This document summarizes the rise of nationalism and unification movements in Germany and Italy in the 19th century. It discusses how Bismarck used war and diplomacy to unify the German states and create a German Empire by 1871. It also outlines the obstacles to Italian unity and how figures like Cavour and Garibaldi helped overcome these obstacles and create a unified Italian state by 1870. The document also briefly discusses the challenges these new nations faced, as well as nationalism within other European empires like Austria-Hungary and Russia.
Cold war ocr gcse history revision mindmapsDave Wallbanks
Mind maps for GCSE History students following the OCR Modern World History course.
These cover the start of the Cold war, Cuban Missile Crisis and War in Vietnam
European history for 2nd year in St.Patrick's school. It includes both videos seen in class and information about the Ottoman Empire and the Crimean War.
This PowerPoint covers how Germany was divided into four zones after WW2, what happened within those zones and how it became two separate Germanies by 1949.
01. GERMANY - DEPTH STUDY: EMERGING FROM THE DEFEATGeorge Dumitrache
01. GERMANY - DEPTH STUDY: EMERGING FROM THE DEFEAT. At the end of World War I, Germans could hardly recognize their country. Up to 3 million Germans, including 15 percent of its men, had been killed. Germany had been forced to become a republic instead of a monarchy, and its citizens were humiliated by their nation's bitter loss. Germany lost 13% of its land and 12% of its population to the Allies. This land made up 48% of Germany's iron production and a large proportion of its coal productions limiting its economic power. The German Army was limited to 100,000 soldiers, and the navy was limited to 15,000 sailors.
05. LEAGUE OF NATIONS - Great Depression and LON.pptxGeorge Dumitrache
GREAT DEPRESSION AND THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS. The Great Depression of 1930-33 meant people turned to extremist dictators such as Hitler and Mussolini, who were keen to invade other countries. This made it hard for the League to maintain peace. The League had some very ambitious plans and ideals – to stop war and make the world a better place.
Cold war ocr gcse history revision mindmapsDave Wallbanks
Mind maps for GCSE History students following the OCR Modern World History course.
These cover the start of the Cold war, Cuban Missile Crisis and War in Vietnam
European history for 2nd year in St.Patrick's school. It includes both videos seen in class and information about the Ottoman Empire and the Crimean War.
This PowerPoint covers how Germany was divided into four zones after WW2, what happened within those zones and how it became two separate Germanies by 1949.
01. GERMANY - DEPTH STUDY: EMERGING FROM THE DEFEATGeorge Dumitrache
01. GERMANY - DEPTH STUDY: EMERGING FROM THE DEFEAT. At the end of World War I, Germans could hardly recognize their country. Up to 3 million Germans, including 15 percent of its men, had been killed. Germany had been forced to become a republic instead of a monarchy, and its citizens were humiliated by their nation's bitter loss. Germany lost 13% of its land and 12% of its population to the Allies. This land made up 48% of Germany's iron production and a large proportion of its coal productions limiting its economic power. The German Army was limited to 100,000 soldiers, and the navy was limited to 15,000 sailors.
05. LEAGUE OF NATIONS - Great Depression and LON.pptxGeorge Dumitrache
GREAT DEPRESSION AND THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS. The Great Depression of 1930-33 meant people turned to extremist dictators such as Hitler and Mussolini, who were keen to invade other countries. This made it hard for the League to maintain peace. The League had some very ambitious plans and ideals – to stop war and make the world a better place.
THIS IS A PRESENTATION ON AGE OF REVOLUTION(nationalism in europe)...
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The glories of Alexander the Great. His conquering and his battle tactics. (I made this a long time ago, but recently discovered I hadn't published it here.)
Between 1815 and 1871, Germany went from a fragmented confederation of 39 sovereign states to a unified nation. Otto von Bismarck united Germany through a series of wars (Schleswig War, Austro-Prussian War, and Franco Prussian War). Designed primarily for my AP European History course.
19 c Europe, session 2.9; The German Question, 1850-66Jim Powers
Now we look at the question which had faced Germans since the great upheaval of 1848, should Germany be unified with or without the Austrian Empire. It will be decided in the Seven Weeks War.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
3. Steps Toward Unity Impact of Napoleon Freed serfs, easier trade, abolished laws against Jews Germans rebelled Created German Confederation Prussian Leadership Zollverein (dismantled tariff barriers) Demanded German political unity Frederick William IV of Prussia (Kaisier)
5. Bismarck and German Unity Otto von Bismarck became chancellor in 1862 Realpolitik (realistic politics based on the needs of the state) Loyalty to dynasty of Prussia
6. Bismarck and German Unity Built up the Prussian Army Bismarck led Prussia into three wars in a decade Increased Prussian Power for German Unification
7. BismarckBlood and Iron Speech In September 1862 there was a crisis in Prussia where the Prussian Landtag, or lower parliamentary house, was refusing to approve increased military spending in defiance of the King's wishes. King Wilhelm I was advised by his Minister of War, Roon, to send for Bismarck as a formidable personality who might secure the passing of the military budget in the Landtag.On the 17 September the crisis had reached such a pitch that Wilhelm I seriously considered abdicating his throne. That evening Roon sent by telegraph to Bismarck suggesting that he, Bismarck, should hurry to Berlin and that there was danger in delay. The message in French and Latin read :- Depechez-vous; Periculum in mora.On 22 September Bismarck met Wilhelm I and assured him that he could form a ministry and carry through the army reforms as he desired, if necessary against the will of the deputies in the Landtag. Given this assurance the Wilhelm I decided not to abdicate. Bismarck was appointed acting chief minister of Prussia. Bismarck made an appearance before the Landtag on 29 September where he spoke expressing his regret at the hostility of the deputies to passing of the military budget and stressed the need for progress to be made on the military proposals favoured by the king. The next day at a meeting of a Budget Committee Bismarck went perhaps further than he his better judgement might have intended in asserting that:- The position of Prussia in Germany will not be determined by its liberalism but by its power ... Prussia must concentrate its strength and hold it for the favourable moment, which has already come and gone several times. Since the treaties of Vienna, our frontiers have been ill-designed for a healthy body politic. Not through speeches and majority decisions will the great questions of the day be decided - that was the great mistake of 1848 and 1849 - but by iron and blood. This Speech by Bismarck has entered into popular understanding of history as ending blood and iron rather than as iron and blood
