Significant culling of high-producing cows with low fertility reduces profitability of dairy farms as those cows are replaced with heifers.
Induced lactation of non pregnant cows may be a management alternative to increase profits.
Adding replacement heifers to the milking string is one of the largest costsof dairy farming.
There is potential to increase income by reducing the number of heifers raised or by selling excess heifers.
An improved method to induce non pregnant cows into lactation could return to production valuable healthy cows that would otherwise be culled and at the same time decrease the need for replacement heifers.
A common disease of cattle and may also in dog, cat, sheep, goat, mare, Buffalo. The slides contain an introduction, causes of torsion, clinical signs and symptoms, torsion causes, treatment.
A common disease of cattle and may also in dog, cat, sheep, goat, mare, Buffalo. The slides contain an introduction, causes of torsion, clinical signs and symptoms, torsion causes, treatment.
The science of synchronization of estrus and ovulation in females has made great strides.
Several protocols that allow producers to precisely schedule insemination of groups of females are available for fixed-time insemination in females.
Animal Care Clinic provides veterinary care for pet animals,veterinary vaccines,having veterinary surgeons for pet animals emergency care.Animal health is main criteria for animal doctors at animal care clinic
The science of synchronization of estrus and ovulation in females has made great strides.
Several protocols that allow producers to precisely schedule insemination of groups of females are available for fixed-time insemination in females.
Animal Care Clinic provides veterinary care for pet animals,veterinary vaccines,having veterinary surgeons for pet animals emergency care.Animal health is main criteria for animal doctors at animal care clinic
PPT: Supplementing an Immunomodulatory Feed Ingredient to Modulate thermoregu...Faisal A. Alshamiry
Supplementing an Immunomodulatory Feed Ingredient to Modulate Thermoregulation, Physiologic, & Production Responses in Lactating Dairy Cows Under Heat Stress Conditions
Effect of carbohydrate source and cottonseed meal levelon Feed intake, rumen...Faisal A. Alshamiry
conducted to investigate the effects of locally available carbohydrate sources and cotton-seed meal levels on voluntary feed intake, rumen fermentation, and milk production in lactating dairy cows.
Extension model of lactation curves to evaluate the effect of the recombinant...UABCS
An extension model of lactation curves was used to determine the effect of recombinant bovine somatotropin (bST-r) on milk yield in Holstein dairy cattle. This model use the fitted values obtained by the Wood model, and was tested on the records of 66 cows. The milk yield predicted with the extension model and the observed yield were compared and no significant differences were observed (P>0.05). Once the extension model was validated, the milk yield tests of 199 cows were used. The cows received bST-r 500mg by subcutaneous
injections. The injections were applied after 100 days in milk at 14-day intervals (seven injections). The observed milk yield was compared with the yield expected by the extension model. An increase of 5.3% was observed in milk yield in response to the bST-r. This increase is lower than that reported in the literature in response to the growth hormone in dairy cattle. It is concluded that extension model used in the present work is reliable for extending the lactation curve in Holstein cows, and the increase in milk yield in response to the application of bST-r, determined in the same animal using the extension model, was lower than that reported by other authors.
This slides contains information on precision feeding in dairy cattle and requirement of energy, protein, fat, minerals and vitamins of a dairy cattle during lactation. Precision feeding protects reproductive health and milk production while reducing the nutrient loss in manure.
Only 25-35% of the N in feed goes into milk, with the rest excreted in feces and urine.
Dairy diets often have 120-160% of the P and that the excess is excreted in the manure.
Cost of feed can be reduced.
Precision feeding helps to improve water quality
Improving the efficiency of use of feed N.
Reduce SARA condition.
Controlled-release urea in dairy cattle feed.
Straw treatment-Ammoniation.
Reducing Enteric Methane Losses from Ruminant Livestock.
Phase feeding in dairy cattle.
Feeding bypass fat in early lactation.
Use of chelated minerals in dairy animals.
Nutraceuticals in dairy animal precision feeding.
10. Use of area specific mineral mixture to precise dairy animal nutrition.
11. TMR in precision nutrition.
12. Manipulation of dietary CAD.
Five distinct feeding phases can be defined to attain optimum production, reproduction and health of dairy cows:
Early lactation—0 to 70 days (peak milk production) after calving (postpartum).
Peak DM intake—70 to 140 days (declining milk production) postpartum.
Mid and late lactation—140 to 305 days (declining milk production) postpartum.
