The document discusses dairy cattle feeding management over five phases: 1) early lactation 2) peak dry matter intake 3) mid to late lactation 4) dry period 5) transition period. It provides guidelines for each phase, including nutrient requirements, feeding practices, and goals of optimizing milk yield and minimizing costs. The largest input cost is feed, representing 60-70% of total costs. Proper feeding is crucial for high milk production and reproductive success.

1. DAIRY FEEDINGDAIRY FEEDING
MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT

2. Goals of a SuccessfulGoals of a Successful
FeedingFeeding
Feed costs represent the largest
input cost (60-70%)
Optimize milk yieldOptimize milk yield
Feeding high producing cowsFeeding high producing cows
––– a continues to challengea continues to challenge

3. Nutrient RequirementsNutrient Requirements
Maintenance/HealthMaintenance/Health
GrowthGrowth
Milk ProductionMilk Production
ReproductionReproduction
–Vary with the stage of lactationVary with the stage of lactation
and gestationand gestation

4. Feeding PhasesFeeding Phases
Five distinct feeding phasesFive distinct feeding phases
Early lactation—0 to 70 daysEarly lactation—0 to 70 days
–peak milk production) after calvingpeak milk production) after calving
(postpartum).(postpartum).
–Peak DM intake—70 to 140 daysPeak DM intake—70 to 140 days
(declining milk production)(declining milk production)
postpartum.postpartum.

5. Phase 1 Early Lactation—0 to 70Phase 1 Early Lactation—0 to 70
Days PostpartumDays Postpartum
 Feed top quality forage.Feed top quality forage.
 Make sure the diet contains adequateMake sure the diet contains adequate
amounts of CP, DIP and UIP.amounts of CP, DIP and UIP.
 Increase grain intake at a constantIncrease grain intake at a constant
rate after calving.rate after calving.
 Consider adding fat (1 to 1.5Consider adding fat (1 to 1.5
lb/cow/day) to diets.lb/cow/day) to diets.
 Allow constant access to feed.Allow constant access to feed.
 Minimize stress conditions.Minimize stress conditions.

6. Feeding PhasesFeeding Phases
Mid- and late lactation—140 toMid- and late lactation—140 to
305 days (declining milk305 days (declining milk
production)production)
Dry period—60 to 14 days beforeDry period—60 to 14 days before
the next lactation.the next lactation.
Transition or close-up period—14Transition or close-up period—14
days before to parturition.days before to parturition.

7. Phase 2 Peak DM intakePhase 2 Peak DM intake
(Second 10 Weeks Postpartum)(Second 10 Weeks Postpartum)
 Feed forages and grain several timesFeed forages and grain several times
a day.a day.
 Feed the highest quality feedsFeed the highest quality feeds
available.available.
 Limit urea to .2 pound per cow perLimit urea to .2 pound per cow per
day.day.
 Continue to minimize stressContinue to minimize stress
conditions.conditions.

8. Phase 3 Mid- to late lactationPhase 3 Mid- to late lactation
(140 to 305 days postpartum)(140 to 305 days postpartum)
 Easiest to manageEasiest to manage
 Milk production is decliningMilk production is declining
 The cow is pregnant, and nutrientThe cow is pregnant, and nutrient
intake will easily meet or exceedintake will easily meet or exceed
requirementsrequirements
 Grain feeding should be at a level toGrain feeding should be at a level to
meet milk production requirementsmeet milk production requirements
 Lactating cows require less feed toLactating cows require less feed to
replace a pound of body tissue thanreplace a pound of body tissue than
dry cows.

9. Phase 4. Dry periodPhase 4. Dry period
(60 to 14 days before parturition)(60 to 14 days before parturition)
 Observe body condition of dry cows andObserve body condition of dry cows and
adjust energy feeding as necessary.adjust energy feeding as necessary.
 Meet nutrient requirements and avoidMeet nutrient requirements and avoid
excessive feeding.excessive feeding.
 Change to a transition ration starting 2Change to a transition ration starting 2
weeks before calving.weeks before calving.
 Avoid excess calcium and phosphorusAvoid excess calcium and phosphorus
intakes.intakes.
 Limit salt to 1 ounce and limit otherLimit salt to 1 ounce and limit other
sodium-based minerals in the dry cowsodium-based minerals in the dry cow
ration to reduce udder edema problems.ration to reduce udder edema problems.

