Hospital acquired infections, also known as nosocomial infections, are infections that patients acquire during the course of receiving treatment for other conditions within a healthcare setting. These infections can spread through direct contact or indirectly through hands, equipment, and the environment. Standard precautions like proper hand hygiene and the use of personal protective equipment are important for preventing the transmission of infections between patients and staff. Additional precautions tailored to specific infection types may also be implemented, such as isolating patients, wearing protective masks, and limiting movement. Regular surveillance and adherence to infection control guidelines and manuals are necessary to effectively reduce hospital acquired infections.
Hospital acquired infections: The different common sources of infection, their routes of spread and the growing antimicrobial resistance. Also includes a discussion on hospital Infection prevention and control guidelines and the universal and standard precautions.
Hospital acquired infections: The different common sources of infection, their routes of spread and the growing antimicrobial resistance. Also includes a discussion on hospital Infection prevention and control guidelines and the universal and standard precautions.
Hospital-acquired infections are caused by viral, bacterial, and fungal pathogens; the most common types are bloodstream infection (BSI), pneumonia (eg, ventilator-associated pneumonia [VAP]), urinary tract infection (UTI), and surgical site infection (SSI)
Hospital infection control programs can help healthcare organizations monitor and improve practices, identify risks and proactively establish policies to prevent the spread of infections
A short brief on 'Hospital Acquired Infections' (HAI) or 'Nosocomial Infection' (NI) for M Phil, MPH and Advance Course in Hospital Management/ Administration
updated guidelines of hospital infection control, as mentioned in the ppt. its not all the guidelines but yes a brief overview and for further details refer to hospital infection control guidelines pdf.which is available in my uploads.
this presentation is help to the student for the getting information regarding the sorces, types, & mode of infection spread in the hospital sector, it help firstd year student student gain the information regarding through this ppt
Hospital-acquired infections are caused by viral, bacterial, and fungal pathogens; the most common types are bloodstream infection (BSI), pneumonia (eg, ventilator-associated pneumonia [VAP]), urinary tract infection (UTI), and surgical site infection (SSI)
Hospital infection control programs can help healthcare organizations monitor and improve practices, identify risks and proactively establish policies to prevent the spread of infections
A short brief on 'Hospital Acquired Infections' (HAI) or 'Nosocomial Infection' (NI) for M Phil, MPH and Advance Course in Hospital Management/ Administration
updated guidelines of hospital infection control, as mentioned in the ppt. its not all the guidelines but yes a brief overview and for further details refer to hospital infection control guidelines pdf.which is available in my uploads.
this presentation is help to the student for the getting information regarding the sorces, types, & mode of infection spread in the hospital sector, it help firstd year student student gain the information regarding through this ppt
NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION OR HOSPITAL ACQUIRED INFECTION
OR HEALTHCARE ASSOCIATED INTECTION CAN BE DEFINED AS THE INFECTION ACQUIRED IN THE HOSPITAL BY A PATIENT:
WHO WAS ADMITTED FOR A REASON OTHER THAT INFECTION
FACTORS AFFECTING HAIS
SOURCES OF INFECTION
MICRORGANISMS RESPONSIBLE FOR INFECTION
TYPES OF HAIS
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
PREVENTION OF HAIS
any infection developing in a patient after
two days of hospitalization can be labelled as healthcare-associated infection (HAI)or hospital Aquired infection . Among them, there are four
major types which are commonly encountered and
therefore need to be discussed in detail. These are also the
HAIs for which surveillance is recommended.
1. Catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI)
2. Catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI)
3. Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP)
4. Surgical site infection (SSI).
Out of these, the first three (CAUTI, CRBSI, VAP) are
together called as device associated infections (DAIs).
Measures practiced by health care personnel to prevent spread, transmission and acquisition of infection between clients, from health care providers to client and from client to health care providers.
