This document provides an overview of host-microbe relationships and disease processes. It defines key terminology related to pathology, infection, disease transmission, and clinical microbiology. It discusses Koch's postulates for establishing disease causation, different types of host-microbe interactions, and factors that influence disease patterns and spread. The document also outlines methods for isolating clinical samples, performing antimicrobial sensitivity testing, and interpreting minimum inhibitory concentration results.
Pathogenesis of microbial infections dr. ihsan alsaimarydr.Ihsan alsaimary
Dr. ihsan edan abdulkareem alsaimary
PROFESSOR IN MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY
ihsanalsaimary@gmail.com
mobile : 009647801410838
university of basrah - college of medicine - basrah -IRAQ
Pathogenesis of microbial infections dr. ihsan alsaimarydr.Ihsan alsaimary
Dr. ihsan edan abdulkareem alsaimary
PROFESSOR IN MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY
ihsanalsaimary@gmail.com
mobile : 009647801410838
university of basrah - college of medicine - basrah -IRAQ
Infectious Disease by Gopal Khodve.pptxGOPAL KHODVE
Infectious diseases are disorders caused by organisms — such as bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites. Many organisms live in and on our bodies. They're normally harmless or even helpful. But under certain conditions, some organisms may cause disease.
Some infectious diseases can be passed from person to person. Some are transmitted by insects or other animals. And you may get others by consuming contaminated food or water or being exposed to organisms in the environment.
Signs and symptoms vary depending on the organism causing the infection, but often include fever and fatigue. Mild infections may respond to rest and home remedies, while some life-threatening infections may need hospitalization.
Many infectious diseases, such as measles and chickenpox, can be prevented by vaccines. Frequent and thorough hand-washing also helps protect you from most infectious diseases.
What are infectious diseases?
Infectious diseases are illnesses caused by harmful organisms (pathogens) that get into your body from the outside. Pathogens that cause infectious diseases are viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites and, rarely, prions. You can get infectious diseases from other people, bug bites and contaminated food, water or soil.
What’s the difference between infectious diseases and noninfectious diseases?
Infectious diseases are caused by harmful organisms that get into your body from the outside, like viruses and bacteria. Noninfectious diseases aren’t caused by outside organisms, but by genetics, anatomical differences, getting older and the environment you live in. You can’t get noninfectious diseases from other people, by getting a bug bite or from your food.
The flu, measles, HIV, strep throat, COVID-19 and salmonella are all examples of infectious diseases. Cancer, diabetes, congestive heart failure and Alzheimer’s disease are all examples of noninfectious diseases.
What are the types of infectious diseases?
Infectious diseases can be viral, bacterial, parasitic or fungal infections. There’s also a rare group of infectious diseases known as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs).
Viral infections. Viruses are a piece of information (DNA or RNA) inside of a protective shell (capsid). Viruses are much smaller than your cells and have no way to reproduce on their own. They get inside your cells and use your cells’ machinery to make copies of themselves.
Bacterial infections. Bacteria are single-celled organisms with their instructions written on a small piece of DNA. Bacteria are all around us, including inside of our body and on our skin. Many bacteria are harmless or even helpful, but certain bacteria release toxins that can make you sick.
Fungal infections. Like bacteria, there are many different fungi. They live on and in your body. When your fungi get overgrown or when harmful fungi get into your body through your mouth, your nose or a cut in your skin, you can get sick.
Parasitic infections.
Lec 1. introduction to infectious diseaseAyub Abdi
Introduction to the infectious disease, how they transmitt and the stratigies used for the management of infectious disease because it's more in tropical and subtropicals
Term and Definitions regarding microbiology, Pathogenicity and virulency, acute and chronic infection, primary and secondary infection, opportunistic infection.
