Conservation of biodiversity – in-situ & ex-situ conservation
The process of protecting an endangered plant or animal species in its natural habitat is commonly known as in situ conservation. On the other hand, ex situ conservation is the relocation of endangered or rare species from their natural habitats to protected areas equipped for their protection and preservation.
Land is a finite and cherished resource that must be utilized sustainably according to its geological and biological properties to avoid upsetting the ecological balance. When populations place unbearable pressure on the land by overusing and over-exploiting its limited resources, it can lead to the same mismanagement issues that ancient civilizations experienced. Proper land use planning is needed based on the land's suitability and capability to meet societies' basic needs while preserving the land for future generations.
Define the following:
Normal species
Vulnerable species
Endangered species
Threaten species
Critically Endangered species
Rare species
Endemic species
Extinct species
This document discusses ex situ conservation methods for plant genetic resources, focusing on field gene banks and seed banks. Field gene banks involve growing plant collections in artificial ecosystems for study and comparison. Seed banks preserve seeds at low temperatures and moisture levels for long-term conservation, though only seeds from orthodox species can be stored this way. Cryopreservation allows storage of seeds, pollen, or embryos in liquid nitrogen for even longer preservation periods. Both methods have advantages like easy access to materials and large storage capacity, but field gene banks are costly to maintain and exposed to threats, while seed banks cannot store recalcitrant species.
This document discusses plant conservation and biotechnology. It covers various topics related to biodiversity and conservation, including the importance of biodiversity, causes of biodiversity loss, and methods of conservation both in situ and ex situ. For in situ conservation, it describes different types of protected areas in India such as biosphere reserves, national parks, tiger reserves, and wildlife sanctuaries. For ex situ conservation, it discusses various methods like gene sanctuaries, seed banks, field gene banks, and tissue culture storage. The overall document provides an overview of biodiversity conservation approaches and the role of biotechnology in plant conservation.
The document discusses the International Union for Conservation of Nature's (IUCN) Red List categories and criteria for assessing extinction risk. It explains that the IUCN Red List aims to categorize species based on threats and estimate extinction risk. Countries have adopted the approach to create their own lists of at-risk species. The IUCN recognizes nine categories including Extinct, Critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable, Near Threatened and Least Concern. The document defines each category and explains that the criteria are designed to objectively evaluate risk factors and allow comparisons across different species.
This document discusses coastal zone management in India. It notes that India has over 8,100 km of coastline and that coastal zones are important ecologically and economically. The document then discusses threats to coastal zones like pollution, urbanization, and population growth. It outlines India's Coastal Regulation Zone notification which aims to protect coastal areas and categorizes different coastal zones. The notification prohibits or regulates certain activities in coastal areas. Overall, the document provides an overview of India's coastal zones and the legal framework around managing these important areas.
The document discusses the different types of aquatic macrophytes or plants: free floating plants which float on the water surface such as duckweed and water hyacinth; floating leaf plants which float on the surface with roots in the water such as azolla and water lettuce; emergent plants which are rooted in the bottom but have leaves and stems emerging from the water such as flowering rush and reed; submerged plants which are completely under water such as hydrilla and pondweed; and marginal plants which grow in shallow water around pond edges such as mangroves and cattails. Examples of plants in each category are provided along with their common and scientific names.
Land is a finite and cherished resource that must be utilized sustainably according to its geological and biological properties to avoid upsetting the ecological balance. When populations place unbearable pressure on the land by overusing and over-exploiting its limited resources, it can lead to the same mismanagement issues that ancient civilizations experienced. Proper land use planning is needed based on the land's suitability and capability to meet societies' basic needs while preserving the land for future generations.
Define the following:
Normal species
Vulnerable species
Endangered species
Threaten species
Critically Endangered species
Rare species
Endemic species
Extinct species
This document discusses ex situ conservation methods for plant genetic resources, focusing on field gene banks and seed banks. Field gene banks involve growing plant collections in artificial ecosystems for study and comparison. Seed banks preserve seeds at low temperatures and moisture levels for long-term conservation, though only seeds from orthodox species can be stored this way. Cryopreservation allows storage of seeds, pollen, or embryos in liquid nitrogen for even longer preservation periods. Both methods have advantages like easy access to materials and large storage capacity, but field gene banks are costly to maintain and exposed to threats, while seed banks cannot store recalcitrant species.
This document discusses plant conservation and biotechnology. It covers various topics related to biodiversity and conservation, including the importance of biodiversity, causes of biodiversity loss, and methods of conservation both in situ and ex situ. For in situ conservation, it describes different types of protected areas in India such as biosphere reserves, national parks, tiger reserves, and wildlife sanctuaries. For ex situ conservation, it discusses various methods like gene sanctuaries, seed banks, field gene banks, and tissue culture storage. The overall document provides an overview of biodiversity conservation approaches and the role of biotechnology in plant conservation.
