Struggles for north america
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French explorers and fur traders claimed land from Quebec to the Great Lakes and down the Mississippi to Louisiana, though the population grew slowly. The 13 English colonies saw early settlers establish Jamestown, Virginia in 1607 and the Pilgrims land at Plymouth, Massachusetts in 1620, with settlers in New England becoming farmers and those in Southern colonies developing a plantation economy. Britain defeated France in the French and Indian War between 1754-1763, gaining dominance over North America and taking control of French territories east of the Mississippi River according to the Peace Treaty of Paris, while Native Americans were weakened by disease and their trails were used by settlers moving west.
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Road to revolution
The Currency Act of 1764 prohibited the American colonies from issuing paper currency and effectively took control of the colonial currency system by banning any new bills or reissuing of existing currency. This caused monetary problems for the colonies by restricting their money supply. The colonies protested strongly against this act as it exacerbated their trade deficit with Britain and shortage of hard capital.
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2) Britain passed navigation acts in the 1600s requiring colonies to trade only with Britain, upsetting colonists by the 1750s with strict enforcement.
3) The French and Indian War resulted in British control over North America but left Britain in debt, leading them to impose taxes on the colonies without representation.
4) Growing tensions erupted with the Boston Tea Party, prompting Britain to punish Boston with the Intolerable Acts, uniting the colonies against Britain
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The Revolutionary War began due to growing tensions between the British colonies in America and the British government. After the French and Indian War, Britain imposed taxes on the colonists to pay war debts, which the colonists strongly opposed because they were not represented in Parliament. This led to boycotts and acts of protest like the Boston Tea Party. In response, Britain passed the Coercive Acts to punish the colonists, further increasing tensions and pushing the colonies towards declaring independence.
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The document summarizes key events that increased tensions between the British colonies in America and Britain in the late 18th century. It describes colonial responses to British actions like the Stamp Act and Intolerable Acts that taxed the colonies without representation. This led colonists to organize boycotts, publish propaganda, and hold the First Continental Congress to defend their rights as English citizens against perceived violations by the British government.
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- The Tea Act lowered taxes on tea shipped by the British East India Company, undercutting prices of smuggled Dutch tea and angering many colonists.
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- In response, Britain passed the Intolerable Acts to punish Boston and close its port, further increasing tensions between Britain and the colonies. This led the colonies to form the First Continental Congress and begin organizing militias in preparation for conflict with Britain.
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The document discusses the increasing strain on the relationship between Britain and its American colonies in the period leading up to the American Revolution. It outlines how the colonies began levying their own taxes and passing their own laws in the 1750s. While Britain practiced "salutary neglect" previously, it did not strongly enforce laws regulating colonial trade until 1763 after incurring large debts from the French and Indian War. The war was fought between Britain and France over territory in North America, and Britain's victory gave it control over new lands but also significant war debts. This led to changes in British policy under King George III and Prime Minister George Grenville, including increased taxation of the colonies to pay off war debts, angering the colon
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2. In response to the Boston Tea Party, the British Parliament passed the Intolerable Acts in 1774 which closed Boston harbor, altered the Massachusetts government, supported the Catholic church, and denied colonists the right to fair trials.
3. The Intolerable Acts outraged the colonies and led to the convening of the First Continental Congress to discuss a unified response to growing tensions with Britain.
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The document summarizes the French role in colonizing the New World through exploration and settlements between the 16th and 18th centuries. It describes how French explorers like Joliet, Marquette, and La Salle traveled throughout North America claiming territory for France. It also discusses how the French established settlements in Canada and Louisiana and had positive relationships with Native Americans, though settlements grew slowly and included tenant farmers.
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The document summarizes several key events that increased tensions between the American colonies and Britain in the late 18th century leading up to the American Revolution. It discusses the Proclamation Line of 1763, the Paxton Boys attacks on Native Americans, colonial reactions to new taxes like the Stamp Act, the Boston Massacre, and concludes with a overview of the Intolerable Acts passed by Britain in response to the Boston Tea Party.