Microbe-Human Interactions: Infection and DiseaseMELVIN FAILAGAO
Chapter 12 Microbe-Human Interactions: Infection and Disease
subtopics:
1. The progress of an infection
2. Epidemiology: The study of disease in Populations
3. Non specific host defenses
4. Defense mechanisms of the host in perspective
Infectious Disease by Gopal Khodve.pptxGOPAL KHODVE
Infectious diseases are disorders caused by organisms — such as bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites. Many organisms live in and on our bodies. They're normally harmless or even helpful. But under certain conditions, some organisms may cause disease.
Some infectious diseases can be passed from person to person. Some are transmitted by insects or other animals. And you may get others by consuming contaminated food or water or being exposed to organisms in the environment.
Signs and symptoms vary depending on the organism causing the infection, but often include fever and fatigue. Mild infections may respond to rest and home remedies, while some life-threatening infections may need hospitalization.
Many infectious diseases, such as measles and chickenpox, can be prevented by vaccines. Frequent and thorough hand-washing also helps protect you from most infectious diseases.
What are infectious diseases?
Infectious diseases are illnesses caused by harmful organisms (pathogens) that get into your body from the outside. Pathogens that cause infectious diseases are viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites and, rarely, prions. You can get infectious diseases from other people, bug bites and contaminated food, water or soil.
What’s the difference between infectious diseases and noninfectious diseases?
Infectious diseases are caused by harmful organisms that get into your body from the outside, like viruses and bacteria. Noninfectious diseases aren’t caused by outside organisms, but by genetics, anatomical differences, getting older and the environment you live in. You can’t get noninfectious diseases from other people, by getting a bug bite or from your food.
The flu, measles, HIV, strep throat, COVID-19 and salmonella are all examples of infectious diseases. Cancer, diabetes, congestive heart failure and Alzheimer’s disease are all examples of noninfectious diseases.
What are the types of infectious diseases?
Infectious diseases can be viral, bacterial, parasitic or fungal infections. There’s also a rare group of infectious diseases known as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs).
Viral infections. Viruses are a piece of information (DNA or RNA) inside of a protective shell (capsid). Viruses are much smaller than your cells and have no way to reproduce on their own. They get inside your cells and use your cells’ machinery to make copies of themselves.
Bacterial infections. Bacteria are single-celled organisms with their instructions written on a small piece of DNA. Bacteria are all around us, including inside of our body and on our skin. Many bacteria are harmless or even helpful, but certain bacteria release toxins that can make you sick.
Fungal infections. Like bacteria, there are many different fungi. They live on and in your body. When your fungi get overgrown or when harmful fungi get into your body through your mouth, your nose or a cut in your skin, you can get sick.
Parasitic infections.
Lec 1. introduction to infectious diseaseAyub Abdi
Introduction to the infectious disease, how they transmitt and the stratigies used for the management of infectious disease because it's more in tropical and subtropicals
Term and Definitions regarding microbiology, Pathogenicity and virulency, acute and chronic infection, primary and secondary infection, opportunistic infection.
Microbe-Human Interactions: Infection and DiseaseMELVIN FAILAGAO
Chapter 12 Microbe-Human Interactions: Infection and Disease
subtopics:
1. The progress of an infection
2. Epidemiology: The study of disease in Populations
3. Non specific host defenses
4. Defense mechanisms of the host in perspective
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2. Learning Outcomes
• To understand the establishment of Koch’s Postulates in
relation to infectious diseases.
• To understand the relationship between normal microbiota
and host.
• To study disease patterns, spread of infections and
transmission.
• To identify nosocomial infections & their transmission.
• To learn to isolate cultures from clinical samples & perform
antimicrobial sensitivity tests.
• To interpret the mechanisms of pathogenicity.
2
3. Introduction
• Pathology – the scientific study of disease.
• Pathogen : a microorganism that is able to produce
disease.
• Pathogenicity is the ability of a microorganism to
cause disease in another organism, namely the
host for the pathogen. May be a manifestation of a
host-parasite interaction
• Etiology – the cause/agent of a disease.
3
4. • Infection – the invasion & growth of pathogens in the
body.
• Disease – an abnormal state in which parts/ all of
body is not properly adjusted or is incapable of
performing normal functions.