Dry period—60 days before the next lactation.
Transition or close-up period—14 days before to parturition.
Feed top quality forage.
Make sure the diet contains adequate amounts of CP, DIP and UIP.
Increase grain intake at a constant rate after calving.
Consider adding fat (0.4-0.6 kg/cow/day) to diets.
Allow constant access to feed.
Minimize stress conditions.
Limit urea to 80-160g/day.
Buffers, such as Na bicarbonate alone or in combination with Mg oxide (rumen pH)
In Transition period
Increase grain feeding, so cows are consuming 4.5-6 kg grain/day at calving (1% of B.wt)
Increase protein in the ration to between 14 - 15 % of the ration DM
Limit fat in the ration to 0.1kg. High fat feeding will depress DM intake.
Maintain 2.5-4kg of long hay in the ration to stimulate rumination.
Feed a low-Ca ration (< 0.20%, reduce Ca intake to 14 to 18 g/d)
Also, feed a diet with a negative dietary electrolyte balance (-10 to -15meq/100 g DM) may alleviate milk fever problems
Niacin (to control ketosis) and/or anionic salts (to help prevent milk fever) should be included in the ration during this period.
Dr. Hyatt Frobose - The Effects of an Altered Suckling Method on Piglet Perfo...John Blue
The Effects of an Altered Suckling Method on Piglet Performance during Late Lactation and the Nursery Period - Dr. Hyatt Frobose, Kansas State University, from the 2014 Allen D. Leman Swine Conference, September 15-16, 2014, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2014-leman-swine-conference-material
A Simple, Practical Method for Measurement of Fat in Milk, Applied to Mid- to...CrimsonpublishersNTNF
A Simple, Practical Method for Measurement of Fat in Milk, Applied to Mid- to Late-Lactating Working Elephants in Myanmar by Ellen S Dierenfeld in Food science journal
Effects of mannanase and distillers dried grain with solubles on growth perfo...Pig Farm Solution
Effects of mannanase and distillers dried grain with solubles on growth performance nutrient digestibility, and carcass characteristics of grower-finisher pigs S. Y. Yoon, Y. X. Yang, P. L. Shinde, J. Y. Choi, J. S. Kim, Y. W. Kim, K. Yun, J. K. Jo, J.
H. Lee, S. J. Ohh, I. K. Kwon and B. J. Chae J Anim Sci
published online Sep 11, 2009
Validation of the dry matter intake formula of Spartan 3 Ration Evaluator / B...nacaa
Robb, G.W. * 1, VandeHaar, M.J. 2, Bucholtz, H.F.2, Michigan State University
1 Senior Extension Educator, Michigan State University, 12220 Fillmore St. Suite 122, West Olive, MI 494602 Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, 2265J Anthony Hall, E. Lansing, MI 48824
Dr. Dean Boyd - Improving Finish Pig Viability By Using XylanaseJohn Blue
Improving Finish Pig Viability By Using Xylanase - Dr. Dean Boyd, The Hanor Company, from the 2015 Allen D. Leman Swine Conference, September 19-22, 2015, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2015-leman-swine-conference-material
Comparative Study of Feeding Different Levels of Black Cumin (Nigella sativa)...BRNSS Publication Hub
The present work was aimed to determine the comparative effect of feeding different levels of black cumin
on growth, feed consumption, and feed efficiency of COBB-500 broiler. Three hundred and twenty, daysold straight run COBB-500 chicks from a lot of the same hatch were brooded in an electrically operated
battery brooder for a period of 7 days, where pre-experimental diet was offered. On the 8th day, chicks
having uniform body weight were randomly allocated into four dietary treatments with four replications
(20 chicks in each). The isoproteinous and isocaloric formulated standard starter (1–10 days), grower
(11–20 days), and finisher (21–42 days) diets were supplemented with different levels of black cumin of
T1 – control, T2 – 0.25% black cumin, T3 – 0.5% black cumin, and T4 – 0.75% black cumin, respectively.
