This document discusses infection and infectious processes. It defines infection and classifies different types of infections such as primary, secondary, and nosocomial infections. It describes the sources of infections in humans which can come from other humans, animals, insects, soil, water, and food. It also outlines various methods of transmitting infections like contact, inhalation, ingestion, inoculation, and congenitally. Factors that contribute to microbial pathogenicity include adhesion, invasiveness, toxigenicity, communicability, and bacterial appendages. The document also differentiates between endemic, epidemic, and pandemic diseases and describes the stages of infectious diseases. Finally, it discusses biofilms, quorum sensing, and characteristics of biofilm formation
Hospital infection control programs can help healthcare organizations monitor and improve practices, identify risks and proactively establish policies to prevent the spread of infections
Host pathogen interactions - This presentation is about the Host pathogen interaction played between bacteria virus and the human body and it also explains about the different protein and enzymes secreted by pathogens to cause infection and diseases in human like the release of endotoxin and exotoxin.
short introduction about microbiology with classification of microorganism, isolation methods, information about staining techniques. those information related to diploma students
Introduction to microbiology, Bacterial Cell wall, Difference between Gram p...Zunaira Gillani
Introduction to microbiology, Brief History of Microbiology, Structure of Bacteria, Size and Shape of Bacteria,Bacterial Cell wall, Difference between Gram positive and Gram negative, Fungi , Classification of fungi, Structure and Characteristics of fungi, , Algae, Types of Algae, Protozoan, Virus, virion, Examples of virus
Hospital infection control programs can help healthcare organizations monitor and improve practices, identify risks and proactively establish policies to prevent the spread of infections
Host pathogen interactions - This presentation is about the Host pathogen interaction played between bacteria virus and the human body and it also explains about the different protein and enzymes secreted by pathogens to cause infection and diseases in human like the release of endotoxin and exotoxin.
short introduction about microbiology with classification of microorganism, isolation methods, information about staining techniques. those information related to diploma students
Introduction to microbiology, Bacterial Cell wall, Difference between Gram p...Zunaira Gillani
Introduction to microbiology, Brief History of Microbiology, Structure of Bacteria, Size and Shape of Bacteria,Bacterial Cell wall, Difference between Gram positive and Gram negative, Fungi , Classification of fungi, Structure and Characteristics of fungi, , Algae, Types of Algae, Protozoan, Virus, virion, Examples of virus
Sources of infection & types by Dr. Prince C PDR.PRINCE C P
Dr. C P Prince's ppt on sources of infection gives a brief and short introduction to infection and types of infectious diseases.
This will be useful for students who are preparing for medical microbiology examinations.
Term and Definitions regarding microbiology, Pathogenicity and virulency, acute and chronic infection, primary and secondary infection, opportunistic infection.
Microbe-Human Interactions: Infection and DiseaseMELVIN FAILAGAO
Chapter 12 Microbe-Human Interactions: Infection and Disease
subtopics:
1. The progress of an infection
2. Epidemiology: The study of disease in Populations
3. Non specific host defenses
4. Defense mechanisms of the host in perspective
HKRISHNA HOSPITAL, 18TH CROSS R.P ROAD, NANJANGUD
HOSPITAL INFECTION CONTROL & PREVENTION-2023
PRE TEST ON TRIAGING THE PATIENT AND MANAGING EMERGENCY PATIENT
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Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
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Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
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Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
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Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
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Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
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TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Triangles of Neck and Clinical Correlation by Dr. RIG.pptx
INFECTION.ppt
1. INFECTION AND INFECTIOUS
PROCESS
1. Infection. Classification
of infections
2. Sources of infection in
Man
3. Methods of
transmission of
infection
4. Factors predisposing to
microbial pathogenicity
5. Types of infectious
diseases
2. Infection is the
lodgement and
multiplication of
organism in the
tissue of host
Biofilms of the different
types of bacteria
Microcolonies
3. Classification of infections
1. Primary infection: Initial infection with
organism in host.
2. Reinfection: Subsequent infection by
same organism in a host (after recovery).
3. Superinfection: Infection by same
organism in a host before recovery.
4. Secondary infection: When in a host
whose resistance is lowered by
preexisting infectious disease, a new
organism may set up in infection.
4. Classification of infections
5. Focal infection: It is a condition where due
to infection at localized sites like appendix
and tonsil, general effects are produced.
6. Cross infection: When a patient suffering
from a disease and new infection it set up
from another host or external source.
7. Nosocomial infection: Cross infection
occurring in hospital.
8. Subclinical infection: It is one where
clinical affects are not apparent.
5. Causative agents of infections
• Saprophytes: They are free living organisms
which fail to multiply on living tissue and so
are not important in infectious disease.
• Parasites: They are organisms that can
establish themselves and multiply in hosts.
They may be pathogens or commensal.