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The document provides an overview of key events leading up to the American Revolution, including the establishment of rights under the Magna Carta and Declaration of Rights, various taxes imposed on the colonies by the British like the Stamp Act and Tea Act, and colonial resistance like the Boston Tea Party. It also summarizes the First Continental Congress where representatives from the colonies met to declare the Coercive Acts unconstitutional and petition the king for redress of grievances.
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The document summarizes key events leading up to the American Revolution, including the Stamp Act which taxed the colonists without representation; the Boston Massacre where British soldiers fired into a crowd of colonists; the Boston Tea Party where colonists dumped British tea into the harbor in protest of taxes; the Battle of Bunker Hill which was the first major battle but resulted in a British victory despite the colonists holding the high ground; the Declaration of Independence which declared independence from Britain; Common Sense which encouraged independence; and the Battle of Yorktown where with French support the colonists defeated the British, proving the British could not win the war.
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The Proclamation of 1763 prohibited colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains in an attempt to placate Native American groups after the French and Indian War. This angered the colonists. Subsequent acts like the Stamp Act and Townshend Acts imposed new taxes on the colonies to repay war debts without colonial consent, fueling further discontent. In response, colonists organized boycotts and protests like the Boston Tea Party. In 1774, the Intolerable Acts closed Boston harbor and imposed martial law, leading the colonies to work together through the First Continental Congress to petition the king for relief from these measures. This growing unrest culminated in the battles of Lexington and Concord in 1775
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This is a project I made about the Colonies, feel free to use it in any classroom or presentation, it covers the colonizing to the writing of the Constitution and everything in between.
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The document summarizes the events leading up to the Boston Tea Party in 3 key sections. It first discusses how a tea tax in Britain led to smuggling and loss of profits for the East India Company. It then explains how the Tea Act of 1773 granted the EIC direct sales to the colonies, angering colonists. Finally, it describes how on December 16, 1773, a group of men disguised as Native Americans boarded ships and dumped hundreds of chests of tea into Boston harbor in protest, an act that was one of the events leading to the American Revolutionary War.
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The French and Indian War began in 1754 due to conflicting territorial claims between France, England, and Spain in North America. France wanted control of the Mississippi River and sent troops to push out the British from the Ohio River Valley, which England viewed as an act of war. Though the British colonies sent delegates to decide how to handle the war, they did not take united action as a country. As the war expanded to Europe, Britain began winning battles in the Americas. The 1763 Treaty of Paris ended the war, forcing France to cede lands east of the Mississippi to Britain and Spain. However, tensions rose again as colonists ignored the Proclamation of 1763 banning white settlement west of the Appalachians, and
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The Sons of Liberty, a group of American Patriots, organized the Boston Tea Party in response to the Tea Act of 1773, which kept taxes on tea high while removing taxes from other goods. On December 16, 1773, members of the Sons of Liberty dressed as Mohawk Indians boarded a ship in Boston Harbor containing 342 crates of tea and dumped the tea overboard in protest of "taxation without representation." The Boston Tea Party infuriated King George III of England and helped spark the American Revolutionary War.
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The document summarizes key events of the French and Indian War (1756-1763) and its aftermath, including increased tensions between the British and American colonists. It led to Britain gaining territory in North America and India while deeply increasing its war debts. This caused the British Parliament to pass new taxes and laws to raise revenue from the colonies, sparking conflicts over taxation and representation that contributed to the growing colonial independence movement.
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The document summarizes key events of the French and Indian War (1756-1763) and its aftermath, including increased tensions between the British and American colonists. It led to Britain gaining territory in North America and India while deeply increasing its war debts. This caused the British Parliament to pass new taxes and laws to raise revenue from the colonies, sparking conflicts over taxation and representation that contributed to the growing colonial independence movement.
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The document summarizes key events leading up to the American Revolution:
1) Religious leaders like Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield sparked the Great Awakening, helping to religiously unify the colonies in the mid-1700s.
2) Britain passed navigation acts in the 1600s requiring colonies to trade only with Britain, upsetting colonists by the 1750s with strict enforcement.
3) The French and Indian War resulted in British control over North America but left Britain in debt, leading them to impose taxes on the colonies without representation.
