This study investigated replacing maize with cassava sievate/soybean milk residue mixtures in diets for growing rabbits over 56 days. Four diets were formulated with 0%, 25%, 50%, and 75% replacement. Replacing maize with the mixtures significantly improved final weight, daily weight gain, and reduced cost per kg weight gain compared to the control. The 50% replacement diet resulted in the lowest cost per kg gain without affecting digestibility, carcass characteristics, or health. Including the cassava/soybean mixtures can thus partially replace expensive maize in rabbit diets, enhancing growth and reducing production costs for farmers.
A study was carried out to evaluate the nutritive value and enzyme supplementation of different sources of energy in broiler diets on the growth performance and heamatological parameters of broiler chickens supplemented with Mazigrain® enzyme within the treated groups. Five isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets less (23.17 % CP; 2831 Kcal/ME and 21.73 % CP; 2929 Kcal/ME) for the broiler starter (0 - a month) and finisher phases (5–8 months) respectively were formulated. Diet 1(maize based diet) served in as the control while diets 2, 3, 4 and 5 were supplemented with sorghum, pearl millet, cassava and sweet potatoes based diets separately. A sum of 225 day-old NAPRI X broiler chicks were haphazardly distributed to the five treatments. Every treatment comprised of 45 broilers with three repeats of fifteen birds each in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The general linear model protocol of S.A.S. 9.0. was used to analyze the collected data. Among the dietary groups significant changes (P<0.05) was found utilizing a Tukey test. Enzyme along with various energy sources have noteworthy (P<0.05) changes on every one of the parameters (final weight, daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio, water intake, water to feed ratio and feed cost per kilogram weight gain) except for death rate at the starter phase. Broilers that had sorghum based diet had the best performance at starter stage (final weight; 627 g, weight gain; 576.85 g, feed cost/kg gain; ^ 187.95 k). At the finisher stage, sorghum supplemented with enzyme had the best feed conversion ratio (1.96) and feed cost/kg gain; ^ 171.15 k. The optimal performance characteristics were recorded for sorghum based diets. Feed cost / kg gain was the cheapest on birds fed sorghum based diet with enzyme supplementation which was comparable with those fed the maize based diet. However, the use of enzyme enhanced the performance of birds at both the starter and finisher phases.
Metabolic and Exercise Performance Responses to Two Different Oral Doses of C...science journals
This opinion article aims to highlight the use of the Word Association technique (WA) as a food safety tool, as evidenced in the article by J.M. Latorres and coauthors. .
A study was carried out to evaluate the nutritive value and enzyme supplementation of different sources of energy in broiler diets on the growth performance and heamatological parameters of broiler chickens supplemented with Mazigrain® enzyme within the treated groups. Five isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets less (23.17 % CP; 2831 Kcal/ME and 21.73 % CP; 2929 Kcal/ME) for the broiler starter (0 - a month) and finisher phases (5–8 months) respectively were formulated. Diet 1(maize based diet) served in as the control while diets 2, 3, 4 and 5 were supplemented with sorghum, pearl millet, cassava and sweet potatoes based diets separately. A sum of 225 day-old NAPRI X broiler chicks were haphazardly distributed to the five treatments. Every treatment comprised of 45 broilers with three repeats of fifteen birds each in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The general linear model protocol of S.A.S. 9.0. was used to analyze the collected data. Among the dietary groups significant changes (P<0.05) was found utilizing a Tukey test. Enzyme along with various energy sources have noteworthy (P<0.05) changes on every one of the parameters (final weight, daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio, water intake, water to feed ratio and feed cost per kilogram weight gain) except for death rate at the starter phase. Broilers that had sorghum based diet had the best performance at starter stage (final weight; 627 g, weight gain; 576.85 g, feed cost/kg gain; ^ 187.95 k). At the finisher stage, sorghum supplemented with enzyme had the best feed conversion ratio (1.96) and feed cost/kg gain; ^ 171.15 k. The optimal performance characteristics were recorded for sorghum based diets. Feed cost / kg gain was the cheapest on birds fed sorghum based diet with enzyme supplementation which was comparable with those fed the maize based diet. However, the use of enzyme enhanced the performance of birds at both the starter and finisher phases.
Metabolic and Exercise Performance Responses to Two Different Oral Doses of C...science journals
This opinion article aims to highlight the use of the Word Association technique (WA) as a food safety tool, as evidenced in the article by J.M. Latorres and coauthors. .
Performance Characteristics and Carcass Yield of Indigenous Turkeys Fed Indom...iosrjce
This study evaluated the performance of turkey poults fed indomie waste (IW) based-diet. A total of
one hundred and forty-four (144) local strain of turkey poults were allotted to four dietary treatments in which
indomie waste was used to replace maize at 0%, 33.33%, 66.67%, and 100% levels, representing treatments one
to four (T1- T4) respectively. Each treatment was replicated three times with 12 poults per replicate using the
Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The study lasted for eight weeks. The initial weights of the poults were
taken while the final weight record was taken at the end of the study. The feed intake record was taken daily and
computed as total feed consumed per bird at the end of the study while weight gain, feed conversion ratio and
feed cost were calculated. Three birds were randomly selected from each replicate for carcass and organ
evaluation and were expressed as percentages of the body weight. The result showed that the IW significantly
(p< 0.05) affected the average weight gain and improved feed conversion ratio. The cost of feed per kg
decreased with increasing levels of IW in the diet. Significant differences were not observed in the carcass and
organ except in the breast yield. The lowest cost of feed was obtained at 100% inclusion level. The reduction in
feed cost is an advantage to the farmer who desires low cost of production. It was evident that IW could be
incorporated into the diet of local strain of turkey poults up to 100% level without any deleterious effect on the
performance of the turkeys, however, the 66.67% replacement which led to higher final body weight and better
feed conversion is recommended.
