This document discusses biodiversity conservation through the establishment of protected areas like national parks, wildlife refuges, biosphere reserves, and conservation corridors. It explains that national parks protect natural landscapes and species while prohibiting activities like grazing and cultivation. Wildlife refuges provide sanctuary for species from threats. Biosphere reserves integrate biodiversity conservation with sustainable development and include core protected zones surrounded by buffer and transition areas where limited human activities are permitted. Conservation corridors help share genetic information between protected populations.

2. Sukriti Singh
A0523113081
BTBM/13/242

3. Conservation is an ethic of resource use, allocation, and
protection.
Its primary focus is upon maintaining the health of the natural world,
its fisheries, habitats, and biological diversity.
Secondary focus is on materials conservation and energy
conservation, which are seen as important to protect the natural
world.
Conservation is not about protecting genes, species or ecosystem,
but it is protecting the processes of life i.e. Conservation is based on
the mandate to maintain the threats of life as they arrive from past
abide in present and depart for future.

4. BIODIVERSITY
Biodiversity refers to the variety and variability among all
groups of living organisms and the ecosystem complexes in which they
occur.
In the Convention of Biological diversity (1992) biodiversity has
been defined as the variability among living organisms from all sources
including inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and
the ecological complexes of which they are a part.

5. The enormous value of biodiversity due to their genetic, commercial, medical, aesthetic
importance and ecological importance emphasizes the need to conserve biodiversity.

6.  Gradually we are coming to realize that wildlife is
not just “a game to be hunted”, rather it is “a gift of
nature” to be nurtured.

7. What Actions Can be
Taken?
Establishing Protected areas, Species protection and recovery
measures
Ex situ and insitu conservation of genetic diversity
Restoration
Increased coordination
Capture of benefits by local communities, Public awareness and
education
Enhanced capacity for assessing the consequences of ecosystem
change
Increased integration of sectoral responses
Integration of biodiversity conservation and development
Increased accountability of performance in decisions
Scientific data need to be made available to all sectors of society

8. Region Protected %
Area Protected
Africa 90,899 3.1
Madagascar 740 1.3
Asia 42,525 1.4
Americas 67,506 3.9

10. 1992
• United Nation Conference on Environment and
Development ( Rio de Janerio )brought up the
Agenda
IUCN
• IUCN interprets Biodiversity to encompass all
species of plants, animals, microbes and
ecosystem to which they belong
• In-situ should be the primary means according
to IUCN
Finally
• Trends in Population growth & the urge of
economic development finally sowed the seeds
of In-situ conservations
This led to the use of In-situ as the method of conservation of Biodiversity.

11. Requires no
Advanced
technology
• Optimal
sampling
strategies and
breeding
strategies
• Farmers of
every region
and nation
know how to
manage and
maintain their
local strains.
They already
have the
capability, all
they require is
direction.
Cost
Effective
• Ensure that
financial
commitment.
• Are net
producers of
food, fibre
and draught
power. They
do not require
the
importation of
expensive
materials,
skills or
equipment.
Scientific
Research
• Breeds are
properly
characterized
and evaluated
in thier own
localities
• Allow for
comparative
trials,
research and
crossing
experiments.
Easy
Adaptation
and
Selection
*Allows
populations to
adapt to changing
environmental
conditions and
endemic
diseases.
*easy selection
and imrovement
of populations
within sustainable
constraints.

12. • No. of indigenous species and systems
to be protected. Coverage
• Natural Selection and community
evolution continue and genetic
Viability material are produced.
• Country with specific examples of
biodiversity stores up future economic
benefits, where commercially valuable
genetic and biochemical material may
be found.
Economic
Sustainability

13. • Resulting from Random Events in the
survival and reproduction
Demographic
Uncertainty
• Random, unpredictable changes in
weather, food supply, competition.
• Floods, Fires, Droughts.
Environmental
Uncertainty and
Natural
Catastrophes
• Random Changes in Genetic Make-up, due
to genetic drift or inbreeding.
• Alter survival and reproductive
probabilities.
Genetic
Uncertainty

14. • Difficult to control invasion of alien species.
• Environment may need restoring
Alien
Species
• Since in few conservation methods human
interference is permitted to a certain level,
thus illegal activities or exploitation is
difficult to control.
Exploitation

16. Governments set aside land to protect
species
Provincial and National Parks
Allow animals to live in relatively undisturbed
environments
2,44,540 square kilometers of Canada is
national park land

17. A national park is a reserve of natural,
semi-natural, or developed land that a
sovereign state declares or owns.
IUCN and its World Commission on
Protected Areas, has defined "National Park"
as its Category II type of protected areas.
United States established the first such
one, Yellowstone National Park, in 1872.

