The document summarizes the spread of European imperialism in Africa and Asia between the late 1800s and early 1900s. It discusses the economic, political, and social factors that drove countries like Britain, France, and Germany to colonize parts of Africa and Asia. It also describes the resistance of some African and Asian nations to European colonization and the different forms imperial rule took, such as direct colonies, protectorates, and spheres of influence. Finally, it provides context on the decline of Muslim empires like the Ottomans and challenges faced by nations like Egypt, Iran, India, and China from European imperial expansion.

1. The New Imperialism

2. New Imperialism and its CausesColonization of Americas, South Asia, Africa and ChinaEurope had little influence on lives of the peopleStrong, centrally governed nation-states had emerged

3. New Imperialism and its CausesEconomic InterestsManufacturers wanted access to natural resourcesRubber, manganese, palm oilColonies offered a valuable outlet for Europe’s growing populationPolitical and Military InterestsSteam-powered merchant ships and naval vessels needed basesIndustrial powers seized islands or harborsWestern leaders claimed colonies cause of national securityIncreased nation’s prestige

4. New Imperialism and its CausesHumanitarian Goals Missionaries, doctors and colonial official believed they had a duty to spread the blessings of western civilizationSocial DarwinismEmbraced natural selection and survival of the fittestEuropean races were superior to all othersImperial conquest and destruction of weaker races were simply nature’s way of improving the human species

5. Success of Western ImperialismWeakness of Nonwestern StatesOlder civilizations in declineOttoman Empire, Mughal India, Qing chinaWars among African people and the slave tradeWestern AdvantagesStrong economies, well-organized governments, powerful armies and naviesSuperior technology & improved medical knowledgeQuinine, Maxim machine guns, repeating rifles, steam-driven warships

6. Success of Western ImperialismResistanceRuling areas tried to strengthen their societies against reforming their own Muslim, Hindu, or Confucian Traditions.Many western-educated Africans and Asians organized nationalist movement to expel the imperialists from their landsCriticism at HomeAnti-imperialists argued colonialism was a tool of the rich and immoralWesterners were moving toward greater democracy at home but were imposing undemocratic rule on other people

7. Forms of Imperial RuleColoniesFrenchFrench practiced direct rule, sending officials and soldiers from France to administer their colonies, impose French cultureBritishBritish relied on a system of indirect rule, using sultans, chiefs, or other local rulersEncouraged the children of the local ruling class to get an education in Britain

8. Forms of Imperial RuleProtectoratesLocal rulers were left in place but were expected to follow the advice of European advisorsCost less to run than a colony, did not require a large commitment of military forcesSpheres of InfluenceArea in which an outside power claimed exclusive investment or trading privileges

9. The Partition of Africa

10. Africa in the Early 1800sSpoke hundreds of languages and varied governmentsNorth AfricaSahara Desert and Fertile land along the Med.Close ties to Muslim worldUnder rule of Ottoman Empire

11. Africa in the Early 1800sWest AfricaIslamic reform movement brought changeUsman dan Fodio preached jihadNew Muslim states arose, built on trade, farming, and herdingForest regionsAsante Kingdom

12. Africa in the Early 1800sEast AfricaPort cities carried profitable tradeCargoes were often slavesMarched from interior to coast with slavesIvory and Copper from Central Africa

13. Africa in the Early 1800sSouthern AfricaShaka united the Zulu nationMass migration and warsZulus were battling Boers

14. Africa in the Early 1800sSlave TradeEuropeans began to outlaw slave tradeSlave trade continued to Middle East and Asia Britain and US helped freed slaves resettle in Africa1787 Sierra Leone as colony former slavesLiberia free blacks from U.S.

15. European Contacts IncreaseExplorersEuropean explorers pushed the interior of AfricaMungo Park and Richard Burton set out to map the course and sources of the Great African rivers

16. European Contacts IncreaseMissionaries Catholic and ProtestantSought to win people to ChristianitySincere in desire to helpBuilt schools, medical clinics and churchesSaw Africans as children in need of guidanceAfrican cultures and religions were degradedUrged Africans to reject their own traditions

17. European Contacts IncreaseLivingstoneCrisscrossed AfricaSympathy and less biasOpposed slave tradeHenry Stanley trekked into Central Africa to find Livingston

18. Scramble for ColoniesKing Leopold II of Belgium hired Stanley to explore the Congo River basinBerlin Conference (1884)No Africans were invitedEuropean countries must set up government in any claim in AfricaEstablished new Africans borders and frontiersRedrew the map of Africa

19. Scramble for ColoniesHorrors in the CongoWealthy Belgium's exploited the riches Forced to work for almost nothing, beaten or mutilatedLeopold turn colony to Belgian governmentLittle or no role in government or economy

20. Scramble for ColoniesFrench ExpansionAlgeria in North AfricaMed. into TunisiaWest and Central AfricaBritain ExpansionWest and East AfricaEgypt and Sudan and Cape Colony (South Africa)Boer War 1899-1902

21. Scramble for ColoniesPortugueseAngola and MozambiqueGerman EmpireEastern and southwestern AfricaItalyLibya , horn of Africa