Pathogens are those which are capable of
producing disease in a host. On the contrary
commensal microbes can live in a host
without causing any disease.
6. Sources of infection in Man
Man: Man is himself a common source of
infection from a patient or carrier.
Healthy carrier is a person harboring
pathogenic organism without causing
any disease to him. A convalescent
carrier is one who has recovered from
disease but continues to harbor the
pathogen in his body.
Anthroponosis
7. Sources of infection in Man
Animals: Infectious diseases transmitted
from animals to man are called zoonosis.
Zoonosis may be bacterial, (e.g. Plague
from rat), rickettsial, (e.g. Murine typhus
from rodent), viral, (e.g. Rabies from dog),
protozoal, (e.g. Leishmaniasis from dogs),
helminthic, (e.g. Hydatid cyst from dogs)
and fungal (zoophilic dermatophytes from
cats and dogs).
8. Sources of infection in Man
Insects: The diseases caused by insects
are called arthropod borne disease.
Insects like mosquitoes, fleas, lice that
transmit infection are called vector.
Transmission may be mechanical
(transmission of Dysentery or typhoid
bacilli by housefly) and these are
called mechanical vector. They are
called biological vector if pathogen
multiplies in the body of vector, e.g.
Anopheles mosquito in Malaria.
9. Sources of infection in Man
Some vectors may acts as reservoir
host, (e.g. ticks in Relapsing fever
and Spotted fever).
Soil: Spores of tetanus bacilli, Gas-
gangrene infection remain viable in
soil for a long time.
Clostridium tetani
10. Sources of infection in Man
Water: Vibrio cholerae,
infective hepatitis virus
(Hepatitis A and
Hepatitis E) may be
found water.
Food: Contaminated food
may be source of
infection. Presence of
pathogens in food may
be due to external
contamination, (e.g.
food poisoning by
Staphylococcus).
11. Methods of transmission of
infection
• Contact (sexual
intercourse):
syphilis, gonorrhea.
• Inhalation:
influenza,
tuberculosis,
smallpox, measles,
mumps, etc.
12. Methods of transmission of
infection
• Ingestion: cholera
(water), food poisoning
(food) and dysentery
(hand borne).
• Inoculation: tetanus
(infection), rabies (dog),
arbovirus (insect) and
serum hepatitis, i.e.
Hepatitis B (infection).
Human hand
contaminated with
colonies of
bacteria (blue/pink
patches)
13. Methods of transmission of
infection
• Congenital:
syphilis,
rubella,
toxoplasmosis,
cytomegaloviruses
Eight week old fetus
attached to its placenta by
the umbilical cord
14. Methods of transmission of
infection
• Insects: they act as
mechanical vector
(dysentery and typhoid
by housefly) or
biological vector
(malaria) of infectious
disease
• Jatrogenic and
laboratory infections:
infection may be
transmitted during
procedures
15. Characters of pathogens
• Bacteria should be able to enter the
body.
• Organism should be able to multiply in
the tissue.
• They should be able to damage the
tissue.
• They must be capable to resist the host
defense.
16. Pathogenecity is referred to the ability of
microbial species to produce disease.
Virulence is referred to the ability of microbial
strains to produce disease.
17. Factors of Virulence
• Adhesion: The initial event in the
pathogenesis of many infections is the
attachment of the bacteria to body surfaces.
This attachment is specific reaction between
surface receptors and adhesive structures on
the surface of bacteria (adhesins).
19. Factors of Virulence
• Invasiveness is the ability of
organism to spread in a host tissue
after establishing infection. Less
invasive organisms cause localized
lesion. Highly invasive organisms
cause generalized infection
(septicemia).
• Toxigenicity. Bacteria produce two
types of toxins – exotoxins &
endotoxins
20.
21. Factors of Virulence - Exotoxins
• Heat labile protein.
• Diffuse readily into the surrounding medium.
• Highly potent, e.g. 3 kg botulinum can kill all the
inhabitants of world.
• They are generally formed by Gr+ bacteria and also
by Gr- organisms like Shigella, V.cholerae, E.coli.
• Exotoxin is specifically neutralized antitoxin.
• Can be separated from culture by filtration.
• Action is enzymatic and it has specific tissue
affinity.
• Specific pharmacological effects for each
exotoxin.
• Cannot cause pyrexia in a host.
• Can be toxoided.
22. Modification of Toxin to Toxoid
chemical
modification
Toxoid
toxin moiety antigenic determinants
Toxin
23. Factors of Virulence -
Endotoxins
• Endotoxin (lipid a portion of lypopoly-
saccharide) has biological activities
causing fever, muscle proteolysis,
uncontrolled intravascular coagulation
and shock.
• These may be mediated by production
from mononuclear cells of IL-1, probably
IL-6.
24. Characters of Endotoxins
• Proteins polysaccharide lipid complex heat stable.
• Forms part of cell wall (don’t diffuse into the
medium).
