The Industrial Revolution led to many inventions that changed manufacturing. Arkwright's water frame and Crompton's spinning mule automated thread production. Cartwright's power loom used steam power. These inventions required new factories and labor systems. The steam engine was also improved through the work of Savery, Newcomen, and Watt, allowing for coal mining and powering other machines. Henry Cort's puddling furnace produced stronger iron. These changes grew the population and led to urbanization. They also created new social classes as factory working conditions were difficult, especially for women and children.

1. Today we are learning how the world was effected by the
inventions of the Industrial Revolution.

2.  Arkwright’s water frame
 Spin yarn/thread faster/stronger than spinning
jenny
 Too big for home operation
 Need for special buildings near water
 Need for worker in area
 Crompton’s spinning mule
 Spinning jenny + water frame
 Cartwright’s power loom
 Used steam to produce product faster than man
power
 The Luddites
 Disgruntled workers feared job loss or lower wages
 Australia bound
 What does this lead to?
 New labor system
 Shift work & Rural worker issues

3.  Mid 18th century- Eng – no forest
 Man/horse power – too slow
 Coal = answer
 Problem- Mines filled w/ water

4.  Thomas Savery’s steam-
powered pump
 Very dangerous, often
exploded
 – no movable parts

5.  Thomas Newcomen’s true steam-powered engine
 Boiler, piston, & cylinder

6.  James Watt’s
engine
 Fixed both
Thomas’
problems
 Steam cool away
from cylinder
 More efficient
and produced
more raw power

7.  Before 18th century no change from Middle Ages in
Iron production.
 Henry Cort’s puddling furnace
 Allowed pig(raw) iron to be refined w/coke(coal-H2O)
 Produced stronger iron
Iron Production Stats:
1740 1780s (after Cort’s invention) 1852
17,000 tons 70,000 tons 3 million tons
What does this lead to?

8.  Iron Industry
 Henry Cort, puddling (produces high quality iron)
 Stronger iron allows for new machines, esp. trains
 Railroad
 Richard Trevithick, steam-powered locomotive
 George Stephenson, Rocket, 1830
 Ripple effect
 Prices of goods fall; markets grow larger; increased
sales mean more factories and machinery; thus, self-
sustaining
 The Industrial Factory
 Workers in shifts
 Workers come from rural areas
 Regulations

9.  Population Growth and Urbanization
 European population 1750 -140 million
1850 - 266 million
 Decline of death rate
 Less war
 Less disease
 More food
 Growth of cities
 Poor living conditions
 Sanitation poor

10.  Potato crop infested
w/fungus
 1/3 of population depends
on potato to survive
 1 million people died
 1 million moved to US

11.  New Social Classes: The Industrial Middle Class
 New bourgeoisie/New elite
 Constructed the factories, purchased the machines,
figured out where the markets were
 Reduce the barriers between themselves and the landed
elite
 New Social Classes: The Industrial Working Class
 Poor working conditions
 12-16 hours per day, 6 days a week
 Women and children
 Paid ½ of what men get
 Factory Act of 1833 – minimum age to work - 9
 Efforts at Change
 Socialism – society (govt) owns factors of production
 Utopian socialists – all fail

12. Today we are learning about working conditions during the
Industrial Revolution

13.  Not until the 1820s
 Why work in a factory?
 Cottages works – step backwards
 No more setting own schedule
 Machinery
 Very dangerous

14.  Entire families hired
 All worked in home, so all worked in factories
 Men
 Hardest labor
 Women
 Operated machines
 Children
 Swept
 Picked up scraps
 Worked on machines