Evaluation of Different Herbaceous Legume Hays As Protein Supplements for Gro...paperpublications3
Abstract: A study to evaluate the dry matter feed intake (DMI) and growth rate of local growing lambs supplemented different herbaceous forage legumes hay with teff straw (TS) ad libitum and sorghum crushed grain (SCG) based-diet was conducted at Sirinka Agricultural Research Center (SARC). The treatments were NCTR (TS + SCG 100 to 150 g/day head-1) and NCTR with supplementary (SUPP) protein sources VET (Vetch, Vicia dasycarpa), STY (Stylosanthes, Stylosanthes hamata), LAB (Lablab, Lablab purpureus), SIR (Siratro, Macroptilium atropurpureum), DES (Desmodium, Desmodium unicinatum), SES (Sesbania, Sesbania sesban), LUC (Leucaena, Leucaena pallida) hay and PCTR (Noug cake, Guizotia abyssinica). Average initial body weight (IBW) (23.11± 0.3 kg) and feed conversion rate (FCR) 4.81 were same for all treatment groups. Final body weight (FBW) and average daily body weight gain (ADG) were different (p<0.001) among treatment groups. Animals fed on NCTR plus LUC and LAB supplement had better FBW, ADG and dry matter supplement (SDMI) and total feed intakes (TDMI) than other treatment groups. Moreover, animals in supplemented treatment groups’ achieved a maximum ADG of 109.1 gm head-1 at 10th week of feeding period. The results indicated the possibility of increasing sheep production through supplementation of these forge legumes in areas while the production of these forage species are possible. Therefore, supplementation of growing lambs with LUC and LAB hay plus NCTR until 10 weeks (70 days) would give optimum body weight gain.
Effect of dry heat treated jackfruit seed powder on growth of experimental an...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Assessing the partial substitution of roasted soybean seed with sweet potato ...Premier Publishers
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of partial substitution of roasted soybean seed (RSS) with sweet potato leaf meal (SPLM) on growth performances of broiler chickens. Two hundred unsexed Cobb-500 broiler chicks were randomly assigned to five dietary treatments consisting of a control diet (T1) and those containing SPLM at the levels of 30 g/kg (T2), 60 g/kg (T3), 90 g/kg (T4) and 120 g/kg (T5) replacing the RSS of the control diet. Each treatment diet was replicated four times with ten chicks each. The average feed intake of birds was (P<0.05)><0.05)><0.05)><0.05) higher CP retention than those of T1 diet. In conclusion, chickens fed with T1 and T3 diets had better body weight and gain compared to other treatment diets. The feed intake decreased with increasing levels of SPLM suggesting the substitution of roasted soybean with higher levels may not be beneficial for broiler chickens.
A Study on Effect of Anti Toxic Nutrient (ATN) in productive and reproductive...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
Are proteases beneficial for the environment- Kyriazakis, I. Workshop 3 presented at the Feed Proteases and enzyme seminar, Noordwijk, The Netherlands, 2014.
Economics of production and egg quality characteristics of Layer Chickens Fed...AI Publications
The study evaluated the effect of prosopis africana seed coat meal (PASCM) on the economics of production and egg quality characteristics of three hundred (300) Nera brown layer chickens thatwere fed for 39 weeks. The birds were randomly allotted to 5 experimental diets with 3 replications of 20 birds each. The diets were formulated with the inclusion of PASCM at 0, 15, 20, 25 and 30% levels for treatments T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5, respectively and the data collected were subjected to analysis of Variance in a completely randomized design. Results obtained showed that in the economics of egg production, egg/hen/day, egg sales/day (₦) and profit/day (₦) decreased with increased PASCM inclusion in the diets. While most of the egg quality parameters were affected (P < 0.05) by the dietary treatments, except egg weight, egg length, shell thickness and egg shape index. The economics of production and egg quality characteristics showed that 20% PASCM inclusion level resulted in optimum production and hence this level is recommended for adoption.
“Microbiological Analysis Of Soy Milk Produced From Soybean”iosrjce
The soy milk was prepared using the soaked soybean seeds then soy milk was treated with Na2CO3
and NaHCO3 for the preservation. By spread plate method and streak plate method two bacteria Escherichia
spp and Streptococcus spp were isolated respectively .These bacteria were subjected to biochemical and
microbiological analysis. In Biochemical analysis IMVIC test was performed. Both the bacteria Escherichia spp
and Streptococcus spp are positive for Methyl red test and citrate utilization whereas both the bacteria are
negative for Voges-Proskauer test and for Indole production test Escherichia spp is positive and Streptococcus
spp is negative. In case of microbiological test Escherichia spp is gram negative and Streptococcus spp is gram
positive. Both these bacteria have catalase production ability
Performance Characteristics and Carcass Yield of Indigenous Turkeys Fed Indom...iosrjce
This study evaluated the performance of turkey poults fed indomie waste (IW) based-diet. A total of
one hundred and forty-four (144) local strain of turkey poults were allotted to four dietary treatments in which
indomie waste was used to replace maize at 0%, 33.33%, 66.67%, and 100% levels, representing treatments one
to four (T1- T4) respectively. Each treatment was replicated three times with 12 poults per replicate using the
Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The study lasted for eight weeks. The initial weights of the poults were
taken while the final weight record was taken at the end of the study. The feed intake record was taken daily and
computed as total feed consumed per bird at the end of the study while weight gain, feed conversion ratio and
feed cost were calculated. Three birds were randomly selected from each replicate for carcass and organ
evaluation and were expressed as percentages of the body weight. The result showed that the IW significantly
(p< 0.05) affected the average weight gain and improved feed conversion ratio. The cost of feed per kg
decreased with increasing levels of IW in the diet. Significant differences were not observed in the carcass and
organ except in the breast yield. The lowest cost of feed was obtained at 100% inclusion level. The reduction in
feed cost is an advantage to the farmer who desires low cost of production. It was evident that IW could be
incorporated into the diet of local strain of turkey poults up to 100% level without any deleterious effect on the
performance of the turkeys, however, the 66.67% replacement which led to higher final body weight and better
feed conversion is recommended.