18.  The largest national park in the world meeting the
IUCN definition is the Northeast Greenland National
Park, which was established in 1974.
 National parks are almost always open to visitors.
 Provide outdoor recreation and camping
opportunities as well as classes designed to educate
the public on the importance of conservation and the
natural wonders of the land in which the national
park is located.
 Activities such as grazing, forestry or cultivation
are NOT ALLOWED.

20.  Banff
Jasper
Waterton Lakes
Elk Island
Wood Buffalo
Glacier
Gulf Islands
Kootenay
Mount Revel stoke
Yoho
 Gwaii Haanas
Pacific Rim
Riding Mountain
Wapusk
Grasslands
Prince Albert
Ivvavik
Kluane
Vuntut
Nahanni

21. Yellow Stone
National Park,
United States
Position of
Yellowstone
National Park, lies
on the Pacific Ring
of Fire Belt Region.

22. Banff
National
Park in
Alberta,
Canada
Jaldapara,
National Park,
West Bengal
Yosemite Valley,
Yosemite
National Park,
in California.

23. A wildlife refuge, also called a wildlife sanctuary, is a naturally occurring sanctuary,
such as an island, that provides protection for species from hunting, predation or
competition.
It is a protected area, a geographic territory within which wildlife is protected.
Wildlife refuges are generally officially designated territories. It is created by
government legislation, publicly or privately owned.
Chernobyl nuclear accident site has accidentally become a wildlife refuge. It
preserves the animals that are endangered or about to be extinct.

26. Corridors are important
to share genetic
information between
populations
All levels of government
must work together to
make these work

27. Area containing a wildlife preserve bordered by a
buffer zone in which more frequent use is permitted
to the public, established as a way of integrating
habitat conservation with the interests of the local
community.
Protection is granted not only to the flora and fauna
of the protected region, but also to the human
communities who inhabit these regions, and their
ways of life.

28. Core Area: Area containing endangered or Red
listed species, here no human activity is
permitted, only scientific research to conserve
them takes place here.
Buffer Area: generally a zonal area that lies
between two or more other areas, limited Human
intervention is permitted in this area in form of
recreation, Tourism, Education and Training,
Scientific Research continues.

30. 18 Biosphere Reserves of
India
Protect larger areas of natural
habitat (than a National
Park or Animal Sanctuary)
Often include one or more
National Parks and/or
preserves, along buffer zones

31. Nine of the Eighteen biosphere reserves are a part of
the World Network of Biosphere Reserves, based on
the UNESCO Man and the Biosphere (MAB)
Programme list.
Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve
TamilNadu, Kerala, Karnataka2000
Gulf of Mannar Biosphere ReserveTamil Nadu2001
Sundarbans Biosphere Reserve[[West Bengal]]2001
Nanda Devi Biosphere ReserveUttarakhand2004

32. Nokrek Biosphere Reserve Meghalaya2009
Pachmarhi Biosphere ReserveMadhya Pradesh2009
Simlipal Biosphere ReserveOdisha2008
Achanakmar-Amarkantak Biosphere
ReserveChhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh2012
Nicobar IslandsAndaman and Nicobar Islands2013

33. In 2009, India designated Cold Desert
of Himachal Pradesh as a biosphere
reserve.
On September 20, 2010, the Ministry of
Environment and Forests
designated Seshachalam Hills as the 17th
biosphere reserve.
Panna (Madhya Pradesh) was scheduled to
become the 18th on August 25, 2011.

34. Potential sites for Biosphere
Reserves
Following is the list of potential sites for Biosphere Reserves as selected by
Ministry of Forests and Environment:
Namdapha, Arunachal Pradesh
Thar Desert, Rajasthan
Little Rann of Kutch, Gujarat
Kavalam, Assam
Kanha, Madhya Pradesh
North Islands of Andaman and
Nicobar
Tawang and West Kamang
Abujmarh, Chhattisgarh
Chintapalli, Andhra Pradesh
Lakshadweep Islands,
Lakshadweep
Singhbhum
Seshachallam
Blue Mountain

36. Fulfil 3 basic functions, which are complementary and mutually
reinforcing:
-A conservation function - to contribute to the conservation of
landscapes, ecosystems, species and genetic variation;
- A development function - to foster economic and human
development which is socio-culturally and ecologically sustainable;
-A logistic function - to provide support for research, monitoring,
education and information exchange related to local, national and
global issues of conservation and development.