8. Franco-Prussian War War With Denmark and Austria 1864 alliance with Austria Seized land from Denmark 1866 Bismarck attacked Austria Lasted 7 weeks Annexed Austria / dissolved German Confederation Began 1870 “Ems dispatch” (telegram reporting an insult on Napoleon from William I Napoleon declared war France accepted a humiliating peace a few weeks later. Napoleon III
9. German Empire Southern German States and Northern Confederation persuaded William I to become Kaiser January 1871 birth of Second Reich Two-house legislature Upper house “Burdesrat” appointed position Lower house “Reichstag” elected position
10. Strengthening Germany Economic Progress Science, Government, and Industry Iron and coal resources Disciplined and educated work force Rapid growing population House of Krupp produced steel and weapons for a world market Single currency Reorganized banking system Coordinated railroads Germany raised tariffs to protect home industries from foreign competition during the 1880s depression
11. Iron Chancellor Campaign Against the Church Kulturkampf “battle for civilization” Laws to supervise Catholic education and approve appointment of priests Expelled Jesuits Compulsory for couples to marry by civil authority Catholic Church gained support against Bismarck
12. Iron Chancellor Campaign Against the Socialists Laws passed to dissolve socialist groups Shut down newspapers Banned their meetings Workers unified in support of socialist cause 1890s health and accident insurance Old-age insurance (retirement benefits)
13. Kaiser William II Asked Bismarck to resign Programs created Social welfare, cheap transportation, electricity Public schools – taught students obedience, reading, writing, and mathematics Grandson of Frederick William and Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom
16. Obstacles to Italian Unity Italian States Northern Italy Southern Italy Other Italian States Ruled By Austria French Bourbon rulers Hapsburg Monarchs
17. Obstacles to Italian Unity Young Italy 1830 Giuseppe Mazzini Goal “to constitute Italy, one, free, independent, republican nation” The Tide of Nationalism Nationalist reminded Italians of past glories in Rome and medieval papacy Unify common language history End trade barriers among Italian States
18. Struggle for Italy Cavour Sardinia’s Prime Minister Improved agriculture, built railroads, encouraged commerce Goal – end Austrian power Intrique with France Crimean War- Joined Britain and France Gained attention of Napoleon III 1858 Sardinia annexed Lombardy
19. Struggle for Italy Garibaldi’s Red Shirts Recruited army Sailed to Sicily to gain control Unity at Last Sardinian’s and Garibaldi’s forces overran Papal States 1861 Victor Emmanuel II crowned king of Italy 1870 Franco-Prussian War
20. Challenges facing the New Nation Divisions North was rich South had more cities Northern cities flourished as centers of business and culture South was rural and poor Catholic Church was granted the Vatican
21. Challenges facing the New Nation Turmoil Two-legislative Upper house – appointed by the King Lower house – elected representatives Socialists organized strikes Anarchists turned to sabotage and violence to abolish the government Emigration- many Italians left their homeland for North and South America
23. A Declining Empire Oldest ruling house in Europe Refused to change with the times Ignored nationalist demands Ruled German speaking Austrians, Slavic groups including Czechs, Slovaks, Poles, Ukrainians, Romanians, Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, Hungarians and Italians
24. Early Reforms Francis Joseph Austria suffered a defeat against France and Sardinia in 1859 Granted a new constitution to set up a legislative Hungarians were determined to settle for nothing less than self-government
25. Dual Monarchy Francis Deák Created a new political power Austria-Hungary Separate states Own constitution and parliament One ruler Francis Joseph Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary
26. Balkan Nationalism Stretched from Eastern Europe and the Balkans to North Africa and the Middle East “the sick man of Europe” Groups began to revolt Russia, Britain, France, Germany all supported different groups in the Ottoman Empire. Eventually led to WWI
28. Conditions in Russia Obstacles to Progress Czars saw the need to modernize without losing absolute rule Social Structure (nobles, middle class, serfs) Serfdom Peasants, servants, artisans, soldiers Russia’s economy would remain backward
29. Russian Absolutism Czar Alexander I eased censorship and promoted education Opposed liberal and nationalist impulses Nicholas I suppressed Decembrists Used police spies, banned books with liberal ideas, allowed only approved textbooks in schools Locked up Russians with liberal or revolutionary ideas in mental hospitals
30. Russian Absolutism Nicholas I embraced three pillars Orthodoxy – strong ties between church and government Autocracy - absolute power of the state Nationalism – respect for Russian traditions and suppression on Non Russian groups New law code and economic reforms
31. Reforms of Alexander II Emancipation Freed the serf Lands allotted to serfs to small for farm efficiently Serfs moved to cities to work in industries
32. Reforms of Alexander II Other Reforms Zemstvos elected assemblies Responsible for road repair, schools, and agriculture Censorship and reformed military Service reduced 25 yrs to 15 yrs Women liberation Left to be educated abroad