
• In order to increase the chances of success:
– Ovulation is monitored,
– Ovulation is induced oftenly,
– Sperms are prepared to maximize their fertility
before insertion into uterus.
36. In- vitro fertilization (IVF)/ Embryo transfer:-
• Describes lab techniques where the
fertilization occurs outside the body and is
one of the main types of ART.
• IVF is indicated in cases where the female
partner has:
– Uterine tube occlusion ,
– Endometriosis or cervical mucus problems,
– Or where male factors are main problem.
37. • Stimulation of the ovaries to produce more
than one egg is required and treatment starts
with pituitary desensitization (done by
Gonadotrophin injection).
38. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI):
• Developed in 1992.
• It is a highly specialized variant of IVF
treatment that involves the injection of a
single sperm into the cytoplasm of an egg with
a fine glass needle.
39. • It is useful technique when sperm quality is
poor.
• In azoospermic man sperm can be obtained
surgically from the epididymis or by extraction
from testis itself.
40. Gamete intra-fallopian transfer (GIFT) &
Zygote intra-fallopian transfer (ZIFT) :-
–Both GIFT & ZIFT are laparoscopic technique
that offer little clinical advantage over in-
vitro fertilization (IVF) and are no longer
recommended.
41. Third party assisted ART:-
When couples do not achieve pregnancy from
the infertility treatments or traditional ART,
they may choose to use a third party assisted
ART method to have a child.
42. Sperm donation:
• Couples can be donated sperm when a man
does not produce sperm or produces very low
no. of sperm and if he has a genetic disease.
• Donated sperm can be used with intra-uterine
insemination or with IVF.
43. Egg donation:
• This can be used when a women does not
produce healthy egg that can be fertilized .
• An egg donor undergoes ovary stimulation
and egg retrieval steps of IVF.
• Donated egg can then be fertilized by sperm
from the women‘s partner, and resulting
embryo is placed into women’s uterus.
44. Surrogacy:-
• Legal arrangements for surrogacy require the
commencing (beginning) couple to both be
over the age of 18, married to each other and
the child genetically related to at least one of
them .
• Surrogate mother acts as a host as the embryo
is placed in her uterus.
45. REFRENCES
• Brunner & Suddarth’s , A textbook of Medical
Surgical Nursing, 2nd Volume, 13th Edition,
Published by Wolters kluwer Publication, Page
no.- 1636-1639.
• Joyce MB, Jane HH, A Textbook of Medical
Surgical Nursing , 1st Volume, 8th Edition ,
Sounders Elsevier Publication , Page no.- 866-
868.
46. • Chintamani, Lewi’s Medical Surgical Nursing
Assessment & Management of the Clinical
Problems, Mosby Elsevier Publication , Page no.
– 1352- 1354.
• Paul CA, , Carl K, Alexander H, Freeman, Jeffrey
DK, Arthur L, Reingold , and Purnima
M.Prevalence & correlates of primary infertilty
among young women in Mysore, India : Indian J.
Med Res, 2011 [ Cited 2001,oct.]; [P. 440-446]:
Available at:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC/articles/PMC
327240/.