-definition
-why is infection control important in health care facilities
-nosocomial infection
-standard precaution
-additional precaution
-role of infection control nurse
- donning of Ppe kit
- doffing of ppe kit
All these are explained in details with images
Leading the Way in Nephrology: Dr. David Greene's Work with Stem Cells for Ki...Dr. David Greene Arizona
As we watch Dr. Greene's continued efforts and research in Arizona, it's clear that stem cell therapy holds a promising key to unlocking new doors in the treatment of kidney disease. With each study and trial, we step closer to a world where kidney disease is no longer a life sentence but a treatable condition, thanks to pioneers like Dr. David Greene.
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
Explore our infographic on 'Essential Metrics for Palliative Care Management' which highlights key performance indicators crucial for enhancing the quality and efficiency of palliative care services.
This visual guide breaks down important metrics across four categories: Patient-Centered Metrics, Care Efficiency Metrics, Quality of Life Metrics, and Staff Metrics. Each section is designed to help healthcare professionals monitor and improve care delivery for patients facing serious illnesses. Understand how to implement these metrics in your palliative care practices for better outcomes and higher satisfaction levels.
Health Education on prevention of hypertensionRadhika kulvi
Hypertension is a chronic condition of concern due to its role in the causation of coronary heart diseases. Hypertension is a worldwide epidemic and important risk factor for coronary artery disease, stroke and renal diseases. Blood pressure is the force exerted by the blood against the walls of the blood vessels and is sufficient to maintain tissue perfusion during activity and rest. Hypertension is sustained elevation of BP. In adults, HTN exists when systolic blood pressure is equal to or greater than 140mmHg or diastolic BP is equal to or greater than 90mmHg. The
How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
Pubrica’s team of researchers and writers create scientific and medical research articles, which may be important resources for authors and practitioners. Pubrica medical writers assist you in creating and revising the introduction by alerting the reader to gaps in the chosen study subject. Our professionals understand the order in which the hypothesis topic is followed by the broad subject, the issue, and the backdrop.
https://pubrica.com/academy/case-study-or-series/how-many-patients-does-case-series-should-have-in-comparison-to-case-reports/
The Importance of Community Nursing Care.pdfAD Healthcare
NDIS and Community 24/7 Nursing Care is a specific type of support that may be provided under the NDIS for individuals with complex medical needs who require ongoing nursing care in a community setting, such as their home or a supported accommodation facility.
1. PREVENTION OF HOSPITAL ACQUIRED INFECTION
Presented by Group 1
Candidates of (HA&HM)
Dr ye wint kyaw
Dr Nay Win Aung
Dr Pyae Son Htoo
Dr Min Banyar Chan Ei
Dr Zaw Lin
2. The term nosocomial is derived from the Greek words
nosos, meaning "disease." and
komeo, meaning "to take care of."
Hospital Infection
3. Hospital Infection
Hospital Associated Infection
Hospital Acquired Infection
Nosocomial Infection
Health Care Associated Infection
4. DEFINITION OF HAI (NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION)
Infections that arise in hospital
Infection neither present nor incubating at the time of
admission
Infection that develops in patients after more than 48 hours of
hospitalization
May appear after discharge from hospital
Also apply to infections among health care workers and visitors
following exposure in health care settings.
Any infection acquired in hospital and developing in the hospital
or becoming clinically apparent after discharge of patient.
5. PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEMS
1. - increasing No. & crowding of people
2. - more frequent impaired immunity
3. - emergence of new micro organisms
4. - increasing bacterial resistance to antibiotics
6. IMPACT OF HOSPITAL INFECTION
1. Longer hospital stay
2. Increased hospital costs for the patient
3. Problem of antibiotics resistance
4. Less qualitative utilization of hospital beds
7. INFLUENCING FACTORS OF HAI
1. Microbial agents
2. Patient’s susceptibility
3. Environmental factors
4. Antimicrobial resistance
10. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
1. Infected patients (or) carriers in hospital
2. Crowded conditions within hospital
3. Frequent transfers of patients
4. Concentration of patients highly susceptible to infections in one
area
11. ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANT
BACTERIA
1. Increase use of antibiotics in hospital
2. Selection of resistant strains (eg.MDRTB)
3. Resistant bacteria emerge & spread in the health care setting
16. 2. Viruses
- Hepatitis B & C viruses through transfusion, dialysis, injection & endoscopy
- Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), rotavirus & enteroviruses transmitted by hand-to-
mouth contact and via the faecal-oral route
- Other viruses such as Cytomegalovirus, HIV, Ebola, Influenza viruses, Herpes simplex
virus, Varicella zoster virus & SARS CoV may also be transmitted
17. 3. Parasites and Fungi
- some parasites (eg. Giardia lamblia) transmitted easily among adults or
children
- many fungi & other parasites are opportunistic organisms
- cause infections during extended antibiotic treatment & severe
immunosuppression
eg. - Candida albicans - Aspergillus spp. -
Cryptococcus neoformans - Cryptosporidium spp
18. MRSA
MRSA detected in in the UK in 1961, only months after methicillin introduction
Since then, MRSA has become a common cause of nosocomial infections worldwide
In 1993, MRSA infections emerging in the community were reported
methicillin- resistant Staph aureus (MRSA) which can resist practically almost all
antibiotics
they have arisen to the level of public health threat in both hospital-acquired &
community-acquired infections
These strains cause skin & soft tissue infections (SSTIs) and may occasionally cause
severe sepsis & pneumonia or death in previously healthy patients.
19. STANDARD /UNIVERSAL
PRECAUTIONS
Basic level of “standard” precautions involves work practices that are essential to
provide a high level of protection to patients, health care workers and visitors
(1) hand washing and antisepsis (hand hygiene)
(2) Use of PPEs ( Personal Protective Equipment)
(3) Safe injection practice; prevention of needle stick /sharp injuries
(4) environmental cleaning and spills - management
20.
21. USE OF PPES ( PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT)
1. Masks
2. Gloves
3. Others, caps, clothing, shoes, goggles
( for areas like ICU, Operation theater, aseptic units)
23. AIRBORNE PRECAUTIONS
The following precautions need to be taken:
- Implement standard precautions
- Place patient in a single room (negative pressure room)
- Keep doors closed
- Must wear a special, high filtration, particulate respirator (N 95)
mask
- Limit the movement & transport of the patient with a surgical
mask
24. DROPLET PRECAUTIONS
Diseases which transmitted by this route, include pneumonias, pertussis, diphtheria,
infleunza type B, mumps & meningitis
Occurs when there is adequate contact between the mucous membrane of the nose &
mouth or conjunctiva of a susceptible person & large particle droplets (> 5 microns)
Droplets usually generated from the infected person during coughing, sneezing, talking
,or tracheal suctioning
25. CONTACT PRECAUTIONS
Diseases transmitted by this route include colonization or infection with multiple
antibiotic resistant organisms, enteric infections, &skin infections
- implement standard precautions
- place patient in a single room or in a room with another patient infected by the same
pathogen
- wear clean non–sterile gloves when entering the room
- wear a clean, non- sterile gown when entering the room if a substantial contact with
the patient’s room is anticipated
- limit the movement and transport of the patient from the room
26. NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION SURVEILLANCE
Surveillance is an effective process to decrease the frequency of hospital acquired
infections
The specific objectives of the surveillance programme include:-
To improve awareness of the clinical staff other hospital workers (including
administrators) about nosocomial infections & antimicrobial resistance
To monitor trends: incidence, prevalence and distribution of nosocomial infections
To evaluate the impact of prevention measures
1. Site oriented surveillance
2. Unit oriented surveillance
3. Priority oriented surveillance
27. INFECTION CONTROL MANUAL
Should contain instructions & practices for patient care
Should be developed & updated by ICT
Reviewed & approved by the ICC
Must be made readily available for healthcare workers
Updated in a timely fashion
28. CONCLUSION
Nosocomial infections are worth preventing in terms of benefits in morbidity, mortality,
duration of hospital stay, and cost. Educational interventions promoting good hygiene
and aseptic techniques have generally proved to be successful, but these practices are
often not sustainable. In the end, constant vigilance and attention by the individual to
what are rather simple measures is demanded.