10. Phase 5. Transition periodPhase 5. Transition period
(14 days before to parturition)(14 days before to parturition)
 Provide 3 to 5 kg of grainProvide 3 to 5 kg of grain
 Increase protein in the ration toIncrease protein in the ration to
between 14 and 15 percent of thebetween 14 and 15 percent of the
ration DMration DM
 Limit fat in the ration to .25 pounds.Limit fat in the ration to .25 pounds.
High fat feeding will depress DMHigh fat feeding will depress DM
intakeintake
 Maintain 3 to 5 kg hay in the rationMaintain 3 to 5 kg hay in the ration
to stimulate ruminationto stimulate rumination
 Remove salt from the ration if edemaRemove salt from the ration if edema
is a problemis a problem

11. Feeding ManagementFeeding Management
Start from PregnancyStart from Pregnancy
toto
End of Lactation PeriodEnd of Lactation Period
(Peak, mid, late lactation)(Peak, mid, late lactation)

12. Feeding in PregnancyFeeding in Pregnancy
(Last 2 months)(Last 2 months)
1.1. Rapid growing foetusRapid growing foetus
2.2. Develop body reserves for useDevelop body reserves for use
in subsequent lactationin subsequent lactation
How;How;
 Give rest if in milk (forcedGive rest if in milk (forced
drying)drying)
 Feed concentrate 2 kg/day +Feed concentrate 2 kg/day +
good quality fodder, restrictgood quality fodder, restrict
strawstraw

13. Early lactation (First 60 days)Early lactation (First 60 days)
 Most critical periodMost critical period
 Period of peak milk yieldPeriod of peak milk yield
 Higher the peak yield moreHigher the peak yield more
will be the milk yieldwill be the milk yield
throughout lactation untilthroughout lactation until
drying off.drying off.

14. Feeding Total Mixed RationFeeding Total Mixed Ration
 Each bite is nutritionally balance.Each bite is nutritionally balance.
 The roughage-to-concentrate can beThe roughage-to-concentrate can be
varied to regulate nutrient intake.varied to regulate nutrient intake.
 TMR regulates rumen pH and enhanceTMR regulates rumen pH and enhance
microbial protein synthesis.microbial protein synthesis.
 Minimize feed selection.Minimize feed selection.
 Increase feed intake.Increase feed intake.
 Less labor and feeding operations areLess labor and feeding operations are
readily mechanized.readily mechanized.

15. Selection of ConcentrateSelection of Concentrate
FeedsFeeds
 Nutrient composition (Protein,Nutrient composition (Protein,
energy, minerals)energy, minerals)
 ProteinProtein
 Contents (Quantity)Contents (Quantity)
 DigestibilityDigestibility
 Amino acids profileAmino acids profile
 Matching with the foragesMatching with the forages
fedfed

16. CostCost
Price per KgPrice per Kg
 Price per Kg proteinPrice per Kg protein
contentscontents

17. Feed SpecificationsFeed Specifications
 Dry matter, %Dry matter, % 87~9087~90
 Crude protein, %Crude protein, % 17~1817~18
 TDN, %TDN, % 65~7565~75
 ME (M.cal/kg)ME (M.cal/kg) 2.5~2.62.5~2.6

18. Ration Preparation

19. Feeding SystemFeeding System

20. Feeding SystemFeeding System

21. CALF FEEDING RATIONCALF FEEDING RATION

22. Calf NutritionCalf Nutrition
 Colostrum should be fed to calves asColostrum should be fed to calves as
soon after birth as possiblesoon after birth as possible
 (ideally within 30 minutes and(ideally within 30 minutes and
certainly within 4 hours)certainly within 4 hours)
 Early feeding of colostrum at 4 to 5Early feeding of colostrum at 4 to 5
percent of birth weight is necessarypercent of birth weight is necessary
because:because:

23.  Newborn calves have no antibodiesNewborn calves have no antibodies
until they receive Colostrum (until they receive Colostrum (BohliBohli))
 Calves' ability to absorbCalves' ability to absorb
immunoglobulin is substantiallyimmunoglobulin is substantially
reduced after 24­36 hours.reduced after 24­36 hours.
 Calves may become infected withCalves may become infected with
highly pathogenic (disease­causing)highly pathogenic (disease­causing)
bacteria immediately after birth.bacteria immediately after birth.
 Colostrum is a concentrated sourceColostrum is a concentrated source
of ready available nutrients.of ready available nutrients.