Evaluation of Different Herbaceous Legume Hays As Protein Supplements for Gro...paperpublications3
Abstract: A study to evaluate the dry matter feed intake (DMI) and growth rate of local growing lambs supplemented different herbaceous forage legumes hay with teff straw (TS) ad libitum and sorghum crushed grain (SCG) based-diet was conducted at Sirinka Agricultural Research Center (SARC). The treatments were NCTR (TS + SCG 100 to 150 g/day head-1) and NCTR with supplementary (SUPP) protein sources VET (Vetch, Vicia dasycarpa), STY (Stylosanthes, Stylosanthes hamata), LAB (Lablab, Lablab purpureus), SIR (Siratro, Macroptilium atropurpureum), DES (Desmodium, Desmodium unicinatum), SES (Sesbania, Sesbania sesban), LUC (Leucaena, Leucaena pallida) hay and PCTR (Noug cake, Guizotia abyssinica). Average initial body weight (IBW) (23.11± 0.3 kg) and feed conversion rate (FCR) 4.81 were same for all treatment groups. Final body weight (FBW) and average daily body weight gain (ADG) were different (p<0.001) among treatment groups. Animals fed on NCTR plus LUC and LAB supplement had better FBW, ADG and dry matter supplement (SDMI) and total feed intakes (TDMI) than other treatment groups. Moreover, animals in supplemented treatment groups’ achieved a maximum ADG of 109.1 gm head-1 at 10th week of feeding period. The results indicated the possibility of increasing sheep production through supplementation of these forge legumes in areas while the production of these forage species are possible. Therefore, supplementation of growing lambs with LUC and LAB hay plus NCTR until 10 weeks (70 days) would give optimum body weight gain.
Effect of dry heat treated jackfruit seed powder on growth of experimental an...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Assessing the partial substitution of roasted soybean seed with sweet potato ...Premier Publishers
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of partial substitution of roasted soybean seed (RSS) with sweet potato leaf meal (SPLM) on growth performances of broiler chickens. Two hundred unsexed Cobb-500 broiler chicks were randomly assigned to five dietary treatments consisting of a control diet (T1) and those containing SPLM at the levels of 30 g/kg (T2), 60 g/kg (T3), 90 g/kg (T4) and 120 g/kg (T5) replacing the RSS of the control diet. Each treatment diet was replicated four times with ten chicks each. The average feed intake of birds was (P<0.05)><0.05)><0.05)><0.05) higher CP retention than those of T1 diet. In conclusion, chickens fed with T1 and T3 diets had better body weight and gain compared to other treatment diets. The feed intake decreased with increasing levels of SPLM suggesting the substitution of roasted soybean with higher levels may not be beneficial for broiler chickens.
A Study on Effect of Anti Toxic Nutrient (ATN) in productive and reproductive...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
Are proteases beneficial for the environment- Kyriazakis, I. Workshop 3 presented at the Feed Proteases and enzyme seminar, Noordwijk, The Netherlands, 2014.
Economics of production and egg quality characteristics of Layer Chickens Fed...AI Publications
The study evaluated the effect of prosopis africana seed coat meal (PASCM) on the economics of production and egg quality characteristics of three hundred (300) Nera brown layer chickens thatwere fed for 39 weeks. The birds were randomly allotted to 5 experimental diets with 3 replications of 20 birds each. The diets were formulated with the inclusion of PASCM at 0, 15, 20, 25 and 30% levels for treatments T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5, respectively and the data collected were subjected to analysis of Variance in a completely randomized design. Results obtained showed that in the economics of egg production, egg/hen/day, egg sales/day (₦) and profit/day (₦) decreased with increased PASCM inclusion in the diets. While most of the egg quality parameters were affected (P < 0.05) by the dietary treatments, except egg weight, egg length, shell thickness and egg shape index. The economics of production and egg quality characteristics showed that 20% PASCM inclusion level resulted in optimum production and hence this level is recommended for adoption.
“Microbiological Analysis Of Soy Milk Produced From Soybean”iosrjce
The soy milk was prepared using the soaked soybean seeds then soy milk was treated with Na2CO3
and NaHCO3 for the preservation. By spread plate method and streak plate method two bacteria Escherichia
spp and Streptococcus spp were isolated respectively .These bacteria were subjected to biochemical and
microbiological analysis. In Biochemical analysis IMVIC test was performed. Both the bacteria Escherichia spp
and Streptococcus spp are positive for Methyl red test and citrate utilization whereas both the bacteria are
negative for Voges-Proskauer test and for Indole production test Escherichia spp is positive and Streptococcus
spp is negative. In case of microbiological test Escherichia spp is gram negative and Streptococcus spp is gram
positive. Both these bacteria have catalase production ability
Preparation Of Soy Milk And Its Comparison With Natural Milk Class XII Chemis...Deepak Bhandari
This is the project report on the topic "Preparation Of Soy Milk And Its Comparison With Natural Milk" for class 12th (XII) Students. I hope this will help.
A study was carried out to evaluate the nutritive value and enzyme
supplementation of different sources of energy in broiler diets on the growth
performance and heamatological parameters of broiler chickens supplemented with
Mazigrain® enzyme within the treated groups. Five isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets
less (23.17 % CP; 2831 Kcal/ME and 21.73 % CP; 2929 Kcal/ME) for the broiler starter
(0 - a month) and finisher phases (5–8 months) respectively were formulated. Diet 1
(maize based diet) served in as the control while diets 2, 3, 4 and 5 were
supplemented with sorghum, pearl millet, cassava and sweet potatoes based diets
separately. A sum of 225 day-old NAPRI X broiler chicks were haphazardly distributed
to the five treatments. Every treatment comprised of 45 broilers with three repeats of
fifteen birds each in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The general linear model
protocol of S.A.S. 9.0. was used to analyze the collected data. Among the dietary
groups significant changes (P<0.05) was found utilizing a Tukey test. Enzyme along
with various energy sources have noteworthy (P<0.05) changes on every one of the
parameters (final weight, daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio, water intake, water
to feed ratio and feed cost per kilogram weight gain) except for death rate at the
starter phase. Broilers that had sorghum based diet had the best performance at
starter stage (final weight; 627 g, weight gain; 576.85 g, feed cost/kg gain; ^ 187.95 k).
