The Industrial Revolution saw a shift from an economy based on farming and handicrafts to one based on manufacturing in factories. Before industrialization, much work was done in people's homes as part of the cottage industry. The Industrial Revolution began in Britain in the 1750s and spread to other parts of the world at different speeds through industrialization and mechanization. While industrialization increased production and living standards for some, it also led to poor working conditions, urbanization, and negative environmental and health impacts that sparked reforms and ideological debates over economic and political systems.

1. The Industrial Revolution
Chapter 19
1750-1914

2. Introduction
 The Industrial
Revolution saw a
shift from an
economy based on
farming and
handicrafts to an
economy based on
manufacturing by
machines and
industrial factories.

3. The Cottage Industry
 Before
industrialization,
much of the work
such as spinning
and weaving cotton
into cloth was done
by individuals in
their own home.
 This is known as the
cottage industry.

4. Industrial Revolution
 The Industrial Revolution first began in Great
Britain in the 1750s.
 The Industrial Revolution spread to other
parts of the world at different speeds.
 Belgium, France and Germany were quick to
industrialize.
 The Industrial Revolution also hit the United
States and greatly effected the growing
nation.

5. Industrial Revolution
 Industrialization is the move to machine
production of goods.
 Britain became the world’s greatest industrial
nation.
 Improved farming methods increased the
food supply, which drove food prices down
and gave families more money for
manufactured goods.
 The increased food supply also supported a
growing population.

6. Mechanization
 During the first half of the 19th century,
the European manufacturing process
shifted from small-scale production by
hand at home to large-scale
production by machine in a factory
setting.
 Factories — buildings that contain
machinery for manufacturing
 New inventions made it more efficient
to bring workers to the factories.
 Use of machines to do work is called
mechanization.
 The cottage industry was no longer
efficient.

7. Great Britain in the Industrial Revolution
 Britain had abundant
natural resources and a
supply of markets, in
part because of its
colonial empire
(American Colonies).
 Great Britain had surged
ahead in the production
of cotton goods.
 Britain has all needed
factors of production
—land, labor, capital

8. Textile Industry
 By 1840 cotton
cloth was
Britain’s most
valuable
product.
 Its cotton goods
were sold all
over the world.

9. Textile Industry
 Weavers work faster with
flying shuttles and spinning
jennies
 Water frame uses water
power to drive spinning
wheels
 Power loom, spinning mule
speed up production,
improve quality
 The cotton gin boosts
American cotton production
to meet British demand

10. Steam Power
 Need for cheap,
convenient power spurs
development of steam
engine
 James Watt improves
steam engine
 Robert Fulton builds
first steamboat, the
Clermont, in 1807

11. The Railway Age
 The steam engine drove Great Britain’s Industrial
Revolution.
 Steam engines were powered by coal.
 This led to the coal industry expanding. The coal
supply seemed unlimited.
 Coal also transformed the iron industry.
 Iron had been made in England since the Middle
Ages but due to new inventions and technology, the
iron industry boomed.
 In 1740 Britain produced 17,000 tons of iron. By
1852, Britain was producing almost 3 million tons of
iron annually.

12. The Role of the Railroads
 Railroads were an
efficient way to
move resources
and goods,
railroads were
crucial to the
Industrial
Revolution.

13. The Role of the Railroads
 The railroads, built during the 1830s and 1840s:
 Building railroads was a new job for farm laborers and
peasants.
 Enabled people to leave the place of their birth and
migrate easily to the cities.
 Allowed cheaper and more rapid transport of raw
materials and finished products.
 Created an increased demand for iron and steel and a
skilled labor force.
 The less expensive transportation lowered the price of
goods and made for larger markets.

14.  Engineering Empire – The Rocket

15. Effects of the Industrial Revolution
Industrialization changes the
way people live and work,
introducing a variety of benefits
as well as problems.

16. Positive Effects of Industrialization
 Immediate benefits:
 Creates jobs,
enriches nation,
encourages
technological
progress
 Education expands,
clothing cheaper,
diet and housing
improve

17. More Jobs, More Opportunities
 More jobs created during the
Industrial Revolution meant more
people could improve their lives.
 The middle class—made up of skilled
workers, professionals, business
people, and wealthy farmers—did
well.
 They enjoyed comfortable lives in
pleasant homes.
 This class began to grow in size, and
some people grew wealthier than the
nobles who had dominated society
for many centuries.