4) Growing tensions erupted with the Boston Tea Party, prompting Britain to punish Boston with the Intolerable Acts, uniting the colonies against Britain
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The Revolutionary War began due to growing tensions between the British colonies in America and the British government. After the French and Indian War, Britain imposed taxes on the colonists to pay war debts, which the colonists strongly opposed because they were not represented in Parliament. This led to boycotts and acts of protest like the Boston Tea Party. In response, Britain passed the Coercive Acts to punish the colonists, further increasing tensions and pushing the colonies towards declaring independence.
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The document summarizes key events that increased tensions between the British colonies in America and Britain in the late 18th century. It describes colonial responses to British actions like the Stamp Act and Intolerable Acts that taxed the colonies without representation. This led colonists to organize boycotts, publish propaganda, and hold the First Continental Congress to defend their rights as English citizens against perceived violations by the British government.
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- The Tea Act lowered taxes on tea shipped by the British East India Company, undercutting prices of smuggled Dutch tea and angering many colonists.
- In December 1773, a group of colonists dressed as Native Americans boarded ships in Boston Harbor and threw hundreds of chests of British East India Company tea overboard, an event known as the Boston Tea Party.
- In response, Britain passed the Intolerable Acts to punish Boston and close its port, further increasing tensions between Britain and the colonies. This led the colonies to form the First Continental Congress and begin organizing militias in preparation for conflict with Britain.
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The document discusses the increasing strain on the relationship between Britain and its American colonies in the period leading up to the American Revolution. It outlines how the colonies began levying their own taxes and passing their own laws in the 1750s. While Britain practiced "salutary neglect" previously, it did not strongly enforce laws regulating colonial trade until 1763 after incurring large debts from the French and Indian War. The war was fought between Britain and France over territory in North America, and Britain's victory gave it control over new lands but also significant war debts. This led to changes in British policy under King George III and Prime Minister George Grenville, including increased taxation of the colonies to pay off war debts, angering the colon
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1. The British imposed strict trade regulations and taxes on the American colonies to pay off debts from the French and Indian War. This led to unrest in the colonies.
2. In response to the Boston Tea Party, the British Parliament passed the Intolerable Acts in 1774 which closed Boston harbor, altered the Massachusetts government, supported the Catholic church, and denied colonists the right to fair trials.
3. The Intolerable Acts outraged the colonies and led to the convening of the First Continental Congress to discuss a unified response to growing tensions with Britain.
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The document summarizes the increasing tensions between Britain and its American colonies from 1763 to 1773. It describes how Britain imposed new taxes and laws on the colonies to raise revenue and tighten control after costly wars. The colonies protested taxation without representation through boycotts and acts of resistance like the Boston Tea Party. This led to the growing conflict between British authority and colonial demands for more self-governance and rights.
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The document discusses the interactions between European explorers and native populations in New France (Canada) from the 16th to 18th centuries. It describes the fur trade relationship that developed between the groups out of mutual economic dependency. It also discusses the negative impacts contact had on native cultures, including epidemic diseases, alcohol abuse, loss of traditional skills, and overhunting of resources. Overall, the document suggests that while the fur trade provided some benefits to natives, the influence of Europeans ultimately led to significant hardships and loss for indigenous populations in the region.
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French explorers
Hernando de Soto led an early expedition through Arkansas in the 1540s, becoming one of the first Europeans to explore the region, but his journey was considered a failure as it established no permanent settlements. Over 130 years later, French explorers Jacques Marquette and Louis Joliet traveled down the Mississippi River, reaching Arkansas in 1673. Inspired by their journey, Robert de La Salle later sought to secure the Mississippi Valley for France and claim ownership over Arkansas and Louisiana by gaining an alliance with the local Quapaw people in exchange for protection against enemies.
French Explorers
Hernando de Soto led an expedition through Florida, several states, and present-day Arkansas from 1539 to 1542. Though his journey covered a vast area over three years, he left no permanent settlements and his legacy was one of destruction, disease, and failure to find gold or a route to Asia. In 1673, French explorers Jacques Marquette and Louis Joliet embarked on a voyage down the Mississippi River hoping to find gold or trade routes. Their journey inspired Robert de La Salle, who sought to secure the Mississippi Valley for France in the 1680s by claiming the land for King Louis XIV and gaining the allegiance of tribes like the Quapaw.