At the finisher stage, sorghum supplemented with enzyme had the best feed
conversion ratio (1.96) and feed cost/kg gain; ^ 171.15 k. The optimal performance
characteristics were recorded for sorghum based diets. Feed cost / kg gain was the
cheapest on birds fed sorghum based diet with enzyme supplementation which was
comparable with those fed the maize based diet. However, the use of enzyme
enhanced the performance of birds at both the starter and finisher phases.
Study of Intake, Growth and Nutrient Utilization of Growing Bulls Fed Forages...IJEAB
The study was conducted to rank Napier, jumbo, maize and rice straw on the basis of their yield, production cost, nutritional value and productivity of native growing bulls. Thirty native bulls (Bos indicus) of 135 (+28/-28) kg live weight (LW) were randomly allocated to five treatments in a completely randomized design and fed silage of maize (Zea mays; Hybrid, PG-1000), jumbo (Sorghum bicolor; Hybrid Sugar graze), Napier (Pennisetum perpureum; hybrid) and urea molasses straw of whole straw (UMS-WS) and UMS of stover (UMS-S) for a period of 90 days. The dry matter (DM) intake of Napier, jumbo, maize, UMS-WS and UMS-S was 2.08, 1.79, 2.01, 1.92 and 2.08 % LW, respectively which differed significantly (P<0.01).><0.01)><0.01) in bulls fed maize silage (273.3 g/d) followed by Napier silage (81.4 g/d), UMS-S (75.3 g/d), jumbo silage (39.9 g/d) and UMS-WS (39.6 g/d). Considering the cost of beef production, maize may be ranked on the top followed by Napier, jumbo, UMS-S and UMS-WS, respectively which may be taken in profitable beef production system.
Performance and Blood Profiles of Finisher Broilers Fed Diets Containing Grad...BRNSS Publication Hub
A 4-week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the performance and blood profiles of finisher broilers fed cashew pulp meal (CPM) based diets. 135 finisher broilers, “Arbor acre” strain was randomly allocated to five dietary treatments consisting of three replicates of 9 finisher broilers each. Five on-farm diets containing 0 (control), 10, 20, 30, and 40% CPM replacing maize coded as T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5, respectively, were formulated. All performance parameters measured were significantly different (P < 0.05). Final weight, daily weight gain (DWG), daily feed intake, feed conversion ratio, mortality, feed cost/kg gain (feed cost/kg gain), and cost of 1 kg feed ranged from 1042.54 to 1305.55g, 16.31 to 28.51g, 91.86 to 110.54g, 3.26 to 5.56, 0 to 22.22%, 115.43 to 135.46, and 414.23 to 611.43, respectively. Hematological profile show that packed cell volume varied from 28.67 to 31.00%, hemoglobin (Hb) 9.07 to 10.60g/dl, red blood cell 1.80 to 2.31 × 106/μl, white blood cell 213.13 to 223.67 × 103/μl, mean corpuscular volume 132.27 to 134.87 fl, means corpuscular Hb (MCH) concentration 29.80 to 31.63 g/dl, and MCH 40.10 to 41.87 pg, respectively, and were significantly (P < 0.05) different. Treatments showed significant difference (P < 0.05) all serum parameters, the obtained values were total protein 4.25–4.92 g/dl, albumin 1.73–2.37 g/dl, aspartate aminotransferase 102.33–135.67 μ/l, alanine aminotransferase 4.00–7.33 μ/l, and total cholesterol 2.37–3.73 Mmol/l. The study showed that CPM depressed live weight but did not affect birds’ health even at 40% replacement of maize.
Performance and Blood Profiles of Finisher Broilers Fed Diets Containing Grad...BRNSS Publication Hub
A 4-week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the performance and blood profiles of finisher
broilers fed cashew pulp meal (CPM) based diets. 135 finisher broilers, “Arbor acre” strain was randomly
allocated to five dietary treatments consisting of three replicates of 9 finisher broilers each. Five on-farm
diets containing 0 (control), 10, 20, 30, and 40% CPM replacing maize coded as T1, T2, T3, T4, and
T5, respectively, were formulated. All performance parameters measured were significantly different
(P < 0.05). Final weight, daily weight gain (DWG), daily feed intake, feed conversion ratio, mortality,
feed cost/kg gain (feed cost/kg gain), and cost of 1 kg feed ranged from 1042.54 to 1305.55g, 16.31 to
28.51g, 91.86 to 110.54g, 3.26 to 5.56, 0 to 22.22%, 115.43 to 135.46, and 414.23 to 611.43, respectively.
Hematological profile show that packed cell volume varied from 28.67 to 31.00%, hemoglobin (Hb)
9.07 to 10.60g/dl, red blood cell 1.80 to 2.31 × 106
/µl, white blood cell 213.13 to 223.67 × 103
/µl,
mean corpuscular volume 132.27 to 134.87 fl, means corpuscular Hb (MCH) concentration 29.80
to 31.63 g/dl, and MCH 40.10 to 41.87 pg, respectively, and were significantly (P < 0.05) different.
Treatments showed significant difference (P < 0.05) all serum parameters, the obtained values were total
protein 4.25–4.92 g/dl, albumin 1.73–2.37 g/dl, aspartate aminotransferase 102.33–135.67 μ/l, alanine
aminotransferase 4.00–7.33 μ/l, and total cholesterol 2.37–3.73 Mmol/l. The study showed that CPM
depressed live weight but did not affect birds’ health even at 40% replacement of maize
Effects of Probiotics Feeding Technology on Weight Gain of Indigenous Chicken...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
Comparative Study of Feeding Different Levels of Black Cumin (Nigella sativa)...BRNSS Publication Hub
The present work was aimed to determine the comparative effect of feeding different levels of black cumin
on growth, feed consumption, and feed efficiency of COBB-500 broiler. Three hundred and twenty, daysold straight run COBB-500 chicks from a lot of the same hatch were brooded in an electrically operated
battery brooder for a period of 7 days, where pre-experimental diet was offered. On the 8th day, chicks
having uniform body weight were randomly allocated into four dietary treatments with four replications
(20 chicks in each). The isoproteinous and isocaloric formulated standard starter (1–10 days), grower
(11–20 days), and finisher (21–42 days) diets were supplemented with different levels of black cumin of
T1 – control, T2 – 0.25% black cumin, T3 – 0.5% black cumin, and T4 – 0.75% black cumin, respectively.