18. Population Growth
 As a result of better Millions
jobs, more food,
40
many countries see
30
a large boom in
population 20 1831
 Growing population 10 1851
provides more work 0
force and a larger
ce
d
ny
market for factory an
an
ma
gl
Fr
En
r
Ge
goods

19. Population Growth
 The population of the
United States
continued to grow as
well.

20. Conditions in the Countryside
 During the Industrial Revolution,
many lands were converted from
farming to sheep raising, leaving
farm workers without jobs
 The only successful farmers were
those with large landholdings who
could afford agricultural
innovations.
 Most peasants:
 Didn’t have enough land to support
themselves
 Were devastated by poor harvests
 (e.g., the Irish Potato Famine of 1845-47)

21. Urban Growth
 Those who could no
longer make a living on
the land migrated from
the countryside to the
cities to seek work in the
factories.
 This led to urbanization
— city-building and
movement of people to 1850: Population Living in Cities
cities 100
England
 The number of cities with 75
50 50 France &
more than 100,000 25 25 Germany
Eastern
people doubled between 0 Europe
% Population
1800 and 1850.

22. The Plight of the Cities
 The sheer number of human beings put pressure on city
resources:
 Housing, water, sewers, food supplies, and lighting were
completely inadequate.
 Rapidly growing cities lack sanitary codes, building codes
 Slums grew and disease, especially cholera, sweep
through and ravaged the population.
 The average life span of a person living in a city was 17
years—compared to 38 years in the countryside.
 Factory pollution fouls air, poisons river
 Cities also without adequate housing, education, police
protection
 Crime increased and became a way of life for those who
could make a living in no other way.

24. At the Expense of Workers
 The shift from cottage
industry to factories meant
high quality products at
competitive prices, but
often at the expense of
workers. For example:
 Average working day was 14
hours for 6 days a week, year
round
 Dirty, poorly lit factories injure
or kill the workers
 Many coal miners killed by
coal dust, mine collapses

25. The Condition of Labor
 All working people, however,
faced possible unemployment,
with little or no provision for
security.
 In addition, they were subject
to various kinds of discipline:
 The closing of factory gates to
late workers
 Fines for tardiness
 Dismissal for drunkenness
 Public censure for poor quality
workmanship
 Beatings for non-submissiveness

26. Child Labor in the Industrial Revolution
 Children had been an
important part of the
family economy in
preindustrial times.
 They worked in the fields
or at home in cottage
industries.
 In the Industrial
Revolution, however, child
labor was exploited.
 Children as young as 6
work in factories; many
are injured or killed.

29. Children and Women in the Workplace
 Both women and children enjoyed being employed
and paid, some for the first time ever.
 However, both children and women were paid a
substantially lower income than their adult, male
counterparts.
 Oftentimes, they performed the same, if not
harder/more dangerous jobs.
 Women and children were ideal for working the
machines in factories. They are smaller and have a
delicate touch.
 They could easily squeeze around or under
machines… sometimes with deadly consequences.

30. Why do you think factory owners
allowed the exploitation of
children or women?
How do you feel about that?
Is this the same thing still
occurring in places like China or
other countries?

31. Work or Riot?
 Many people did not like
their working conditions.
 Workers tried to organize
secretly, but they lacked
a political voice and were
powerless to affect
change.
 Frustration sometimes
turned to violence and
workers would riot and
smash machines or
products.

32. Labor Unions
 In time, the workers gained a voice.
 Labor Unions or organizations of
workers were created to speak out
against poor conditions.
 Eventually labor laws were created
to protect the workers.
 Inspections were mandatory at
factories.
 Children were removed from
factories and age limits and hours
were established.
 This led to better wages and higher
standards of living.

33. Can you think of modern day
labor laws that are in place to
protect workers from
exploitation like during the
Industrial Revolution?

35. Economic and Political Reform
The Industrial Revolution
would also lead to economic,
social, and political reforms.

36. Laissez-Faire
 Some economists
thought that the
government should
leave business owners
alone. Their view was
called laissez-faire,
from a French phrase
meaning “let people do
as they please.”
 Basically, the
government stays out
of economic affairs.

37. Can you explain positive and
negative consequences to
laissez-faire?

38. Capitalism
 American Economist Adam Smith argued
that putting no limits on business or on
trade would help a nation’s economy grow
the most.
 He and other writers supported a system
called capitalism.
 In a capitalist economy, people invest their
money in businesses to make a profit.
 Government has limited control in
businesses such as setting regulations,
preventing monopolies and even bailing
out failing companies.
 For the most part, the government
stays out of economy.

39. The only difference between
laissez-fair and capitalism is
government involvement.
Do you think it is necessary to
government to be involved in
the economy, even if just a
little bit.

40. Socialism
 Some thinkers went further and
urged that businesses should be
owned by society as a whole, not by
individuals.
 In this case, few people could not
grow wealthy at the expense of
many. Instead, all would enjoy the
benefits of increased production.
 People felt that all production should
be directed for every on now
individuals in society.
 This view—called socialism—grew
out of a belief in progress and a
concern for justice and fairness.