Exploration 1
The document provides an overview of European exploration of the Americas between the 1400s and 1700s. It discusses key explorers like Columbus, Cortez, and Ponce De Leon who opened up areas for colonization. It also examines the economic policy of mercantilism that drove colonization efforts to control trade and resources. The document outlines the establishment of Spanish and French colonies in the Americas and the rise of the Atlantic slave trade to supply labor to these colonies.
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The document summarizes early French exploration and colonization in North America before 1750. It discusses early explorers like Giovanni Verrazzano and Jacques Cartier who explored the Atlantic coast and claimed land for France in the 1500s. The first permanent French colony of Quebec was established in 1608 by Samuel de Champlain on the St. Lawrence River. French fur traders then expanded exploration of the Great Lakes and Mississippi River regions in the 1600s-1700s, with missionaries like Marquette and Joliet exploring the Mississippi River in 1673. Robert de LaSalle further explored the lower Mississippi in 1682, claiming the entire river basin for France as Louisiana.
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The document discusses French colonization in North America. The French initially came in small numbers to trade furs with native tribes in Canada and the Northeast. This fur trade led the French to form military and diplomatic alliances with various native groups, allowing French influence to extend over many regions. It also notes that Robert de La Salle named the territory surrounding the Gulf of Mexico "Louisiana" in honor of King Louis XIV in 1682, though La Salle later died while trying to establish a colony there. The French went on to connect Canada and Louisiana using river networks and trading posts, aided by their native allies.
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The document summarizes the early exploration of Canada by various European powers from the 11th century to the early 17th century. It describes how the Vikings, led by Leif Erikson, were the first Europeans to arrive in Canada around 1000 AD and establish a settlement in Newfoundland. It then discusses later explorers like John Cabot for England in 1497, Jacques Cartier for France in the 1530s, and Martin Frobisher for England in the 1570s-1580s, who expanded European knowledge of the region. The document highlights Samuel de Champlain's founding of Quebec City for France in 1608 and his exploration of the Great Lakes as pivotal events in the early colonization of Canada.
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Album of american colonies
The document provides a summary of the colonization of various regions in the Americas by different European powers. It discusses how Africans were brought as slaves to the Jamestown colony in Virginia. It describes the Spanish conquest of Mexico led by Hernan Cortes and the conversion of native populations to Catholicism. It also summarizes the Portuguese colonization of Brazil for sugar production using native labor, and the French settlement of Canada comprising five colonies. Brief overviews are given of Dutch and English colonies as well. Native interactions with colonists in New France and conflicts between natives and European settlers are also summarized.
After the Fall of Quebec
The document summarizes events in North America after the French surrender of Canada in 1763, including:
1) The people of New France accepted British rule under military occupation, though many French traders left for other colonies. British and American traders expanded the fur trade further west.
2) Native peoples resisted the threat to their way of life from British and Anglo-American traders. Pontiac tried but failed to unite the tribes against the British.
3) The 1763 Royal Proclamation angered colonists by prohibiting their settlement west of the Appalachians, reserving that land for Native peoples. This was one cause of the American Revolution.
Eight Revolutionary Dominoes
The Boston Tea Party was a symbolic protest by the Sons of Liberty in 1773 against the British Tea Act. Colonists boarded three ships in Boston Harbor at night and dumped all 342 chests of taxed tea from the British East India Company into the harbor over a period of three hours. This large act of destruction of private property in response to "taxation without representation" increased tensions between the colonies and Britain and was an important event leading toward the American Revolution.
15.3 the struggle for north america
The document summarizes the establishment and growth of the French and English colonies in North America between the 1500s-1700s. It explains that New France grew slowly due to a harsh climate and restrictions on Protestant settlers, while the English colonies expanded rapidly through growing cash crops and establishing self-governance. It also describes how competition for power and territory between France and England led to the French and Indian War, culminating in British control of North America per the Treaty of Paris in 1763.
American history
The document provides background on the birth of the 13 American colonies from 1606-1733. It discusses the founding of the first colonies in Virginia and New England, as well as the later colonies in the middle Atlantic and southern regions. Life in the colonies is also summarized, including agriculture, religion, education, and trade. The colonies grew increasingly prosperous but tensions rose with the British government over taxation and representation, ultimately leading to the American Revolutionary War.