The chicks were offered ad libitum treatment diets and clean drinking water. The desired data were
recorded weekly, which included live weight, weight gain, feed consumption, and feed efficiency of
broiler birds. The obtained data were subjected to statistical analysis under completely randomized design
as per the methods of MSTAT. Final live weight of the birds was found highly significant (P < 0.01) for
all treatment groups. Highest final weight gain (2244.59 g) was found in birds fed ration supplemented
with 0.5% black cumin. Daily live weight of the birds was also found highly significant (P < 0.01) for all
treatment groups. Highest daily live weight gain (60.27 g) was found in birds fed ration supplemented
with 0.5% black cumin. Supplementation of black cumin in the broiler rations did not exhibit any
significant effect (P > 0.05) on the total feed consumption. Feed conversion ratio was found significantly
different (P < 0.01) for all treatment groups. It is, therefore, concluded that inclusion of black cumin in
the broiler rations could be economical and efficient production of broilers
Performance, Egg Qualities, and Blood Parameters of Layers Fed Diets Containi...BRNSS Publication Hub
A 10-week feeding trial was conducted to determine the performance, egg qualities, and hematology of layers fed diets containing sun-dried sweet orange peel meal (SOPM). A total of 140 Isa brown point of lay birds, aged 20 weeks were used for the experiment. SOPM was incorporated to replace 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40% maize. The birds were randomly assigned to the diets in a Completely Randomized Design; each diet group had 28 birds and 4 replicates with each replicate having 7 birds. Observed results showed that SOPM did not significantly (NS) (p>0.05) affect final weight and egg number. However, weight change, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, mortality, cost of 1 kg feed, and cost of feed consumed were significantly different (P < 0.05) among treatments. Egg weight and egg length were significantly (P < 0.05) different, which ranged from 56.18 to 58.73 g and 3.74–4.17 cm, respectively. Shell thickness and egg width were NS (P > 0.05) influenced, and ranged from 0.80 to 0.84 and 2.63–2.71 cm, respectively. Internal egg parameters, i.e., yolk width, yolk height, albumin weight, albumin length, and yolk index were significantly (P < 0.05) affected. Hematological profile (packed cell volume, hemoglobin, white blood cell, red blood cell, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), MCH concentration, lymphocyte, and neutrophil) of birds showed significant differences (P < 0.05). The study revealed that SOPM did not have an adverse effect on the performance of layers even at 40% replacement of maize while in lay. Its inclusion decreased the cost of feed linearly, did not compromise external and internal qualities of eggs or the health of the birds.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
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Synergetic effect of cassava sievate soybean milk residue mixtures as replacement for maize in growing rabbits diet
1. Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.3, No.7, 2013
129
Synergetic Effect of Cassava Sievate/Soybean Milk Residue
Mixtures as Replacement for Maize in Growing Rabbits Diet
Ojebiyi O.O1*
., Oladunjoye I.O.2
, AboderinO.J1
. Okelade A.A1
.
1
Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechnology
2Department of Animal Production and Health
LadokeAkintola University of Technology,PMB 4000, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
* segunojebiyi@gmail.com
Abstract
The grain replacement value of cassava sievate/soybean milk residue (CS/SBMR) mixtures was investigated in a
56 days feeding trial using thirty two (32) cross bred rabbits of mixed sexes with average weight range of 546.38 ±
30.76 and 560.88 ± 29.020g. Four diets were formulated as follows: Diet 1 without inclusion of CS/SBMR
served as the control. Diets 2, 3, and 4 had CS/SBMR mixtures replacing corn of the control diet at 25, 50 and
75 % respectively. The animals were randomly distributed to the four dietary treatments. Each treatment had eight
animals with each rabbit serving as a replicate in a completely randomized design experiment. Results showed
that there were significant differences (P<0.05) in the final live weight, daily weight gain, feed to gain ratio,
daily feed intake, feed cost per kg (₦) . Diets with CS/SBMR mixtures had similar (P<0.05) average daily weight
gains of 12.85 ± 1.81, 11.55 ± 0.39 and 11.26 ± 1.18 for T2, T3 and T4 respectively which are higher (P<0.05)
than 9.96 ± 1.21 of the control. The digestibility of nutrients shows that the dry matter, crude protein as well as
ether extract digestibilities across the treatments were similar (P>0.05) for rabbits in treatments 1, 2 and 3 but
higher (P<0.05) than rabbits in treatment 4. Rabbits fed 50 % inclusion level of CS/SBMR had the lowest
(P<0.05) cost per kg weight gain (N152.77/kg weight gain). The heamatological parameters measured were not
affected by dietary treatments. Relative kidney and liver weights were not affected (p>0.05) but the dressed
carcass, dressing percentage, heart, lungs and spleen were affected (p<0.05) by dietary treatments. Inclusion of
cassava sievate/soybean milk residue mixtures in the diets of growing rabbits enhanced growth, reduced cost of
production and is thus recommended for use by resource poor farmers to partially replace the expensive
conventional maize.
Keywords: cassava sievate, soybean milk residue, growing rabbits, performance
Introduction
Foods of animal origin are recognized as having high energy density and as good sources of high-quality protein;
readily available iron and zinc; vitamins B6, B12 and B2; and, in liver, vitamin A. They also enhance the
absorption of iron and zinc from plant based foods (Gibson, 2011). Increasing access to affordable animal source
foods could therefore significantly improve nutritional status and health for many poor people, especially
children (FAO 2013). The expansion of the livestock industry is however been threatened by persistent feed
ingredient shortages. In the event of global feed crisis therefore, the only pragmatic approach to solving the
escalating prices of feed ingredients is the use of alternatives to the conventional ingredients that can partly or
wholly replace them without compromise on the health status and performance of the animals. The high cost of
both cereal and legume grains have generated interest in the use of grain by-products and other crop residues
(Nuhu et al., 2008). Maize serves as a staple food for a large proportion of people in Nigeria and it represents
between 45 and 55% of most poultry diet. Consequent upon the demand by livestock, direct consumption by
man and the high demand for industrial uses, there is continuous rise in its market price thus making it difficult
to wholly use it in formulating feeds and still get the expected margin of profit to sustain increase productivity
especially in monogastric animal production. According to Bickel and Deboer (1988), the extents to which by-
products can be utilized depend on the cost of the feedstuff, their safety for animal health and alternative uses.