• Normal microbiota – microorganisms that establish
permanent colonies inside or on the body without
producing disease make up the normal microbiota.
• Transcient microbiota – microbes that are present for
various periods and then disappear.
5. • Signs – changes that can be observed by the
physician; e.g. lesions, fever, swelling.
• Symptoms – changes in the body function
observed by the patient; e.g. body pain &
discomfort.
• Diagnosis – the process of determining the
nature of a disorder by considering the
patient’s signs & symptoms; e.g. using lab test
results, X-ray.
5
8. (a)Bacteria on skin surface, (b)Plaque on
enamel, (c)Bacteria of large intestines
8
9. Symbiotic relationship with microbes
Mutualism
Both organisms
benefit
Commensalism
One organism
benefits, other
unaffected
Parasitism
Host is
harmed
while the
guest
benefits
Lactobacilli on
vaginal epithelial
cell
S epidemidis on
skin cell
Pseudomonas
aeruginosa
causes several
infections
10. Symbiotic relationships
• Mutualism –E.g. The bacteria are provided with a constant temperature
and supply of nutrients (glycogen) in exchange for the production of
lactic acid, which protects the vagina from colonization and disease
caused by yeast and other potentially harmful microbes.
• Commensalism – our relationship with Staphylococcus epidermidis, a
consistent inhabitant of the skin of humans. Probably, the bacterium
produces lactic acid that protects the skin from colonization by
harmful microbes that are less acid tolerant. But it has been suggested
that other metabolites that are produced by the bacteria are an
important cause of body odors (good or bad, depending on your
personal point of view) and possibly associated with certain skin
cancers.
• Parasitism – The mode of existence of a parasite implies that the
parasite is capable of causing damage to the host. Some parasitic
bacteria live as normal flora of humans while waiting for an
opportunity to cause disease Eg. Members of the normal flora such as
Staphylococcus aureus or E. coli can cause an opportunistic infection.
10
11. Other Host-Microbe Relationships
• Opportunistic pathogens – pathogens that don’t
cause disease under normal conditions but cause
disease under special conditions. Eg. E coli,
Streptococcus pneumonia, Haemophilus influenzae
• Microbial Antagonism – provides competition for
other microbes. E.g E.coli in the intestines prevents
other microorganisms from causing infection
11
12. Koch’s Postulates
• The same pathogen must be present in every case
of the disease.
• The pathogen must be isolated from the diseased
host and grown in pure culture.
• The pathogen form pure culture must cause the
disease when it’s inoculated into a healthy,
susceptible laboratory animal.
• The pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated
animal and must be shown to be the original
organism.
12
14. Exceptions to Koch’s Postulates
• Modified to establish etiologies of diseases caused
by viruses and some bacteria, which cannot be
grown on artificial media.
o Some diseases, such as tetanus have unequivocal signs
& symptoms.
o Some diseases such as pneumonia may be caused by a
variety of microbes. E.g. Streptococcus pneumonia and
Haemophilus influenzae
o Some pathogens such as Streptococcus pyogenes cause
several different diseases.
o Streptococci cause tonsillitis (strep throat), pneumonia,
endocarditis. Some streptococcal diseases can lead to
rheumatic fever or nephritis which can damage the heart
and kidney E.g.
o Certain pathogens, such as HIV cause disease in
humans only.
14
15. Classification of Infectious Diseases
• Communicable diseases – are transmitted directly or
indirectly from one host to another.
• Non-communicable diseases – caused by
microorganisms that normally grow outside the
human body & are not transmitted from one host to
another.
• Contagious diseases – one that is easily spread from
one person to another.
15
16. Severity/ Duration of disease
• Acute disease – disease that develops rapidly but
lasts only for a short period of time.
• Subacute – an intermediate between acute &
chronic.
• Chronic - disease that develops more slowly, but
likely to be continual or recurrent for long periods.
• Latent – a disease in which the causative agent
remains inactive for a period & then becomes active.