24. CALF STARTER RATIONCALF STARTER RATION
Sr. No.Sr. No. Feed IngredientsFeed Ingredients %%
11 Soybean meal *Soybean meal * 30.030.0
22 Maize grains (ground)Maize grains (ground) 45.045.0
33 Wheat branWheat bran 8.68.6
44 Rice polishRice polish 5.05.0
55 MolassesMolasses 10.010.0
66 Mineral mixtureMineral mixture 1.01.0
77 VitaminsVitamins 0.10.1
88 Calcium carbonateCalcium carbonate 0.30.3
TotalTotal 100100
Protein =Protein = 18.51 TDN18.51 TDN == 75.0075.00
** Soy Protein Concentrate/IsolatesSoy Protein Concentrate/Isolates

26. Rearing the calf from 12 weeksRearing the calf from 12 weeks
to 1 yearto 1 year
 During this period of the herdDuring this period of the herd
replacement's life, free­choice forage andreplacement's life, free­choice forage and
limited grain can be fedlimited grain can be fed
 Trace mineralized salt and a calcium­Trace mineralized salt and a calcium­
phosphorus supplement can be offeredphosphorus supplement can be offered
free­choicefree­choice
 All calves must have access to clean, freshAll calves must have access to clean, fresh
water.water.

27.  Avoid overfeeding grain and allowingAvoid overfeeding grain and allowing
calves to become fatcalves to become fat
 Over­conditioned heifers produceOver­conditioned heifers produce
less milk in later lifeless milk in later life
 If protein content of forage is good,If protein content of forage is good,
little protein supplement will belittle protein supplement will be
required in the grain mixrequired in the grain mix

28. Feeding program for heifers 1 toFeeding program for heifers 1 to
2 years of age2 years of age
 If good quality forage is available, thisIf good quality forage is available, this
may be the only feed required for heifersmay be the only feed required for heifers
over 1 year of ageover 1 year of age
 Trace mineral salt and a calcium­Trace mineral salt and a calcium­
phosphorus supplement are recommendedphosphorus supplement are recommended
on a free­choice basison a free­choice basis
 Heifers should gain 1.7 to 2.0 pounds perHeifers should gain 1.7 to 2.0 pounds per
dayday
 If growth is not satisfactory, some grainIf growth is not satisfactory, some grain
should be supplied;should be supplied;

29.  Heifers deficient in energy,Heifers deficient in energy,
phosphorus, or vitamin A will notphosphorus, or vitamin A will not
exhibit estrusexhibit estrus
 Heifers fed high planes of nutritionHeifers fed high planes of nutrition
will show estrus at an earlier agewill show estrus at an earlier age
than heifers grown at recommendedthan heifers grown at recommended
rates, but underfeeding of heifers willrates, but underfeeding of heifers will
delay estrusdelay estrus
 Over­conditioned or fat heifersOver­conditioned or fat heifers
require more services per conceptionrequire more services per conception
than heifers of normal size andthan heifers of normal size and
weightweight

30. Two months before calving toTwo months before calving to
calvingcalving
 Feeding during this period can affectFeeding during this period can affect
milk production during first lactationmilk production during first lactation
 Good quality forage should be feedGood quality forage should be feed
along with grains as a source ofalong with grains as a source of
energyenergy
 A thumb rule would be to feed grainA thumb rule would be to feed grain
at 1 percent of body weight startingat 1 percent of body weight starting
about 6 weeks before calvingabout 6 weeks before calving

32.  The objective in formulating rationsThe objective in formulating rations
is to provide animals with ais to provide animals with a
consumable quantity of feed stuffsconsumable quantity of feed stuffs
that will supply all required nutrientsthat will supply all required nutrients

33. Thumb Rules For LactatingThumb Rules For Lactating
CowsCows
 Dry matter intakeDry matter intake
 Forage DMForage DM minimum is 40 percentminimum is 40 percent
of the total DM intake orof the total DM intake or
approximately 1.5 percent of bodyapproximately 1.5 percent of body
weightweight
 Maximum grain DM is 60 percent ofMaximum grain DM is 60 percent of
total DM intake, or not more than 2total DM intake, or not more than 2
percent of body weight.percent of body weight.