Ojebiyi (2009), added that in order to be useful alternatives the potential feed ingredient must not be a stable
item of food that is directly eaten by man to avoid scarcity; it must be available all year round; it must be easy to
procure and process (if need be) and preserved into usable form; it must have a comparative cost advantage over
the conventional feeds stuff and must not contain toxic factors at levels lethal to animals. Cassava sieviate (CS)
and soybean meal milk residue are agro by-products with potential as ingredient in rabbit diet which can reduce
the cost of production. Ogbonna et al., (1993) and Bamgbose (1995) had earlier reported that industrial by-
products such as wheat offals, palm kernel cake, cassava peel, rice offal and maize offal can replace a sizeable
proportion of maize in poultry ration. Earlier work by Ojebiyi et al., (2011), reveals that SBMR/CS (3:2)
mixtures can be incorporated in the diets of African giant land snail up to 30% without adverse effect on
performance. Iyeghe-Erakpotobor (2006), reported that soyabean cheese waste meal is widely used by farmers
for fattening sheep and cattle. However the potential of cassava sieviate and soybean milk residue in replacing
2. Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.3, No.7, 2013
130
maize in rabbit diet has not been fully exploited. This forms the basis of this study.
Materials and methods
Site of the Experiment: The experiment was conducted at the Rabbitary Unit of the Teaching and Research
Farm, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo state. Ogbomoso is located within the derived
Savannah zone of Nigeria.
Collection and Preparation of Test Ingredients:
The Cassava sievate used for this study was collected from local garri processing plants and Teaching and
Research Farm garri processing unit while the Soybean milk residue was collected from local soybean milk
producers. The processing of the cassava sievate and soybean milk residue was done by the procedures of
Ojebiyi et al., (2011).
Formulation of experimental diets: The cassava sievate and soybean milk residue were combined in ratio
3:2 and mixed with other feed ingredients to formulate four experimental diets as follows, Diet 1: 0% CS/SBMR
mixtures, Diet 2: 25% CS/SBMR mixtures, Diet 3: 50% CS/SBMR mixtures, Diet 4:75% CS/SBMR mixtures
(Table 1)
Table 1: Gross composition of experimental diets
Diets
Ingredients (%) 1 2 3 4
Maize 24 18 12 6
CS/SBMR 0 6 12 18
Fixed ingredients1
76.00 76.00 76.00 76.00
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
1
Fixed ingredients: corn bran 13,Groundnut cake 13, rice bran 14,brewer dry grain 16 ,palm kernel 15.25, fish
meal 1, bonemeal 2.5, premix 0.25 salt 0.5,lysine0.25, methionine 0.25
Experimental Animals and Management: Thirty two (32) cross-bred rabbits with initial weight range of
546.38 ± 30.76 and 560.88 ± 29.02g were used for the experiment. The rabbits were weight-balanced at the
commencement of the experiment and randomly distributed into four treatment groups of eight rabbits each.
Each rabbit served as a replicate in a completely randomized design experiment. Treatment groups 1, 2, 3 and 4
were assigned to diets 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively. The rabbits were housed individually on wood-wire cages
measuring 44 x 34 x 44 cm. The drinking and feeding trough made of earthen pot and reinforced with cement to
prevent tipping-off were removable types for easy cleaning.
A total of 100g of feed divided into two portions of 50g in the morning (8.00 hr) and 50g in the evening (16.00
hr) were supplied to each rabbit per day while orts were collected and weighed in order to determine feed intake.
There was a constant supply of fresh water. Temperature was not artificially controlled and varied between 25
and 270
C. Humidity was not measured. There was no artificial light but minimum of 12 hour light / 24 hour. The
rabbits were weighed on weekly basis and weight gain for each animal per week was calculated as the difference
between the present weight and the weight for the previous week. The daily weight gain was obtained by
dividing the total weight gain by the number of days. Feed to gain ratio was calculated as total feed intake
divided by the weight gain for each animal.
Feed cost / kg weight gain was calculated by multiplying cost / kg of feed by the feed to gain ratio. The
experiment lasted for 8 weeks.
Digestibility Trial: Feacal samples were collected for five days at the seventh week from four rabbits per
treatment for digestibility trials. The fresh feacal sample was weighed before and after sun drying and stored in
a plastic bag. The samples collected for five days for each animal was bulked together and sub sample taken
for analysis of proximate composition.
Haematological parameters: blood collected into EDTA bottles was analysed for red and white blood cells counts
using haemocytometer method (Ghai, 1993). Packed cell volume (PCV) and Haemoglobin (Hb) were analysed by
the methods of wintrobe micro haematocrit and Cyanomethaemoglobin (Ghai, 1993) respectively.
Carcass and Organ Evaluation: At the end of the experiment (8 weeks), the rabbits were tagged, starved
overnight and weighed before being slaughtered. They were scalded and eviscerated to remove the internal
organs for measurement. The dressed carcass as well as the internal organs were weighed and expressed as a
percentage of the body weight.
Laboratory analysis: The proximate composition of the test ingredients, experimental diet, and the faecal
samples were analyzed using the procedure of AOAC (2005). Hydrogen cyanide content was determined by photo
spectrometric method using the procedure described by Bradbury et al. (1990) and Egan et al. (1988). Gross
energy was determined by Gallenkamp Ballistic Bomb Calorimeter.
3. Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.3, No.7, 2013
131
All data collected were subjected to one way analysis of variance using the General Linear Model (GLM) of SAS
(2000). Duncan Multiple Range Test of the same statistical package was used for comparing the means.
Results and Discussion
The chemical composition of CS/SBMR is presented in Table 2. The profile of the test ingredients shows
that they have potential as ingredients for use in rabbit diet.
Table 2: Chemical composition of Test ingredients
Parameters Soybean milk residue Cassava sievate CSSBMR
Crude protein (%) 43.93 2.00 13.22
Crude fat (%) 4.88 0.28 3.86
Crude fibre (%) 4.04 1.22 2.00
Ash (%) 5.72 1.71 5.32
Dry matter (%) 92.02 91.72 91.24
Gross Energy (Kcal/g) 3.151 2.314 2.631
HCN (Mg/kg) ------ 1.14 0.97
CS/SBMR = Mixture of cassava sievate with soybean milk residue
The proximate composition of the experimental diets (Table 3) shows that the nutrients are adequate to
support good growth of growing rabbits (Lebas et al., 1986, NRC, 1984).
Table 3: Proximate composition of Experimental Diets
Composition Diet 1 Diet 2 Diet 3 Diet 4
Dry Matter (%) 90.76 90.65 90.83 90.61
Crude Protein (%) 16.58 16.75 16.47 16.82
Crude fibre (%) 10.48 10.50 10.52 10.54
Ash (%) 5.13 4.97 5.29 5.23
Crude Fat (%) 4.06 4.21 4.57 4.39
G E (Kcal/g) 3.186 3.186 3.204 3.167
G E = Gross Energy
Diet 1 = 0% inclusion level of cassava sievate/ soybean milk residue
Diet 2 = 25% inclusion level of cassava sievate/soybean milk residue
Diet 3 = 50% inclusion level of cassava sievate/soybean milk residue
Diet 4 = 75% inclusion level of cassava sievate/soybean milk residue
The performance characteristic is presented in Table 4.
Table 4: Growth Performance of Rabbit fed CS/SBMR (3:2)
Parameters Diet 1 Diet 2 Diet 3 Diet 4
Initial live weight (g) 548.63 ± 35.67 546.38 ± 30.76 546.75 ± 20.76 560.88 ± 29.02
Final live weight (g)
1106.00 ±
49.26b
1214.13 ±
50.97a
1155.38 ±
84.75ab
1143.50 ±
107.29ab
Weight gain (g/rabbit/day) 9.9 6± 1.21b
12.85 ± 1.81a
11.55 ± 0.39a
11.26 ± 1.18a
Feed intake (g/rabbit/day) 40.75 ± 1.15b
45.16 ± 0.91a
38.85 ± 2.09ab
41.33 ± 1.63b
*Feed cost/kg (₦) 46.23±1.13a
43.99±1.24b
41.74±1.18c
39.5±1.11d
Feed to gain Ratio 4.59 ± 0.61a
3.93 ± 0.11a
3.66 ± 0.32b
4.65 ± 1.58a
*Feed cost/kg weight gain
(₦) 212.20±5.99a
172.88±4.88c
152.77±4.31d
183.68±5.18b
a,b,
Means showing the same superscripts on the same row are not significantly different (P>0.05)
*1 US Dollar = 160 Nigeria Naira
Diet 1 = 0% inclusion level of cassava sievate/ soybean milk residue
Diet 2 = 25% inclusion level of cassava sievate/soybean milk residue
4. Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.3, No.7, 2013
132
Diet 3 = 50% inclusion level of cassava sievate/soybean milk residue
Diet 4 = 75% inclusion level of cassava sievate/soybean milk residue
The final live weight values obtained in this study ranged between 1106.00 to 1214.13g and falls within the range
of values reported by Ayanwale et al., (2006). Although the ADG values of between 9.96 and 12.85 observed in
this study is higher than 6.68 to 7.30 reported by Babarinde (2006), the values were lower than 15g to 20g
obtainable in the temperate ( Ivor, 1994 and Lebas et al, 1986). The lower ADG under tropical conditions can be
due to factors like breed, nutrition, climate, stress, disease and management (Lebas et al, 1986). The cost of feed
per kg reduced linearly (p<0.05) from 46.23 ±1.13 in the control diet (Diet 1) to N39.50±1.11 in diet 4 implying
that CS/SBMR mixtures has cost saving effect. The most economical in terms of cost of feed per kilogramme
weight gain is diet 3, which translate to higher revenue and more profit .
All haematological parameters measured in this study (Table 5) were not (P>0.05) affected by dietary treatments
and the values obtained falls within the normal range reported for rabbit by Mitruka and Rawnsley (1977).
Although, the Packed Cell Volume obtained in this study were not significantly (P>0.05) different among the
treatment, they were a little higher than the value reported by Farinu et al., (1999) who fed mango seed meal to
rabbit. Also, the value of haemoglobin obtained this study were higher than the value reported by Omole and
Ajayi (1976) who fed dried brewer grain to rabbit. The values of Red Blood Cell obtained in this study were
higher than the values reported by Adewumi et al., (2004) while the value of White Blood Cell obtained were
higher than the values reported by Taiwo et al.,(2006) who fed raw and cooked mucuna seed meal to weaned
rabbits.
Table 5: Haematological parameters of rabbits fed cassava sievate/ soybean milk residue mixture (3:2)
Parameters Diet 1 Diet 2 Diet 3 Diet 4
P C V (%) 27.75±1.50 28.13±1.72 27.63±2.66 28.25±1.14
Heamoglobin (g/dl) 8.88±0.53 8.09±0.59 8.53±0.9 9.68±0.33
RBC(x106
mm3
) 9.11±0.29 9.08±0.19 9.32±0.66 8.41±0.86
WBC (x 103
mm3
) 7.05±0.78 7.08±0.58 7.80±0.57 7.95±0.14
Diet 1 = 0% inclusion level of cassava sievate/ soybean milk residue
Diet 2 = 25% inclusion level of cassava sievate/soybean milk residue
Diet 3 = 50% inclusion level of cassava sievate/soybean milk residue
Diet 4 = 75% inclusion level of cassava sievate/soybean milk residue
It can be inferred that since all the haematological parameters of rabbit fed with CS/SBMR mixtures are
within the normal range and blood constituents can be used as a measure of health status, growing rabbit can
have CS/SBMR mixtures included in their diet up to 75% level without any negative effect on health.