16
17. Types of Infections
• Local Infection – microbial infections are limited to
one region of body. E.g. boils.
• Systemic Infection – microbial products can spread
to other parts via lymphatic system or bloodstream.
• Focal infection - Systemic infection that began as a
local infection.
• Primary Infection – acute infection that causes the
initial illness.
• Secondary Infection – caused by opportunistic
pathogens after primary infection.
17
18. Frequency of Occurrence
• Incidence – the no of people in a population who
develop a disease during a particular time period;
an indicator of the spread of a disease.
• Prevalence – the no of people in a population who
develop a disease at a specified time, regardless
of when it started (how long or serious a disease in
that population).
• Epidemic – a disease acquired by many hosts in a
given area in a short time.
• Endemic – a disease that is constantly present in a
certain population.
• Pandemic – an epidemic that occurs worldwide.
• Sporadic – a disease that occurs occasionally in a
population.
18
19. Patterns of Diseases
• Predisposing factors – age,
gender, etc.
• Stages of disease –
(i) Incubation period
(ii) Prodromal period
(iii) Period of illness
(iv) Period of Convalescence
(v) Period of Decline
19
20. Development of Diseases
• Incubation period – time interval between the
initial infection & the first appearance of any
signs or symptoms.
• Prodromal period – short period, follows
incubation; early, mild symptoms of diseases;
e.g. general aches.
• Period of illness – most acute; exhibits overt
signs & symptoms; e.g. fever, muscle pain, sore
throat, etc.
20
21. Development of Disease
• Period of Decline – signs & symptoms subside;
fever drops, aches diminishes. Patient is
vulnerable to secondary infections.
• Period of Convalescence – patient regains
strength & body returns to normal state.
Recovery period. Can serve as reservoir of
disease & easily spread infection to others.
21
22. Reservoirs of Infections
• Human reservoirs – people who have a disease or
are carriers of pathogenic microbes.
• Animal reservoirs – wild & domestic animals that
can transmit disease to humans.
• Non-living reservoirs – soil, water, equipments.
22
23. Transmission of Disease
(A) Contact transmission
• Direct contact – direct transmission between the
source & a susceptible host. E.g. touching, kissing,
sexual intercourse - anthrax, AIDS.
• Indirect contact - agent of disease is transmitted
from its reservoir to a susceptible host by means of
nonliving object (fomite). E.g. tissues, beddings,
thermometer - hepatitis B, tetanus.
• Droplet transmission – spread of microbes in droplet
nuclei in short distance i.e. less than 1m.
E.g. Coughing, sneezing - influenza, pneumonia.
23
25. Disease Transmission
(B) Vehicle Transmission
– Transmission of disease by a medium, i.e.
water, food, air.
– Waterborne – pathogens are spread by
contaminated water, poorly treated sewage.
E.g. cholera, shigellosis.
– Foodborne – pathogens are spread by food
improperly cooked, poorly refrigerated, are
prepared under unsanitary conditions. E.g.
food poisoning, tapeworm infections.
– Airborne – pathogens are spread by dust
particles that travel in air more than 1m in
distance. 25
26. (C) Vectors
– Animals that carry pathogens from one host
to another, E.g. arthropod & other insects.
– Mechanical transmission – passive transport
of the pathogens on the body parts of the
vectors that makes contact with host’s food.
– Biological transmission – active process in
which vectors bite an infected person and
pathogens multiply in vector and spreads to
another host after biting the host.
26
Disease Transmission
27. Nosocomial Infections
• Any infection that is acquired during the course
of stay in a hospital, nursing home or other
healthcare facilities.
• About 5-15% of all hospitalised patients.
• Normal microbiota can be a causative agent.
• Opportunistic pathogens, drug-resistant gram
negative & gram positive bacteria.
• Patients with burns, surgical wounds &
suppressed immune system.
• Transmitted by direct contact & fomites.
• Control by aseptic techniques, proper cleaning,
storage, handling of equipments & supplies by
hospital staff.