The document discusses the International Union for Conservation of Nature's (IUCN) Red List categories and criteria for assessing extinction risk. It explains that the IUCN Red List aims to categorize species based on threats and estimate extinction risk. Countries have adopted the approach to create their own lists of at-risk species. The IUCN recognizes nine categories including Extinct, Critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable, Near Threatened and Least Concern. The document defines each category and explains that the criteria are designed to objectively evaluate risk factors and allow comparisons across different species.
This document discusses coastal zone management in India. It notes that India has over 8,100 km of coastline and that coastal zones are important ecologically and economically. The document then discusses threats to coastal zones like pollution, urbanization, and population growth. It outlines India's Coastal Regulation Zone notification which aims to protect coastal areas and categorizes different coastal zones. The notification prohibits or regulates certain activities in coastal areas. Overall, the document provides an overview of India's coastal zones and the legal framework around managing these important areas.
The document discusses the different types of aquatic macrophytes or plants: free floating plants which float on the water surface such as duckweed and water hyacinth; floating leaf plants which float on the surface with roots in the water such as azolla and water lettuce; emergent plants which are rooted in the bottom but have leaves and stems emerging from the water such as flowering rush and reed; submerged plants which are completely under water such as hydrilla and pondweed; and marginal plants which grow in shallow water around pond edges such as mangroves and cattails. Examples of plants in each category are provided along with their common and scientific names.
Biotechnology can be used to help conserve biodiversity through various methods. Molecular marker technology allows studying genetic variations within species to identify mutations. Plant DNA banks preserve genetic material. Unconventional methods like micropropagation and organogenesis are used for conservation. Molecular pharming produces pharmaceuticals. Ex-situ conservation involves protecting species outside their natural habitats. Nepal has established various protected areas like national parks, wildlife reserves, conservation areas, and buffer zones covering over 18% of the country's land to aid in biodiversity conservation according to the legal framework provided. These protected areas help conserve threatened species and habitats and set conservation targets.
conservation of natural resources in their natural habitat known as in-situ conservation. natural resources includes living organism (plants,animals),forest ,wetlands, ocean, rivers etc.
This document discusses biodiversity conservation methods, including both in-situ and ex-situ approaches. In-situ conservation aims to protect whole ecosystems and biodiversity within habitats, and is done through designating biodiversity hotspots and establishing protected areas like national parks and sanctuaries. Ex-situ conservation involves protecting threatened species outside their natural environments, such as through botanical gardens, zoos, seed banks, and gene banks which preserve genetic material. The document provides details on biodiversity hotspots in India, examples of protected areas, and challenges to conserving biodiversity due to habitat loss, overexploitation, and climate change.
The document discusses ex-situ conservation methods which involve protecting organisms outside their natural habitats, such as in zoological gardens, botanical gardens, and gene banks. Zoological gardens house and protect different animal varieties separately and can conserve extinct wild species. Botanical gardens are research centers that safeguard rare and diverse plant species. Gene banks preserve seeds and materials to recreate organisms as needed.
This document discusses crocodile species found in India and the best places to see them. It introduces the three primary species - mugger crocodile, gharial, and saltwater crocodile. Some of the best locations to observe these species include Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary to see muggers, National Chambal Sanctuary for gharials, and Bhitarkanika National Park to view saltwater crocodiles. The Madras Crocodile Bank is also highlighted as an important conservation center housing all three endangered Indian crocodile species.
Wetlands are areas where water covers the land either permanently or seasonally. They are defined by having wetland vegetation and hydric soils that are saturated with water for long periods. Wetlands provide many benefits and can be classified by their location and type of vegetation. The document provides details on two important wetlands in India - Keoladeo National Park and Sambhar Lake. Keoladeo National Park is an important habitat for over 370 bird species and hosts thousands of migratory birds during winter. Sambhar Lake is India's largest inland saltwater lake and is an ecologically important site for flamingos and other migratory birds. It also produces over 90% of Rajasthan's salt through evaporation
Biodiversity refers to genetic, species, and ecosystem variation within a specific area or planet. It is measured by both species richness, the number of species, and evenness, the number of individuals belonging to each species. Several factors influence biodiversity patterns, including geological history, climate, resource availability, and competition. The tropics generally have the highest species diversity due to high productivity, complex habitat structures, and survival of fragments during past climate changes. Both random processes and necessity, through competition and interaction laws, along with historical factors shape current species diversity patterns in a given location.
