The Industrial Revolution began in England in the late 18th century and transformed the country from a rural, agricultural society to an urban, industrialized one. New technologies like the steam engine and water frame allowed for mechanized production in factories, while canals and railroads improved transportation of goods. This led to rapid urbanization and the rise of industrial cities, though early industrialization also brought poor working conditions, health issues, and inequality to growing urban populations. The textile industry was an early driver of the Industrial Revolution through the development of mechanized cotton spinning and weaving.

1. The Industrial Revolution 1750-1850

3. The Enclosure Movement

4. “ Enclosed” Lands Today

5. How might agricultural developments increase farm productivity and efficiency?

7. Why Did Industrialization Begin in England First?

8. Metals, Woolens, & Canals

11. Richard Arkwright: “Pioneer of the Factory System” The “Water Frame”

13. Early Canals Britain’s Earliest Transportation Infrastructure

14. How did canals help to advance the Industrial Revolution

16. The "Haves": Bourgeois Life Thrived on the Luxuries of the Industrial Revolution

17. 19 c Bourgeoisie: The Industrial Nouveau Riche

18. Criticism of the New Bourgeoisie

19. Stereotype of the Factory Owner

20. “ Upstairs”/“Downstairs” Life

21. The "Have-Nots": The Poor, The Over-Worked, & the Destitute

22. Industrial Staffordshire

23. Problems of Polution The Silent Highwayman - 1858

24. The New Industrial City

25. Early-19c London by Gustave Dore

26. Worker Housing in Manchester

29. Textile Factory Workers in England 1813 2400 looms 150, 000 workers 1833 85, 000 looms 200, 000 workers 1850 224, 000 looms >1 million workers

30. Textile Factory Workers in England

31. British Coin Portraying a Factory, 1812

32. Young “Bobbin-Doffers”

33. Jacquard’s Loom

34. Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830 Age of Worker Male Wages Female Wages under 11 2s 3d. 2s. 4d. 11 - 16 4s. 1d. 4s. 3d. 17 - 21 10s. 2d. 7s. 3d. 22 - 26 17s. 2d. 8s. 5d. 27 - 31 20s. 4d. 8s. 7d. 32 - 36 22s. 8d. 8s. 9d. 37 - 41 21s. 7d. 9s. 8d. 42 - 46 20s. 3d. 9s. 3d. 47 - 51 16s. 7d. 8s. 10d. 52 - 56 16s. 4d. 8s. 4d. 57 - 61 13s. 6d. 6s. 4d.

35. Factory Workers at Home

36. Workers Housing in Newcastle Today

37. Hardships of Early Industrial Life “ The Population… is crowded into one dense mass of cottages separated by unpaved and almost pestilential streets. This is an atmosphere loaded with the exhalation of a large manufacturing city.” J.P Kay, Quoted in Mill Life at Styal

38. Coalfields & Industrial Areas

39. Coal Mining in Britain: 1800-1914 1800 1 ton of coal 50, 000 miners 1850 30 tons 200, 000 miners 1880 300 million tons 500, 000 miners 1914 250 million tons 1, 200, 000 miners

40. Young Coal Miners

41. Child Labor in the Mines Child “hurriers”

42. British Pig Iron Production

44. Compare your daily routine with that of a factory girl working in Lancashire 1820. How are they different?

53. Example of workhouse regulations

54. Evidence from Gressenhall Workhouse

65. New Inventions of the Industrial Revolution

66. John Kay’s “Flying Shuttle”

67. The Power Loom

68. James Watt’s Steam Engine

69. Steam Tractor

70. Steam Ship

71. An Early Steam Locomotive

72. Later Locomotives

73. The Impact of the Railroad

74. “ The Great Land Serpent”

75. Crystal Palace Exhibition: 1851 Exhibitions of the new industrial utopia.

76. Crystal Palace: Interior Exhibits

77. Crystal Palace: British Ingenuity on Display

78. Crystal Palace: American Pavilion

79. The Life of the New Urban Poor: A Dickensian Nightmare!

80. Private Charities: Soup Kitchens

81. Private Charities: The “Lady Bountifuls”

82. Protests & Methodism

83. The Luddites: 1811-1816 Ned Ludd [a mythical figure supposed to live in Sherwood Forest] Attacks on the “frames” [power looms].

84. The Luddite Triangle

85. The Luddites

86. British Soldiers Fire on British Workers: Let us die like men, and not be sold like slaves! Peterloo Massacre, 1819

89. New Ways of Thinking

94. Jeremy Bentham