34. Thumb Rules For LactatingThumb Rules For Lactating
CowsCows
 ProteinProtein needs to meet requirementsneeds to meet requirements
(17 to 19% in early lactation rations)(17 to 19% in early lactation rations)
 Maximum total fat in rations is 7Maximum total fat in rations is 7
percent of the DMpercent of the DM
 Salt should be included in the grainSalt should be included in the grain
mix at 1 percentmix at 1 percent

35. Thumb Rules For LactatingThumb Rules For Lactating
CowsCows
 A calcium­phosphorus mineralA calcium­phosphorus mineral
source should be included in thesource should be included in the
grain mix at 1 to 2 percentgrain mix at 1 to 2 percent
 Supplement vitamins (A, D, and E)Supplement vitamins (A, D, and E)
and trace minerals in the ration toand trace minerals in the ration to
meet requirements.meet requirements.

36. Quality of FeedQuality of Feed
 There are several feed manufacturing/There are several feed manufacturing/
processes that help minimize the riskprocesses that help minimize the risk
of introducing disease by feedstuffs.of introducing disease by feedstuffs.
Even feeds that have been properlyEven feeds that have been properly
processed can be recontaminated at aprocessed can be recontaminated at a
later time.later time.

37. Feed Handling, Equipment andFeed Handling, Equipment and
StorageStorage
 Ask your supplier about testing procedureAsk your supplier about testing procedure
for mycotoxinsfor mycotoxins
 Practices such as pelleting, steam flakingPractices such as pelleting, steam flaking
and roasting can reduce bacterial numbersand roasting can reduce bacterial numbers

38.  Ensure all storage areas (silos, bins) areEnsure all storage areas (silos, bins) are
cleaned out between batches of feedcleaned out between batches of feed
 Ensure all feed delivery equipment isEnsure all feed delivery equipment is
cleaned out between deliveries and farms.cleaned out between deliveries and farms.
 Do not use manure-handling equipment toDo not use manure-handling equipment to
handle feedhandle feed
 High pressure washers with or withoutHigh pressure washers with or without
steam should be used on feed bunks,steam should be used on feed bunks,
storage areas, silos, mixing and deliverystorage areas, silos, mixing and delivery
equipment and feeding areas along withequipment and feeding areas along with
proper disinfectants.proper disinfectants.
 Examine all feedstuffs closely for manure,Examine all feedstuffs closely for manure,
mold, foreign materials and uniformity.mold, foreign materials and uniformity.

39.  When feeding from silos and commodityWhen feeding from silos and commodity
storage facilities inspect for mold andstorage facilities inspect for mold and
other spoiled material. Do not feed thisother spoiled material. Do not feed this
material.material.
 When mold growth and spoilage are aWhen mold growth and spoilage are a
problem, reevaluate design and feedoutproblem, reevaluate design and feedout
procedures.procedures.
 Rotate inventory to minimize pathogens inRotate inventory to minimize pathogens in
stored feeds.stored feeds.
 Feed bunks should be cleaned out daily.Feed bunks should be cleaned out daily.
Feed refusals should not be stored moreFeed refusals should not be stored more
than 24 hours to prevent spoilage. If feedthan 24 hours to prevent spoilage. If feed
refusals are fed, they should be fed to therefusals are fed, they should be fed to the
oldest heifers, to minimize diseaseoldest heifers, to minimize disease
transmission.transmission.

40. Feeding Plans, Records andFeeding Plans, Records and
LabelingLabeling
 Have a feed plan for each production classHave a feed plan for each production class
(calves, heifers and milk cows), establish(calves, heifers and milk cows), establish
goals for performance and disease control.goals for performance and disease control.
 Record feed intake as a tool to helpRecord feed intake as a tool to help
monitor animal health and feed quality.monitor animal health and feed quality.
 Routinely test all feeds and recordRoutinely test all feeds and record
analysesanalyses

41. Grain, Proteins, Forage andGrain, Proteins, Forage and
MoistureMoisture
 An often-overlooked source of bacterialAn often-overlooked source of bacterial
and fungal (mold and yeast) disease isand fungal (mold and yeast) disease is
silage and hay. Proper growth, harvestsilage and hay. Proper growth, harvest
and feedout can reduce the risk ofand feedout can reduce the risk of
disease.disease.
 Protect feeds and feeding areas includingProtect feeds and feeding areas including
baling and ensiling of feed or storing feedbaling and ensiling of feed or storing feed
from exposure to animal carcasses andfrom exposure to animal carcasses and
manuremanure
 Prevent access to feeds and feed bunks byPrevent access to feeds and feed bunks by
dogs, cats, wild life, birds, rodents anddogs, cats, wild life, birds, rodents and
other animals.other animals.