The chicks were offered ad libitum treatment diets and clean drinking water. The desired data were
recorded weekly, which included live weight, weight gain, feed consumption, and feed efficiency of
broiler birds. The obtained data were subjected to statistical analysis under completely randomized design
as per the methods of MSTAT. Final live weight of the birds was found highly significant (P < 0.01) for
all treatment groups. Highest final weight gain (2244.59 g) was found in birds fed ration supplemented
with 0.5% black cumin. Daily live weight of the birds was also found highly significant (P < 0.01) for all
treatment groups. Highest daily live weight gain (60.27 g) was found in birds fed ration supplemented
with 0.5% black cumin. Supplementation of black cumin in the broiler rations did not exhibit any
significant effect (P > 0.05) on the total feed consumption. Feed conversion ratio was found significantly
different (P < 0.01) for all treatment groups. It is, therefore, concluded that inclusion of black cumin in
the broiler rations could be economical and efficient production of broilers
The genetic factors affecting meat quality characteristicsFaisal A. Alshamiry
إن فهم العوامل الوراثية المؤثرة على الذبائح والجودة وصفات الجودة للحم هو موضوع هذا العرض وفي الغالب هو وصف للصفات التي يمكن استخدامها لتحسين جودة اللحوم او القيمة الغذائية للحوم ودور العوامل الوراثية عليها.
مثال على ذلك تأثير تركيز الدهون في العضلات على الطراوة التي تتأثر بنوع الحيوان وسلالته.
وهذا يؤكد دور وقيمة المعلومات الوراثية والمصادر الوراثية للقطيع في العديد من الصفات الهامة مثل محتوي العضلات من الدهون والتي لا يمكن قياسها في المواليد وبالتالي الاعتماد على القيم التربوية إلى جانب التحقق المستمر من ذلك.
The introduction of semen into the oviduct or uterus by some means other than sexual intercourse.
The use of semen from a genetically superior male to inseminate a female resulting in a genetically superior offspring.
The manual placement of semen in the reproductive tract of the female by a method other than natural mating.
Based on the results presented herein, a significant association was evident between regulating mating time and lambs’ sexing.
The time of mating during estrus has been recognized to influence the sex ratio of offspring.
Middle mating at 15 hours could achieve more females (84.48%) while late mating at 30 hours could attain more males (85.92%).
In addition, sexing offers clear opportunity to increase efficiency of production through modifying reproductive performance.
Effect of prolactin release inhibition on milk production and mammary gland i...Faisal A. Alshamiry
PRL-release inhibition could be used as a tool to reduce milk production at drying-off and to stimulate involution.
Quinagolide caused a transient depression of feed intake as a side effect.
The BW at the end of the experiment was not affected by treatment and was similar to that at the start of the experiment for both groups
In the current experiment, Researchers did not find no effects or indicators on mastitis
اللحوم في المختبر..
فكرتها هي تصنيع منتجات اللحم من خلال تقنية تسمى (هندسة الأنسجة)
في المختبر.
وهو منتج حيواني ولكنه ليس من الحيوان.
وطرح أخر يقول: هو إنتاج لحوم حيوانات بدون حيوانات.
حيث تؤخذ الخلية البدائية الجذعية دون تأثير وألم على الحيوان غالباً من منطقة الرقبة وتوضع في بيئة لتبدأ في النمو والتكاثر بشكل مستقل عن الحيوان.
ستكون هذه العملية فعالة بما فيه الكفاية لتوفير الطلب العالمي المتزايد على اللحوم.
كل ذلك سيحدث دون أي تلاعب بالجينات ودون الحاجة إلى التدخل في التسلسل الجيني للخلايا.
agrfaisal@gmail.com
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323695052_Introduction_to_Gene_Expression_of_Viruses
This research article is comprising of the introduction to the gene expression of viruses, the classification of viruses, propagation methods, their forms, presentation of groups of viruses, genetic composition and gene expression steps. The study of gene expression and its regulation in viruses is very complex. Through this mini review, the research data of the last decades has been collected as an introduction to this science (cellular biology) and the basic organs have been identified in it but in different ways and theories which also have led to a study steps to get started, elongation and termination. Synthesizing the protein using bacterial as well as industrial extracts, or genomes of RNA identify the most important contributing proteins and participate in those steps. In order to obtain mRNA from the cell, it is very important to study the bio-protein in both Eukaryotes and eukaryotes groups. Many protein factors have been identified and detected, particularly, those that contribute to protein synthesis and development processes. With the scientific development in recent years, the sequence of a large number of viral genomes has been identified and investigated. The recognition of mRNA functions and their fundamental role constituted a major revolution in the knowledge of gene expression mechanisms in viruses. Keeping in view the general role of mRNA and its critical importance in promoting protein synthesis, several Arabic and English references have been presented and reviewed in this article. A variety of strategies which characterize viruses and gene expression in host cells have been highlighted. Moreover, ways to synthesize viral proteins have also been presented. The most complex interactions that occur in a balanced way between translation mechanisms in the host cell have been discussed. Additionally, viral mRNA and resulting viral proteins of the viral genome expression have been described. However, some of the knowledge would might be missing due to inaccessibility. There is need to keep a pace with research and exploratory developments in various aspects of cell recognition and viruses and the relationships between them.