27
30. Isolation of Clinical Samples
• Important to diagnose a disease.
• Samples to be taken aseptically.
• Container with sample should be labeled – patient’s
name, room number, date, time, medications taken.
• Must be sent to lab immediately.
• Cultured on selective or differential media to isolate &
identify any abnormal microbes.
30
31. Isolation of Clinical Samples
• Precautions are to be taken by all healthcare
workers, including students. (Refer to Appendix B
of text book).
• Instructions for taking clinical samples are specific
from one culture to another of different types.
• Wound/ Abscess, Ear, Eye, Blood, Urine, Faecal,
Sputum.
31
33. (A) Medium used
• Mueller-Hinton agar or broth for aerobic
& facultative anaerobic isolates.
• Petri dish of size 100 mm in diameter &
depth of 4 mm (25 mL).
• pH of medium btw 7.2 and 7.4.
33
34. (B) Inoculum
• An overnight incubation is ideal.
• Then about 5-10 colonies are removed
and cultured in a broth culture for 4-6 hrs
(log phase).
• Density of organism should be appx. 108
cfu/ml.
• Inoculum of a standard strain should be
prepared as control.
34
35. (C) Antibiotic discs
• 6mm in diameter commercial discs with
accurate antibiotic concentration.
• Discs prepared in the lab should contain
proper diluted antibiotic solution.
• Discs and discs dispensers should be
stored in a sealed container at -20°C
(long term) or <8°C (immediate use).
• About 7 discs on a 100 mm plate.
35
36. Kirby-Bauer Disk
Diffusion Method
• An agar plate is swabbed 3 times with an
inoculum suspension.
• Lid is replaced and allowed to dry for 15
mins.
• Antibiotic discs are applied using sterile
forceps/ multidisc dispenser.
• Distance between one disc & another should
not be closer than 24 mm centre to centre.
• Plates are incubated at 35-37°C, 16-18 hrs.
36
37. Stokes Disc
Diffusion method
• Plate is divided into 3 parts: test organism
in the centre, control on the upper and
lower thirds OR control in the centre, test
organisms in the other 2 parts.
• An uninoculated gap of 2-3 mm to separate
the test & control area.
• A maximum of 6 antibiotic discs on a 100
mm plate.
• Incubated at 35-37°C, 16-18 hrs.
37
38. The principle of antibiotic diffusion in
agar
• As soon as antibiotic
impregnated disc comes
in contact with moist
agar surface, it absorbs
moisture from agar.
• Antibiotic diffuses into
the surrounding medium.
• As the distance from
disc increases, there’s a
logarithmic reduction in
antibiotic concentration.
• Reference strains should
be tested for each new
batch using S. aureus,
E. coli & P. aeruginosa.
38
39. Interpretation of inhibition zones
Eg. Chloramphenicol
Resistant Intermediate Susceptible
≤ 12 mm 13-17 mm ≥ 18 mm
39
40. Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations
(MIC)
• Is the least amount of antimicrobial agent
that inhibits visible growth of an organism
after overnight incubation.
40
Minimum Bactericidal Concentrations
(MBC)
Is the least amount of antimicrobial agent
that prevents bacterial growth after
subculture of the organism into an
antimicrobial-free medium.
41. MIC
• MIC can be determined in liquid or solid medium
(Mueller-Hinton).
• Antimicrobial agents of concentrations 0.25-125
µg/ml or other test concentrations are used.
• For broth dilution, final inoculum should be 105
cfu/ml & on agar about 1-2 µL is used.
• It should deliver about 104 cfu/spot.
• Incubation is at 35-37°C, 16-18 hrs (depends on
microbe).
• The lowest concentration at which there is no
visible growth is the MIC.
41
42. MBC
• Subculture is done from the tubes to a
NB free from antimicrobial agents.
• Incubated at 35-37°C, 16-18 hrs
(depends on microbes).
• Growth is examined.
• The tube that contains the lowest
concentration that fails to yield growth on
subculture is the MBC.
42