42. Toxin Production In FeedToxin Production In Feed
 Mycotoxins are toxic substancesMycotoxins are toxic substances
produced by fungi (molds) growingproduced by fungi (molds) growing
on crops in the field or in storage.on crops in the field or in storage.
Only a few mold species produceOnly a few mold species produce
mycotoxins out of the thousands ofmycotoxins out of the thousands of
molds that grow on stored grainsmolds that grow on stored grains
and foragesand forages

43.  The growth parameters of molds vary inThe growth parameters of molds vary in
that some proliferate while the crop isthat some proliferate while the crop is
growing in the field while others propagategrowing in the field while others propagate
during storage.during storage.
 high humidity (>70%) and temperatureshigh humidity (>70%) and temperatures
that fluctuate between hot days and coolthat fluctuate between hot days and cool
nights contribute to fungal growth.nights contribute to fungal growth.
 Field molds usually do not grow in storedField molds usually do not grow in stored
ensilage because the low pH and oxygenensilage because the low pH and oxygen
silage environment is not conducive tosilage environment is not conducive to
their survival.their survival.

44. AflatoxinAflatoxin
 Aflatoxin is a potent liver toxin andAflatoxin is a potent liver toxin and
known to cause cancer in animalsknown to cause cancer in animals
 Mature corn that remains in the fieldMature corn that remains in the field
or corn that is stored without properor corn that is stored without proper
drying can be subject to Aspergillusdrying can be subject to Aspergillus
growth and aflatoxin production.growth and aflatoxin production.
 Fungus growth is very low below 55Fungus growth is very low below 55
degrees F but, if the grain is moistdegrees F but, if the grain is moist
enough, toxins can still be producedenough, toxins can still be produced

45.  Simply reducing the moistureSimply reducing the moisture
content to 12 to 13 percent will stopcontent to 12 to 13 percent will stop
fungus growth; however, this will notfungus growth; however, this will not
kill the fungus and does not influencekill the fungus and does not influence
the levels of toxins that may havethe levels of toxins that may have
already been producedalready been produced
 If moisture levels rise again aboveIf moisture levels rise again above
13 percent anytime during storage13 percent anytime during storage
and temperatures are high enough,and temperatures are high enough,
then mold growth and toxinthen mold growth and toxin
production will resume.production will resume.

52. Ranking of Meals AccordingRanking of Meals According
to Meritsto Merits
1.1. Soybean mealSoybean meal
2.2. Canola mealCanola meal
3.3. Guar mealGuar meal
4.4. Sunflower mealSunflower meal
5.5. Rape seed mealRape seed meal
6.6. Cotton seed mealCotton seed meal
7.7. Linseed mealLinseed meal
8.8. Safflower mealSafflower meal
9.9. Groundnut mealGroundnut meal
10.10. Poppy seed mealPoppy seed meal
11.11. Corn glutenCorn gluten

54. Comparison of mealsComparison of meals

55. Energy ComparisonEnergy Comparison

56. Ingredient ComparisonIngredient Comparison
Cotton SeedCotton Seed
MealMeal
Soybean MealSoybean Meal
Protein, %Protein, % 41.2041.20 46.4546.45
ME, Kcal/kgME, Kcal/kg 25702570 33203320
TDN, %TDN, % 6868 7878
Lysine, %Lysine, % 1.601.60 3.093.09
Lysine digest.,Lysine digest.,
%%
5959 8585
Methonine, %Methonine, % 0.570.57 0.660.66
MycotoxinMycotoxin ++++++++ --
PesticidePesticide
ResidueResidue
++++++++ --
GossypolGossypol ++++++ --