Summer school history - american history
This document provides an overview of three units covered in a summer school history class: Colonial America, the American Revolution, and the Constitution and early Federal Government. Key points include the origins and societies of Native Americans, European colonization of North America by Spain, France, and England, conflicts between the British and colonists leading to the Declaration of Independence in 1776, and the drafting of the Constitution in 1787 which established a strong federal government and Bill of Rights.
History assignment4 american colonies, france and england
The document summarizes the French and English colonial empires in North America, specifically Canada/New France and the Carolinas/Virginia. It describes how the French established fur trading posts along the St. Lawrence River in Canada for the lucrative fur trade. The English colonies of Carolina and Virginia grew due to the profitable cultivation of cash crops like tobacco. Both empires relied on alliances with local Native American tribes but also displaced them from their lands.
British North America 1763-1787
After Britain defeated France in the Seven Years' War, the Treaty of Paris in 1763 transferred control of New France to Britain. This led to tensions between the British, French Canadians, Native Americans, and the 13 American colonies. Pontiac's Rebellion and the Proclamation of 1763 drew a boundary line between Native and colonial lands, further straining relations. These tensions contributed to the American Revolution, during which Britain attempted to keep Quebec loyal through the Quebec Act of 1774. The war resulted in American independence but also established British North America as a separate entity, with many Loyalists migrating there after the war.
1763: Revolutionary Gateway Year for Canada and the U.S.
In 1763, the Treaty of Paris ended the French and Indian War and Pontiac's Rebellion broke out in response to the new British control over North America. In October 1763, the British government issued the Royal Proclamation of 1763, which established the Appalachian Mountains as the boundary between Native American lands and the British colonies, in an attempt to prevent further conflict. This pivotal year transformed political boundaries and power dynamics across Canada and the United States.
Theme 4. English Colonies of North America
The document summarizes the history of several English colonies in North America:
- Virginia was established in 1606 but the early colonists faced death, disease and conflict with Native Americans. Tobacco eventually became a profitable crop.
- Population and tobacco cultivation grew, causing conflicts with Native Americans over land.
- Maryland was established in 1632, developing royal and proprietary systems of government. Virginia and Maryland's growth improved England's trade balance.
- Carolina prevailed through the gun and slave trade, but Native American groups like the Yamasee rebelled due to enslavement and raiding by English traders.
- Georgia was founded in 1733 to reform English poor, but later adopted slavery like other colonies.
The Long 19th Century
The document provides an overview of several historical events and periods in the Americas between the 18th and 19th centuries. It discusses the independence of Latin American countries from European powers, westward expansion and wars in North America, the immigration boom to the US, the establishment of governments in Canada and new Latin American states, as well as several conflicts including the US Civil War, Mexican-American War, and French intervention in Mexico. Key events and dates are outlined for each topic.
Southern colonies
The Mason-Dixon Line separated the Mid-Atlantic and Southern colonies. Maryland was founded in 1632 as a refuge for Catholics and allowed freedom of religion. Virginia began with the Jamestown settlement in 1607 and grew tobacco as its main crop. Bacon's Rebellion in 1676 was led by Nathaniel Bacon against Native Americans and the capital of Jamestown was burned. The Carolinas were founded later and grew rice and indigo as major crops, using enslaved Native Americans and Africans who eventually outnumbered white settlers. Georgia was founded in 1732 by James Oglethorpe as a place for debtors, starting with smaller farms and no slavery.
apush period 3American revolution
This document provides background information on the events leading up to the American Revolution. It discusses the French and Indian War and its aftermath, including the Proclamation of 1763 which prohibited colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains. It then covers the various Acts passed by the British Parliament that angered the colonists, such as the Stamp Act, Townshend Acts, and Intolerable Acts, which imposed taxes and other restrictions on the colonies and limited their autonomy. The document also describes key events that increased tensions, like the Boston Massacre and the Boston Tea Party, demonstrating the growing conflict between the colonies and Britain that ultimately led to the American Revolution.