Effect of energy source and level and sex on growth, performance and carcass ...Faisal A. Alshamiry
In the past, increasing the slaughter weights of lambs was a goal of the American Sheep Industry (Harrison and Crouse, 1978).
Recently the American Sheep Industry has had the difficulty of balancing the heavy slaughter weights of lambs with a desirable amount of fat thickness (American Lamb Industry Roadmap, 2013).
The American lamb industry would also like to improve the productivity of American lamb by improving the efficiency of gain when compared with the cost of production.
Effect of regulating mating system on sexing of Rahmani lambing Faisal A. Alshamiry
Estrus can be divided into phases; the follicular phase 3-4 days, & the luteal phase that lasts about 14-15 days which characterized by the maturation of corpus luteum and high levels of progesterone.
Estrus: The length of estrous cycle in ewes are varied from 14-19 days.
The duration of estrus time ranges between 18 & 72 h with an average of 36 h.
The ovulation is event at 21.9 - 38.9 h with a mean 29.8 h from the onset of estrus.
1- Sonographic monitoring of early follicle growth induced by melatonin implantsin camels and the subsequent fertility.
2- Supplementation of tris-based extender with plasma egg yolk of six avian species & camel skim milk for chilled preservation of dromedary camel semen.
3- Histological and morphometric studies on the dromedary camel epididymisin relation to reproductive activity.
ESTROUS CYCLE: Reproductive cycle of female, generally defined as period from one estrus to the next.
Two phases:
Follicular Phase
Luteal phase
TYPES OF ESTROUS CYCLE
Effect of Varying the Energy Density of Protein-adequate Diets on Nutrient Me...Faisal A. Alshamiry
assessing the influence of varied dietary energy densities of a protein-adequate diet on immune response of growing Muzaffarnagari lambs besides nutritional performance and clinical chemistry indices.
Meat quality and fatty acid profile of Brazilian goats subjected to different...Faisal A. Alshamiry
Goat meat constitutes one of the main sources of animal protein in the human diet in the semi-arid region of developing countries (Upton, 2004).
The dry season in northeast Brazil is long and frequently animals are subjected to feed restriction that could alter their meat characteristics.
The different goat genotypes displayed small differences in the quality of their meat and fatty acid profiles. However, the goats fed ad libitum displayed better quality meat due to the lower amounts of soluble collagen and a more favorable fatty acid profile for human health with greater concentrations of oleic acids, unsaturated fatty acids, and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA).
Proteins depending upon their physical and chemical structure and location inside the cell, they perform various functions. Proteins are grouped as follows, based on their metabolic function they perform.
الروابط التي تعمل على تثبيت أوضاع السلسلة الببتيدية
The disulphide (-s-s-) bond
Electrostatic interaction
Hydrogen bond
Van Der Waals Interaction
Use of dietary nitrate to increase productivity and reduce methane production...Faisal A. Alshamiry
quantify the effects of nitrate as a source of NPN and the interaction with defaunation on MP and productivity of lambs offered a protein-deficient chaff diet.
Effects of flavonoids from Allium mongolicum Regel on growth performance and ...Faisal A. Alshamiry
flavonoids from Allium mongolicum Regel was to determined for use as a natural feed additive
research on the flavonoids from Allium mongolicum Regel has mainly focused on its in vitro anti-oxidant, anti-bacterial and anti-viral activities; studies of growth performance and growth-related hormones in meat sheep are rare
Metabolizable protein requirements of Dorper crossbred ram lambsFaisal A. Alshamiry
Estimates of Net protein (NP) and Metabolizable protein (MP) requirements for the maintenance and growth of crossbred ram lambs assessed by the comparative slaughter technique.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Basic phrases for greeting and assisting costumers
Induced Lactation in Non pregnant Cows: Profitability and Response to Bovine Somatotropin
1. Induced Lactation inNon pregnant Cows: Profitabilityand
Response to Bovine Somatotropin
By: Faisal A. Alshamiry
Supervisor Prof. Khaled Abdon
American Dairy Science Association
A. L. Magliaro, R. S. Kensinger, S. A. Ford, M. L. O’Connor, L. D. Muller, and R. Graboski
HORMONAL REGULATION IN THE FARM ANIMAL 631 (2)
2. INTRODUCTION
Significant culling of high-producing cows with low fertility reduces profitability
of dairy farms as those cows are replaced with heifers.