57. CORN GLUTEN MEALCORN GLUTEN MEAL
 Very high in protein 60%Very high in protein 60%
 Very deficient in lysine - useVery deficient in lysine - use
synthetic lysinesynthetic lysine
 Very high inVery high in xanthophyllxanthophyll - up to- up to
300 mg/kg300 mg/kg, used to pigment, used to pigment
poultry products.poultry products.
 High in MycotoxinsHigh in Mycotoxins

58. Feeding fat
To increase energy density
Improve body condition score
Improve milk fat test
Beneficial during hot weather

59. Fat sources
Oil seeds
Vegetable oils
Animal fats
Soybeans
Cottonseeds
Soy oil
Canola oil
Maize oil
Tallow
Lard

60. Daily allowanceDaily allowance
 Fodder @ 10% of body weight ~ 40-Fodder @ 10% of body weight ~ 40-
60 kg60 kg
 Ration ~ Half of milk productionRation ~ Half of milk production
 More ration during summer seasonMore ration during summer season
 Water should be available all theWater should be available all the
timetime
 Mineral mixture @ 2% in the rationMineral mixture @ 2% in the ration

61. Composition of RationComposition of Ration
IngredientsIngredients PercentPercent
Soybean mealSoybean meal 1010
Rape seed mealRape seed meal 1515
Wheat branWheat bran 2525
CornCorn 2525
Rice branRice bran 1010
MolassesMolasses 1212
Mineral MixtureMineral Mixture 1.51.5
SaltSalt 1.51.5
Crude Protein, %Crude Protein, % 18.018.0
TDN, %TDN, % 7272

62. Urea molasses blockUrea molasses block

63. FEED SUPPLEMENTSFEED SUPPLEMENTS BBlockslocks
Sr. No.Sr. No. Feed IngredientsFeed Ingredients PercentagPercentag
ee
11 Maize gluten 30%Maize gluten 30% 22.022.0
22 UreaUrea 2.02.0
33 Rice polishing/wheat branRice polishing/wheat bran 20.020.0
44 Canola/CottonCanola/Cotton
seed/Soybean Mealseed/Soybean Meal
10.010.0
55 BentoniteBentonite 6.06.0
66 Calcium carbonateCalcium carbonate 2.02.0
77 MolassesMolasses 36.036.0
88 Mineral mixtureMineral mixture 2.02.0
TotalTotal 100100

64. MINERAL MIXTURE ?MINERAL MIXTURE ?

65. MINERAL MIXTUREMINERAL MIXTURE
Sr. No.Sr. No. Feed IngredientsFeed Ingredients PercentagePercentage
11 Di-calcium phosphate (DCP)Di-calcium phosphate (DCP) 70.81 kg70.81 kg
22 Common saltCommon salt 18.91 kg18.91 kg
33 Magnesium sulfateMagnesium sulfate 8.64 kg8.64 kg
44 Ferrous sulfateFerrous sulfate 0.89 kg0.89 kg
55 Manganese sulfateManganese sulfate 0.49 kg0.49 kg
66 Zinc sulfateZinc sulfate 0.22 kg0.22 kg
77 Copper sulfateCopper sulfate 0.03 kg0.03 kg
88 Potassium iodidePotassium iodide 8.77 gm8.77 gm
99 Cobalt chlorideCobalt chloride 0.89 gm0.89 gm
1010 Sodium selenateSodium selenate 1.50 gm1.50 gm
TotalTotal 100.0 kg100.0 kg

66. Feeding Management

67. Events During Different Phases ofEvents During Different Phases of
LactationLactation
 Nutrients demandNutrients demand
for peak milk yieldfor peak milk yield
is highis high
 Can not eat to fullCan not eat to full
capacity duringcapacity during
early phaseearly phase
 Uses body reservesUses body reserves
as energy sourceas energy source
 Rapidly loosesRapidly looses
body weightbody weight

68. Increasing Peak Milk Yield Improve Lactation PerformanceIncreasing Peak Milk Yield Improve Lactation Performance
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44
Weeks of Lactation
MilkYield(lit/day)

69. Flat Rate ConcentrateFlat Rate Concentrate
FeedingFeeding
““Do not starve profitDo not starve profit
out of a good cow”out of a good cow”
““Do not feed profit toDo not feed profit to
a poor cow”a poor cow”

70. HEALTH IS WEALTH !HEALTH IS WEALTH !