American history
The document provides an overview of the early colonization of North America by European powers between the 16th and 18th centuries. It describes:
- France's establishment of New France in Quebec and claims along the Mississippi River under Samuel de Champlain and Sieur de La Salle.
- England's founding of Jamestown in 1607 after receiving a charter from King James I, and the early hardships and eventual success of the colony through the cultivation of tobacco.
- The Puritans' founding of Plymouth colony in 1620 and Massachusetts Bay colony in 1630 in search of religious freedom, which inspired the "Great Migration" of over 20,000 English settlers to New England.
The French In North America
The document summarizes French colonial empires in North America, including New France (Canada) and Louisiana. It discusses how the French established small fur trading posts along the St. Lawrence River in Canada to trade with indigenous peoples for fur and fish. Over time, the French claimed the St. Lawrence Valley as the colony of Canada due to its location, resources, and ability to access the interior via the river. The French allied with and armed local Algonquin and Montagnais tribes, but kept colonial populations small to maintain positive relations with indigenous groups and avoid conflicts. Louisiana was founded in the late 17th century as a rival to British colonies, but like New France relied heavily on indigenous alliances due to its sparse population.
Us history 6th March, 2012
The document provides an overview of key events and developments in US history from the War of 1812 through the Monroe administration. Some of the main topics covered include the causes and results of the War of 1812; Andrew Jackson's military career and Indian removal policies; the development of political parties and the "Virginia dynasty"; and the establishment of the Monroe Doctrine. The survey touches on westward expansion, slavery, and the growth of industry during this period.
Frenchslideshow
Unlike the English and Spanish, the French did not attempt to permanently settle in North America until the 17th century, putting them at a disadvantage. Due to low interest, the only French presence from 1500-1600 were temporary fishing and trading posts. With no government support, French traders had to ally closely with local tribes like the Montagnais, Algonquin, and Huron, and go to war with the Iroquois. The rising fur trade assisted Jesuit missionaries, who were more willing than other orders to learn native languages and cultures. In the late 1600s and 1700s, the French began establishing permanent colonies in Canada and Louisiana to contain English expansion, but many colonists and African slaves died from
APUSH CH 4
The document summarizes colonial society in the period leading up to the American Revolution from 1720-1763. It discusses the series of wars between Britain, France, and Spain for control of North America, culminating in the French and Indian War from 1754-1763. As a result of their victory, the British gained control of French territory east of the Mississippi River but also incurred large war debts. This led the British to pass new taxes and laws to raise revenue from the American colonies, increasing tensions and eventually causing the colonists to begin resisting and challenging British authority, laying the groundwork for the American Revolution.
His 121 chapter 8 the federalist era 1789 1800
This document provides an overview of several key events and developments during the early administrations of George Washington and John Adams. It discusses efforts to raise revenue, establish the national bank, debates over tariffs and the emergence of political parties. It also summarizes the Whiskey Rebellion, Jay's Treaty, Pinckney's Treaty, tensions with France, and the election of 1796 that brought John Adams to the presidency.
American Colonies Theme 7
- The "Glorious Revolution" saw William of Orange invade England in 1688 and depose King James II, establishing himself and his wife Mary as joint sovereigns. This revolution was led by a foreign army and established Parliament's power over the monarch.
- In the American colonies, the Dominion of New England which consolidated colonial governments was dissolved. Colonies revived their old charters and elected regimes. Protestants promised to support King William and Queen Mary.
- By the early 1700s, increased shipping improved transatlantic communication. Colonists were more informed about European events but still felt isolated. Newspapers also proliferated in major colonial ports.
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History assignment4 american colonies, france and england
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The document summarizes the spread of European imperialism in Africa and Asia between the late 1800s and early 1900s. It discusses the economic, political, and social factors that drove countries like Britain, France, and Germany to colonize parts of Africa and Asia. It also describes the resistance of some African and Asian nations to European colonization and the different forms imperial rule took, such as direct colonies, protectorates, and spheres of influence. Finally, it provides context on the decline of Muslim empires like the Ottomans and challenges faced by nations like Egypt, Iran, India, and China from European imperial expansion.