• Obtained only by cell lysis.
• They have no enzymatic action.
• Effect is non-specific action.
• No specific tissue affinity.
• Active only in large doses 5 to 25 mg.
• Weakly antigenic.
• Neutralization by antibody ineffective.
• Cannot be toxoided.
• Produce in Gram negative bacteria.
25. Factors of Virulence
• Communicability is the ability of parasite to
spread from one host to another. It
determines the survival and distribution of
organism in a community.
• Coagulase (S.aureus) which prevents
phagocytosis by forming fibrin barrier
around bacteria.
• Fibrinolysin promotes the spread of
infection by breaking down the fibrin
barrier in tissues.
26.
27. Factors of Virulence
• Hyaluronidase split hyaluronic acid
(component of connective tissue).
• Leucocidins damage polymorphonuclear
leucocytes.
• Ig A1 proteases: split IgA and inactivates
its antibody activity.
• Hemolysin is produced by some
organisms capable of destroying
erythrocytes.
28.
29. Factors of Virulence. Bacterial
appendages
Capsulated
bacteria like
Pneumococcus,
K.pneumoniae and
H.influenzae stand
phagocytosis
Surface antigen, e.g. Vi-antigen of S. typhi and K-
antigen of E.coli resisted phagocytosis and lytic
activity of complement.
30. Infecting dose
• The minimum infection dose (MID) or
minimum lethal dose (MLD) is the
minimum number of organism required to
produce clinical evidence of infection or
dearth of susceptible animal.
• Route of infection
• Vibrio cholerae is effective orally. No effect
when it is introduced subcutaneously.
• Streptococci can initiate infection whatever
be the mode of entry.
31. Types of infectious diseases
• Infectious diseases may be localized or
generalized. Localized infections may be
superficial or deep-seated.
• Circulation of bacteria in the blood is
known as bacteremia (viruses – virusemia).
32. Types of infectious diseases
• Septicemia is the condition where
bacteria circulate and multiply in the
blood, form toxic products and cause
swinging type of fever.
• Pyemia is a condition where pyogenic
bacteria produce septicemia with
multiple abscesses in the internal organs
such as the spleen, liver and kidney.
33. Types of infectious diseases
• Depending on the spread of infectious
disease in the community they may be
classified into different types.
• Endemic diseases are ones that are
constantly present in a particular area.
Typhoid fever is endemic in most parts of
India. An epidemic disease is one that
spreads rapidly, involving many persons in
an area at the same time. Influenza
causes annual winter epidemics in the
cold countries.
34. Types of infectious diseases
• A pandemic is an epidemic that spreads through
many areas of the world involving very large
numbers of persons within a short period
(Influenza, cholera, plaque).
• Epidemics vary in the rapidity of spread.
Waterborne disease such as cholera and
hepatitis may cause explosive outbreaks, while
disease, which spreads by person-to-person
contact evolve more slowly.
35. Stages of infectious disease
• Incubation period – no symptoms.
• Prodromal period – mild and
generalized symptoms (fever,
weakness, headache).
• Invasive stage – symptoms specific to
the disease.
• Decline stage – symptoms subside.
• Convalescence – no symptoms,
health returns to normal.
36. Biofilms
• Biofilms form when bacteria adhere to surfaces in
aqueous environments and begin to excrete a slimy,
glue-like substance that can anchor them to all kinds
of material (metals, plastics, medical implant
materials and, human or animal tissue).
Hundreds of microbial biofilm colonize the human mouth,
causing tooth decay and gum disease.
37. Quorum Sensing
Many groups of bacteria can communicate - by
releasing and detecting chemical pheromones to
gauge their population density - the molecular
structure of a key protein in this interbacterial
communication has been solved.
38. Quorum sensing provides an explanation for why
some disease-causing virulence factors are not
expressed during the early stages of encounter with
the human host
39. Characteristics of biofilm
• A biofilm can contain a single species of
bacteria or several species.
• Genetic studies confirm that bacteria switch
on different genes, depending on whether
they're living as free-floating microbes or
clustering as biofilms.
• Biofilm bacteria can be up to 1000 times
more resistant to antimicrobial stress (e.g.
antibiotics and disinfectants) than free-
swimming bacteria of the same species.
40. • Plaque is a biofilm on the surfaces of the
teeth which secretes acids that destroy
teeth and gums
Dental plaque as
seen under a
scanning electron
microcroscope
41. 5 stages of P.aeruginosa biofilm development
1, initial attachment; 2, irreversible attachment;
3, 4 - maturation ; 5, dispersion.
42.
43. Living bacteria
Biofilm communities are responsible for much of the
biological activity attributed to bacteria in the wide range
of habitats occupied by these biochemically complex
microorganisms
These
communities
represent a
higher order
of structure
and function
than is found
when bacteria
are grown in
broth culture