Induced lactation of non pregnant cows may be a management alternative
to increase profits.
Adding replacement heifers to the milking string is one of the largest costs
of dairy farming.
There is potential to increase income by reducing the number of heifers raised
or by selling excess heifers.
An improved method to induce non pregnant cows into lactation could return to
production valuable healthy cows that would otherwise be culled and at the same
time decrease the need for replacement heifers.
3. A role for prolactin in induced lactation is evident because induced cows treated
with reserpine to increase prolactin concentrations produced more milk than
controls.
The present study is the first controlled study to compare milk production
responses to (bovine somatotropin) in cows hormonally induced into lactation.
In order for induced lactation to be adopted as a management tool on dairy farms,
it must be economically viable.
Under traditional management schemes, cows that fail to conceive are culled and
replaced with heifers.
Reproductive problems account for 47% of the cows
culled from the dairy herd between the ages of 3 & 8 y.
4. The objectives
Compare milk production responses to (bST) in cows
hormonally induced into lactation.
Compare the profitability of induced cows to first-lactation
cows in the same herd.
OBJECTIVES OBJECTIVES OBJECTIVES OBJECTIVES OBJECTIVES
OBJECTIVES OBJECTIVES OBJECTIVES OBJECTIVES OBJECTIVES
6. COWS (n = 28) were induced into lactation following
a dry period ≥50 DAY mean BW of 683 ± 68 kg
COWS (6) COWS (6) COWS (4) COWS (4) COWS (4) COWS (4)
Daily subcutaneous injections of
Estradiol-17β (0.075 mg/kg BW) + Progesterone (0.25 mg/kg BW)
for 1 - 7 day of the experiment.
Cows were housed in a climate-controlled barn in individual tie stalls
Milking began on 18 d of the experiment, and cows were milked once
per day until production reached approximately 4 kg.
Milking was twice daily until cows returned to the university herd at,
on average, 26 d of lactation.
Cows within each
group were paired
based on milk
production during
the first 20day
of induced lactation.
Within each pair,
cows were randomly
assigned to either
bST or control
treatment.
Each pair
commenced bST or
control treatment on
37 ± 20 day
of lactation.
After this 70 d bST/control treatment comparison, all induced cows received bST biweekly.
Daily milk yield and monthly milk composition were collected for the entire lactation.
From 1 to 5
previous lactations
Cows in the first 3 groups were
milked twice daily throughout
lactation
7
3
1 2
4
5
6
10
8
9
11
51mg+170mg
7. Before initiation of lactation, cows were fed a (TMR) designed to meet the (NRC) requirements of late
gestation dairy cows (NRC, 1989).
Beginning 2 d before milking commenced (treatment 16 day), cows received a mixture containing equal parts
of the dry cow (TMR) and a lactating cow (TMR).
Once milking began, cows received the lactating cow (TMR) ad libitum.
Cows continued to receive the same lactating cow (TMR) in free stall housing upon
their return to the university dairy herd.
Ration compositions presented (Table 1) are representative of those fed over the course of this research.
Because the experiment was conducted over several years, slight ration changes were inevitable.
FEEDING FEEDING FEEDING FEEDING FEEDING FEEDING FEEDING FEEDING
8. Data were analyzed using the GLM procedure of SAS For the bST/control treatment comparison : Treatment,
Group, Cow (treatment × group), and Day. (Treatment × group) = error term.
For the profitability analysis, 27 study cows were compared to peer first-lactation cows in the same herd.
The present values for each animal, j, were calculated using the following equation: PVj =Σi di
∗
(Mij + Fij + Pij − Cij − Hij − Aij + Rij − Sij)
Where, PVj = the present value of monthly net returns to animal j; di = the discount factor in month i; Mij = the base value of milk sold in month i from
animal j; Fij = the fat premium of the milk sold in month i from animal j; Pij = the protein premium of the milk sold in month i from animal j;
Cij = the feed cost for animal j in month i; Hij = the cost of bST and induced lactation treatment for animal j in month i; Aij = the cost of artificial
insemination services for animal j in month i; Rij = the value of animal j (or its replacement) at the termination of its participation in the trial in month I in
month i; Sij = the net replacement cost of animal j, if culled in month i.