Nationalism triumphs in europe
This document summarizes the rise of nationalism and unification movements in Germany and Italy in the 19th century. It discusses how Bismarck used war and diplomacy to unify the German states and create a German Empire by 1871. It also outlines the obstacles to Italian unity and how figures like Cavour and Garibaldi helped overcome these obstacles and create a unified Italian state by 1870. The document also briefly discusses the challenges these new nations faced, as well as nationalism within other European empires like Austria-Hungary and Russia.
Economic systems
Capitalism is an economic system where private individuals and businesses own production and operate for profit with little government involvement. Socialism is a system where the people collectively own property and businesses through government control and ownership, and pay higher taxes for more public benefits. A mixed economy combines elements of capitalism and socialism with both private and state-run enterprises like the US postal service. Communism is a form of socialism with complete government control and no class system, though it has never truly existed.
Industrialization
The Industrial Revolution began in England in the late 18th century and transformed the country from a rural, agricultural society to an urban, industrialized one. New technologies like the steam engine and water frame allowed for mechanized production in factories, while canals and railroads improved transportation of goods. This led to rapid urbanization and the rise of industrial cities, though early industrialization also brought poor working conditions, health issues, and inequality to growing urban populations. The textile industry was an early driver of the Industrial Revolution through the development of mechanized cotton spinning and weaving.
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This document summarizes the birth of the American republic, including the ratification of the US Constitution by the original 13 colonies between 1787-1790. It describes growing discontent in the colonies over new taxes passed by Parliament without colonial representation, leading to events like the Boston Massacre and Boston Tea Party. It outlines the writing of the Declaration of Independence and American Revolution. Finally, it discusses the creation of the US Constitution which established the federal republic and separation of powers, with George Washington as the first president and the addition of the Bill of Rights.
Enlightenment
The document discusses the spread and influence of Enlightenment ideas during the 18th century, including how they promoted scientific progress and new views of government based on natural rights and social contracts. It examines how Enlightenment thinkers like philosophes influenced rulers in Europe and how censorship and salons helped spread new ideas. Specific rulers like Frederick the Great and Catherine the Great are discussed as being influenced by Enlightenment thinking. The arts during this period including works by artists like Rembrandt, Velasquez, Bernini and Rubens are also summarized. The document then shifts to discussing developments in Britain like the growth of constitutional government and political parties as well as King George III's efforts to restore royal power. It concludes by out
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The document discusses the Atlantic slave trade which began in the 1500s to supply labor for Spain's colonies. Traders relied on African rulers to capture people and sell them on the coast in exchange for goods brought by merchant ships. This developed into a triangular trade route where slaves were transported to the West Indies then traded for goods that were brought back to Europe or American colonies. It is estimated that over 11 million enslaved Africans reached the Americas between the 1500s and 1800s, with around 2 million dying during the Middle Passage voyage.
Spanish and portuguese colonies in the americas
The document summarizes the establishment and development of Spanish and Portuguese colonies in the Americas. It discusses how Spain ruled its vast empire through the Council of the Indies and viceroys. Economically, the colonies relied on silver, gold, and plantation agriculture worked by native Americans and enslaved Africans. Over time African slaves began to outnumber other groups. The social structure placed peninsulares and creoles at the top and various racial groups at the bottom. Cities developed as centers of government, commerce, and culture. While European influence grew, native and African cultural elements were also incorporated into the new colonial societies.
Conquest in the americas
The document summarizes early encounters between Europeans and indigenous peoples in the Americas. It describes Christopher Columbus landing in the West Indies in 1492 and encountering the friendly Taino people. It then discusses the conquests of Hernan Cortes of the Aztecs in Mexico in 1521 and Francisco Pizarro's destruction of the Incas in Peru in 1532. The Spanish were able to defeat the Aztec and Inca empires through superior technology, exploiting divisions among indigenous groups, and diseases that weakened native populations.