41. Communism
 A German thinker named Karl Marx wrote
about a radical form of socialism called
Marxism.
 He said that the rich and poor were bound
to oppose one another in the struggle for
power. Over time, he said, the capitalist
system would destroy itself.
 The great mass of the proletariat (workers)
would rebel against the wealthy few.
 Marx wrote The Communist Manifesto in
which he described communism, a form of
complete socialism in which all production
is owned by the people.
 In the early 1900s, these ideas would
inspire revolution and a new
government/economic style.

42. Communism
 Communism is a social and political structure in
which classes are abolished and all property is
commonly controlled (typically by a strong, central
government). It advocates and aims to create a
common society in which everyone is has equal
share.
 The central government makes ALL major economic
decisions.
 It controls the wealth: land, mines, factories, banks,
transportation.
 It decides what products, crops are produced; sets
prices and divides shares equally.
 Many times, this also means that the government
controls all aspects of citizens’ lives.

44. Discuss the positive and
negative aspects to socialism
communism.
Could it truly work?

45. Imperialism
The Industrial Revolution changed the world.

 Not only for the countries in Europe or the
U.S., but countries globally would be feeling
the effects from a practice known as
imperialism.

46. Imperialism
 Countries that had adopted an industrial economy
enjoyed more wealth and power than those that
had not.
 The countries of Europe, the U.S. and Japan soon
began to take advantage of lands in Africa and
Asia.
 They used these lands as sources of raw materials
needed for their factories. They saw the people
only as markets for the goods they made.
 They took control of these lands, a practice called
imperialism.

47. European Power and Influence in China
 Having long time interest in
China, European powers seek
to access profitable Chinese
markets.
 In the 1800’s, treaties force a
weak China to give Europeans
privileges
- spheres of influence — territory
awarded to European nations & Japan
 The Chinese, angered over
outside control leads to the 1900
Boxer Rebellion
- Chinese militants kill Europeans,
Chinese Christians and take back
China

48. Imperialism in Asia

49. Europeans Exploit Africa
 European
colonizers also
exploited Africa’s
resources, people
 millions sold into
slavery or died from
harsh working
conditions
 Land was mined,
drilled; environment
was ignored

50. Imperialism in Africa

51. The United States and
Imperialism
 In the late 19th century,
the United States rapidly
expanded it’s territorial
possessions.
 It started with the
Mexican-American War
in 1846 where the U.S.
annexed Texas (which
was claimed by Mexico)
and then quickly
occupied New Mexico
and California.

52. The United States and Imperialism
 The war was brief, yet
bloody and the United
States came out
victorious.
 The result of the United
States victory of the
Mexican American War
was the expansion of
the United States to New American territory as
reach all the way to the a result of the treaty of
Pacific Ocean. Gaudalupe Hidalgo.

53. The United States and
Imperialism
 In1898, the U.S. was
involved in another conflict
known as the Spanish
American War.
 The U.S. claimed yet another
victory and as a result would
claim Spanish territory of
Cuba, Puerto Rico and
Pacific Spanish colonies
such as the Philippines,
Guam as well as claiming the
islands of Hawaii.

55. Effects of Imperialism
 Centralized governments with lots of
corruption
 No regard for tribal or national
boundaries
 Loss of resources
 Cultural & ethnic oppression
 Little or no infrastructure
 Little or no education

57. The Jungle Book
 The book and films by
Rudyard Kipling, “The
Jungle Book”, takes
place in British
occupied India in 1895.
 The 1994 Disney
movie follows Mowgli,
a boy raised in the
wild, and his struggle
to adapt to civilized life
under the British rule.

58. Ghost and the Darkness
 Set in Africa at the end
of the 19th century. The
film is based on real life
accounts of two man-
eating lions that
attacked and killed
hundreds of workers in
British occupied Tsavo,
Kenya during the
building of the African
Uganda-Mombasa
Railway in 1898.

60. Inventions During the I.R.
 The Steam Engine,
invented by James Watt
in 1775
 The Cotton Gin,
invented by Eli Whitney
in 1798

61. Inventions During the I.R.
 The locomotive, invented
by Robert Trevithick in
1804
 The Steamboat, invented
by Robert Fulton in 1807

62. Inventions During the I.R.
 The first Photograph,
invented by Joseph Niépce
in 1826
 The Telegraph invented by
Samuel Morse in 1836
 Also the first time electricity was
controlled and used to power something

63. Inventions During the I.R.
 The Telephone,
invented by Alexander
Graham Bell in 1876
 The Light Bulb, invented
by Thomas Edison in
1879

64. Family guy phone

65. Inventions During the I.R.
 Gasoline powered
automobile, invented
by Karl Benz in 1885
 The Airplane invented
by Orville and Wilbur
Wright in 1903