Statistical analyses Statistical analyses Statistical analyses Statistical analys
11. Figure 1. Comparison of milk yields of cows induced into lactation and
treated with bST with induced cows not treated with bST (control).
Cows treated with bST are represented by the solid diamond (◆) and
controls by the open square ( ). The 70-d bST treatment period began
on d 37 20 of lactation. Significant Treatment
Time interaction, SE = 0.69, P < 0.01.
Table 3. Effect of bST on yield and composition of milk from cows
induced into lactation.
Component bST Control SE
Milk yield, kg/d
Fat, %
Protein, %
SCC, ×1000
28.4
3.78
3.28
275
24.1
3.82
3.40
408
0.69
0.13
0.06
158
0.01
N.S
N.S
N.S
P<
Table 4. Milk yield (12 month) and composition and DIM for cows
induced into lactation (n = 27) and peer first-lactation cows (n = 27).
Component
Induced
cows
Peer
first-lactation
cows
SE
Milk yield, kg
Fat, %
Fat yield, kg
Protein, %
Protein yield, kg
DIM
7405
3.85
277.5
3.48
253.2
286
8431
3.41
294.0
3.24
272.9
305
565.7
0.14
21.3
0.05
18.9
14
NS
0.05
NS
0.01
NS
NS
P<
A peer first-lactation cow was selected as a cohort for each induced cow based upon
first day of milking to balance for environmental effects.
Samples for milk composition were collected monthly for a 12-mo period.
The bST vs. control treatments were compared over a 70-d period beginning on d 37 ±
20 of lactation, with 14 cows per group. Milk production was measured daily and a
significant Treatment × Time interaction was observed. For analysis of milk
composition, 2 milk samples collected at 30-d intervals were used.
CONCLUSIONS
12. Table 5. Reproductive performance and outcomes of cows induced into
lactation and peer first-lactation cows (n = 27 in each).1
Component
Induced
cows
Peer
first-lactation
cows
SE
Culled during lactation
Low milk yield
Reproductive failure
Injury, health problem
Poor temperament
Poor udder type
Calved subsequently
Services/cow, all cows
Services/pregnancy,
pregnant cows
Interval between lactations,2 mo
6
3
3
-
-
-
21
1.6
1.6
12.5
P<
1A peer first-lactation cow was selected as a cohort for each induced cow based upon
first day of milking to balance for environmental effects.
2Interval between lactations is defined as the number of months between the first day
of milking in the present and subsequent lactations.
Table 6. Net present value, in dollars, of a 12-month stream of net incomes for
cows induced into lactation and peer first-lactation cows (n=27 in each).1
Net present value
Induced
cows
Peer
first-lactation
cows
SE
Actual
Milk prices 20% higher
Milk prices 20% lower
Replacement cost 20% higher
Replacement cost 20% lower
1966
2422
1509
2058
1873
1446
1933
956
1419
1473
145
177
113
152
138
0.05
0.07
0.01
0.01
0.06
P<
1 Data used in net present value analysis included milk price ($0.297/kg), fat premium or
discount per 0.1% over or under 3.5% ($0.0033/kg), protein premium or discount per
0.1% over or under 3.2% ($0.0055/kg), milk hauling charge ($0.013/kg), induction
treatment ($10.58/cow, materials only), bST treatment ($6.07/injection), daily feed
($3.93/animal), and values of calf ($100), cull animal ($500), and milking animal ($1200).
A discount factor of 6% was used. These values were chosen based upon current market
rates in Pennsylvania at the time of the study or were calculated based on cost of
materials and labor.
7
1
1
3
1
1
20
2.0
2.1
13.4
0.21
0.19
0.30
NS
NS
0.05
13. Cows hormonally induced into lactation with estrogen and progesterone produce
more milk in response to bST than non bST-treated controls.
Once lactation was established, the induced cows appeared normal in terms of
production, health, and behavior.
There was significant economic advantage to inducing non pregnant, healthy cows
into lactation rather than using replacement heifers.
If this technology is approved by the FDA, it could provide a management
alternative for dairy farmers to increase profitability.
CONCLUSIONS CONCLUSIONS CONCLUSIONS CONCLUSIONS CONCLUS