Encounters in east asia
European traders in China during this period were strictly limited to conducting trade only in Canton and were required to leave once the trading season ended. While Chinese rulers welcomed Western scholars and their knowledge, they refused to adopt Western rules for trade. The Manchus established Qing rule over China in the 1600s, adopting Chinese Confucian government while also prohibiting intermarriage with the Chinese and footbinding for Manchu women. Korea responded to foreign influence by isolating itself, except for limited contact with China and Japan, due to its view of merchants as low status. Japan initially welcomed European missionaries but grew hostile toward foreigners over time, severely persecuting Christians and isolating itself for 200 years under the Tokugawa shog
3. european footholds in southeast asia and india
Portugal established a trading empire in Asia in the 16th century through military and merchant outposts, controlling the spice trade route between Europe and Asia. While they lacked the strength to conquer much land, their missionaries destroyed Hindu temples and introduced the Inquisition. In the 17th century, the Dutch East India Company formed and seized control of the spice trade using force and allying with local rulers. They captured Malacca and opened trade with China. Spain also claimed the Philippines in the 16th century and used it as a key link to ship goods between Mexico, Peru, and China. India led in textile manufacturing and exported silk and cotton, while Britain and France struggled for power over Indian trading posts in the 18th
Diverse traditions of southeast asia
Southeast Asia has a diverse geography and was populated by many ethnic groups speaking different languages who settled the region. Indian culture had a significant impact, with Indians marrying into influential families and spreading religions like Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam. Powerful kingdoms emerged like the Khmer Empire in Cambodia, which built the temple complex of Angkor Wat, and Srivijaya in Indonesia, which blended Indian beliefs with local nature spirits. Vietnam developed a distinct culture in its Red River Delta, learning from China's conquest but maintaining its own identity.
European Exploration The Search for Spices
The document discusses early European exploration beginning in the 15th century driven by desires for spices, wealth, and spreading Christianity. It summarizes key voyages including Prince Henry the Navigator exploring Africa's coast, Vasco da Gama reaching India, Columbus sailing west and making landfall in the Americas, Balboa crossing the Isthmus of Panama, and Magellan's circumnavigation proving the world was round while searching for a western route to Asia. The Pope divided newly explored lands between Spain and Portugal, fueling further exploration of North and South America and Asia in search of riches.
Scientific revolution
The document discusses key figures and developments of the Scientific Revolution such as Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo and Brahe who advanced the heliocentric model of the solar system. It also outlines the scientific method as a process involving stating a problem, forming a hypothesis, experimenting, analyzing data, stating a conclusion and repeating steps. Finally, it mentions some scientific advances made in chemistry by identifying elements/compounds and in medicine through studying anatomy and using microscopes.
The renaissance moves north notes
The Renaissance spread north from Italy to countries like France, Belgium, Netherlands, Spain, Germany, and England in the 15th-16th centuries. Notable Northern Renaissance artists included Albrecht Durer, Jan and Hubert van Eyck, and Peter Bruegal. Humanists like Erasmus used classical languages and pressed for social reform. The printing press, pioneered by Johann Gutenberg, made books cheaper and more accessible, contributing to higher literacy rates across social classes.
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The protestant reformation
The Protestant Reformation began as a protest by Martin Luther against abuses in the Catholic Church like selling indulgences and the Pope's political power. Luther argued salvation came through faith alone according to the Bible, not Church authority or priests, and translated the Bible to German. His ideas spread rapidly as a response to Church corruption, forming the Protestants. John Calvin similarly preached salvation by predestination alone and set up theocracies where the church governed.
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3) The consequences of the Black Death were severe - it killed around half of Europe's population and drastically changed societal and economic systems throughout the continent in the aftermath.
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
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Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
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1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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- 1. Struggles for North America
- 2. New France
- 3. French Explorers and Fur Traders claimed land from Quebec to the Great Lakes and down the Mississippi to Louisiana Population grew slowly
- 4. The 13 English Colonies
- 5. Early Settlers Jamestown, Virginia: built in 1607 1620 Pilgrims landed at Plymouth, MA Signed an agreement among the people
- 6. New England Settlers were farmers who transferred to America the village life they had enjoyed in England Southern Colonies emerged a plantation economy based on tobacco, rice, and other crops
- 7. Government Appointed royal governors Parliament passed laws to regulate colonial trade Each colony had its own representative assembly elected by propertied men
- 8. British – French Rivalry French and Indian War (1754 to 1763) British won Peace Treaty of Paris 1763 ensured British dominance France ceded Canada and its lands east of Mississippi River to Britain. French lost India
- 10. Trails blazed by Indians became highways for settlers moving west