The nutrient digestibility by rabbits fed CS/SBMR (Table 6) shows that the dry matter crude protein
and ether extract digestibilities of rabbits in diets 1 ,2 and 3 are similar (p>0.05) but higher than (p<0.05) than
the values obtained for rabbits in diet 4. The dry matter digestibility of rabbits on the various treatments (56.30-
71.30%) are similar to the values (66.67 to 75.69%) reported by Igwebuike et al., (2008) who fed graded levels
of albida pods.The crude fibre digestibility decreased ((p<0.05)) linearly as the level of CS/SBMR increases.
Generally the crude fibre digestibility obtained in this study across the treatment groups is lower compared
with other nutrients.
Table 6: Digestibility of Nutrients by Rabbits fed CS/SBMR
Parameters (%) Diet 1 Diet 2 Diet 3 Diet 4
Dry Matter digestibility 71.30 ± 1.20a
68.47 ± 1.18a
71.02 ± 1.65a
56.30 ± 2.34b
Crude Protein digestibility 76.28 ± 1.36a
74.72 ± 0.98a
76.44 ± 1.28a
63.3 ± .02b
Ether extract digestibility 89.71 ± 0.43 91.25 ± 1.80 89.51 ± 0.06 84.22 ±1.12
Crude Fibre digestibility 56.66 ± 3.08a
41.18 ± 1.80b
34.92 ± 4.87bc
27.54 ± 3.71c
Ash digestibility 63.44 ±2.78a
59.69 ± 2.29ab
54.39 ± 1.71b
34.70 ± 3.4c
Gross Energy Digestibility 89.81 ± 0.42 88.58 ± 0.44 89.04 ± 0.62 84.00 ± 0.85
a,b,c,d
Means showing the same superscripts on the same row are not significantly different (P> 0.05),
Diet 1 = 0% inclusion level of cassava sievate/ soybean milk residue
5. Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.3, No.7, 2013
133
Diet 2 = 25% inclusion level of cassava sievate/soybean milk residue
Diet 3 = 50% inclusion level of cassava sievate/soybean milk residue
Diet 4 = 75% inclusion level of cassava sievate/soybean milk residue
The control group had higher digestibility than the CS/SBMR containing diets, this is usually the case
when dietary fibre is very high in lignin content (Egbeyale et al., 2012). This corroborate the earlier report of
Cheeke (1977) and (1987) that fibre is poorly digested in rabbit because it is rapidly propelled through the
colon and excreted as hard feaces and that digestibility of fibre by rabbit is lower than for most animals
including pig and rat. The report corroborate the earlier claim of Longe and Adetola (1983)and Annison(1990)
that pectin and lignin were the limiting factors in the utilization of fibrous plant feed resources. The high ether
extract (EE) digestibility attested to the high ability of rabbits to utilize dietary fat (Beyen 1988). The
digestibility of EE is in agreement with the observation of Cheeke et al., (1987) and Onifade and Tewe (1983).
Carcass and Organ characteristics of rabbit fed varying inclusion level of CS/SBMR are presented
Table 7. The values obtained for kidney and liver were not significantly (P>0.05) affected by the dietary
treatments. It is a common practice in feeding trials to use weights of some internal organs like liver and kidney
as indicators of toxicity. Bone (1979) reported that if there were any toxic elements in the feed, abnormalities
will be observed in the weights of liver and kidney.
Table 7: Carcass and organ characteristics of growing rabbit fed cassava sievate/ soybean
milk residue mixture (3:2.)
Parameters Diet 1 Diet 2 Diet 3 Diet 4
Dressed
Carcass (g) 600.89±11.07c
685.01±17.37b
638.35±19.53b
727.27±32.69a
Dressing % 54.33±2.65b
56.42±1.92b
55.25±1.46b
63.60±3.17a
Heart (%of BW) 0.19±0.01c
0.23±0.02ab
0.25±0.01ab
0.29±0.02a
Kidney (% of BW ) 0.58±0.01 0.59±0.03 0.64±0.04 0.59±0.04
Liver (% of BW 2.73±0.11 2.76±0.14 2.73±0.03 2.71±0.09
Lungs (% of BW) 0.95±0.09a
0.83±0.02ab
0.72±0.04b
0.80±0.04ab
spleen (% of BW) 0.14±0.02a
0.08±0.00b
0.07±0.00b
0.07±0.00b
abc
Means along the same row with similar superscripts are not significantly different (P>0.05).
BW-Body Weight
Diet 1 = 0% inclusion level of cassava sievate/ soybean milk residue
Diet 2 = 25% inclusion level of cassava sievate/soybean milk residue
Diet 3 = 50% inclusion level of cassava sievate/soybean milk residue
Diet 4 = 75% inclusion level of cassava sievate/soybean milk residue
The abnormalities would arise as a result of increased metabolic rate of the organ in an attempt to
reduce the toxic metabolites or the anti-nutritional factors to non-toxic metabolites (Ahamefule et al., 2006). In
this study there were no visible abnormality thus confirming the safety of the test ingredients. The value
obtained for eviscerated weight, dressing percentage, Heart, Lungs and Spleen were significantly (P<0.05)
affected by the dietary treatments. The values obtained in this study for the carcass and organs parameters of
rabbit agree with value reported by Rao et al., (1978) for growing rabbits. The observed trend in carcass weight
may be due to difference in carbohydrate metabolism in maize and CS/SBMR mixtures.
Conclusion
It can be concluded that although 75% of maize in growing rabbit’s diet can be replaced with CS/SBMR
mixtures, however, 50% is most economical. The use of these non conventional ingredients will reduce
production cost and increase expected returns to farmers thus stimulating higher productivity. The negative
impact of disposing this waste/residues on the environment will also be minimize when used as ingredients for
livestock.
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