22. Africans Resist ImperialsmAlgerians battled FrenchSamori Toure fought French forcesBritish battled the ZulusAsante in West AfricaMaji-maji Rebellion 1905EthiopiaMenelik II modernizedImported weapons and Europeans train armyOnly nation to preserve independence

23. European Challenges to the Muslim world

24. Stresses in the Muslim WorldThree Muslim EmpiresMughals, Ottoman Empire, Safavids1700s in declineCorruptionIslamic Reform MovementStressed religious piety and rules of behaviorReturned to purity and simplicityEuropean ImperialismWon treaties giving favorable trading terms

25. Problems for the Ottoman EmpireExtended across the Middle East, North Africa, and Southeastern EuropeNationalists RevoltsBalkans, Greeks, Serbs, Bulgarians, Romanians gain independenceArabia, Lebanon and Armenia revoltedLost control of Egypt

26. Problems for the Ottoman EmpireEfforts to WesternizeReorganize bureaucracy and system of tax collectionBuilt railroads, improved education, European officers to train militaryMen sent to study new sciences and technologyBetter medical care and revitalized farming

27. Problems for the Ottoman EmpireYoung TurksOverthrew the sultanEnded when WWI erupted Massacre of ArmeniansBrutal genocide of ArmeniansMuslim Turks distrusted the Christian Armenians accused of supporting Russian plans against Ottoman empireA million + Armenians were killed

28. Egypt Seeks to ModernizeMuhammad AliImproved tax collection, reorganized the landholding system, large irrigation projects to increase farm outputIncreased Egyptian participation in world tradeSuez Canal (1859)Ferdinand de Lesseps 100-mile waterway links the Med. And Red SeaEgypt ruler unable to repay debt, sold his shares to Britain prime minister

29. Iran and the European PowersQajar shahs ruled Iran from 1794-1925Gov’t improved finances, sponsored the building of telegraph lines and railroads, experimented with liberal constitutionRussia and Britain set up sphere of influence in IranIranian gov’t granted concessions

30. The british take over india

31. East India CompanyMany people and culturesBritish took advantage of Indian divisionsMain goal was to make moneyImproved roads, preserve peace, and reduce banditry.Tried to convert to ChristianityWorked to end slavery and caste systemImproved position of womenOutlawed sati

32. Sepoy RebellionUnpopular moves1st Required sepoys to serve anywhere2nd a law allowing Hindu widows to remarry1857 issued new rifles to sepoysAngry sepoys rebelledMassacred British men, women and children.British rallied and crushed the revoltRevenge – torched villages and killed thousands of unarmed Indians.Parliament ended East India Company rule 1858

33. British Colonial RuleViceroyModernized India adopting technology and cultureMarket of raw materialsBuilt roads and railroad networkNew methods of communicationRuined India’s hand-weaving industry

34. British Colonial RuleNomadic herders into farmers of cash cropsMassive deforestationPopulation growth put strain on food supplyLegal system to promote justice for IndiansUpper classes sent sons to British schools

35. Different Views on CulturesRam Mohun Roby combined Hindu and Muslim culturesLearn from the westCondemned traditions, rigid caste distinctions, child marriage, sati, purdahSet up educational societies

36. Indian Nationalism1855 nationalist leaders organized the Indian National CongressGreater democracy would bring more power to IndiansAt first Muslims and Hindus worked togetherMuslims grew to resent dominationWorried Hindu’s would oppress Muslims

37. China and the new imperialism

38. The Trade IssueChina sold silk, porcelain and teaChina Enjoyed trade surplusWesterners had a trade deficitTwo developments transformed China’s relations1st China entered a period of decline2nd Expanded markets for European goods

39. Opium WarBritish made huge profits by trading opium grown in India for Chinese teaChinese became addictedChinese gov’t outlawed opium / Killed dealers1839 warships clashed with British merchantsChinese easily defeatedTreaty of NanjingHuge indemnity, Hong Kong, opened five ports, extraterritoriality

40. Internal ProblemsQing dynasty in declineIrrigation systems and canals poorly maintained – massive flooding in Huang He ValleyHardships for peasants, tax evasion, official corruption

41. Taiping Rebellion1850-1864Most devastating peasant revolt in historyHong Xiuquan wanted to establish a “Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace”Endorsed social ideas Land reform, community ownership of property, equality of women and menTaiping rebels won control for 14 years20-30 mil. deaths

42. Reform EffectsScholar-officials no reasons for new industriesDisapproved of western ideasTechnology was dangerousEmpress Ci XiImported western technologyFactories, shipyards, railroads, mining

43. War with JapanSino-Japanese War 1894Japan gained Taiwan

44. Spheres of InfluenceBritishYangzi River FrenchLand near IndochinaGermanNorthern ChinaRussiaNorthern China

45. 100 Days of ReformGuangXuNew laws set to modernize civil service exams, streamline government, encouraged new industriesAffected schools, military and bureaucracy

46. Qing Dynasty FallsBoxer Uprising 1899Expelled “foreign devils”China admitted women to schoolsExpanded economicallyBusiness class emerged, new urban working class

47. Three Principles of the People1st nationalism, freeing China from foreign domination2nd democracy3rd “livelihood”Sun Yixian named president Chinese republic