Gene banks are facilities that preserve genetic material from plants and animals. They store seeds, tissue cultures, sperm, eggs, and other biological material under controlled conditions to conserve genetic diversity. Major purposes of gene banks are to maintain crop diversity and make genetic resources available for plant breeding and research. They help conserve agricultural biodiversity and provide material that can be used to restore lost species. Gene banks conduct activities like collecting, processing, storing, regenerating, and documenting genetic samples while maintaining the integrity of collections. The largest gene banks house millions of accessions from all over the world.
This document discusses keystone species and provides examples from Robert Paine's research. It begins by defining a keystone species as one that has a large effect on the community despite its low abundance. It then summarizes Paine's seminal experiments in the 1960s where he found that removing the predatory sea star Pisaster ochraceous from an intertidal zone led to a decline in species diversity from 15 to 8 species due to competitive exclusion. The document concludes by outlining different types of keystone species including keystone carnivores, seed predators, mutualists, herbivores, plants, and prey.
Ecological restoration is the process of assisting the recovery of an ecosystem that has been degraded, damaged, or destroyed. It aims to re-establish the structure, functions, and species diversity of the original ecosystem. The director of the Gurukula Botanical Center demonstrates how 40 years of conservation techniques, gardening, and restoration practices have helped restore habitats and species in the degraded Western Ghats region of India. She advocates an approach of diagnostic healing and restoration rather than simply conserving what remains or "greening" areas, in order to recreate a healthy alliance between people and their environment.
Gene Banks are a type of bio-repository which preserve genetic material.
A collection of seed plants, tissue cultures etc. from potentially useful species , especially species containing genes of significance to the breeding of crops.
Fish genetic material in a 'gene bank' is preserved at -196° Celsius in Liquid Nitrogen as mature seed (dry) or tissue (meristems).
Gene banks exist to conserve the genetic diversity of wild and domesticated organisms that humans depend on for food, fibre, medicine & energy.
Physical Features of inland Water Environment.pdfEftekhar Emon
The document discusses several physical characteristics of freshwater environments including inland water bodies like rivers, lakes, and groundwater. It covers topics such as density, viscosity, surface tension, thermal stratification, and how factors like temperature, light, and turbidity affect organisms. Specifically, it notes that density and viscosity of water increase with decreasing temperature. It also explains that thermal stratification causes warmer water to remain above cooler, denser water, separating freshwater systems into distinct epilimnion and hypolimnion layers, with a thermocline in between. Temperature variations in freshwater habitats are smaller than oceans and changes occur slowly.
This document discusses definitions, management, conservation, and restoration of wetlands. It defines wetland creation, enhancement, and restoration. Wetland management involves protecting natural wetlands, exempting some activities, and creating/restoring wetlands for water quality. Wetland conservation aims to preserve areas where water exists near the surface due to the ecosystem services they provide like water and food. Conservation strategies include easements, land purchases, revolving land trusts, and funding. Wetland restoration renews degraded wetlands and improves water quality and wildlife habitat.
Biodiversity -edex situ and in situ conservationDilip Gavande
This document discusses methods of biodiversity conservation, including in-situ and ex-situ approaches. In-situ conservation preserves species in their natural habitats through protected areas like national parks and wildlife sanctuaries. Ex-situ conservation involves preserving species outside their natural habitats in botanical gardens, zoos, seed banks, and tissue culture facilities. The document also provides examples of specific conservation efforts in India like Project Tiger and the successful campaign to protect the Silent Valley National Park from a proposed hydroelectric project.
Classification of marine environment pptAshish sahu
The main divisions of the marine environment. The two primary divisions of the sea are the benthic and the pelagic. The former includes all of the ocean floor, while the latter includes the whole mass of water. ... The deep-sea system is divided into an upper (archibenthic) and a lower (abyssal-benthic) zone.
Community ecology is the study of interactions between populations of different species within a defined area. A community consists of producers, consumers, and decomposers at various trophic levels. Species diversity and dominance characterize communities. Dominant species exert more influence over energy flow and physical structure. Communities develop through successional changes over time, eventually reaching a climax community. Stratification describes the vertical layering of communities according to plant height, while horizontal stratification refers to dispersion patterns of individuals across an area. Ecotones are transition zones between two communities that contain characteristics of both.
This document discusses island biogeography and provides examples of continental and oceanic islands. It describes how continental islands like Great Britain and Borneo have fauna more similar to nearby mainland areas due to past connections, while oceanic islands have fauna that arrived by air/water and is often endemic. It discusses species-area relationships and how larger islands support more species due to lower extinction rates. It summarizes Robert MacArthur and E.O. Wilson's equilibrium theory of island biogeography.
This document provides an overview of Kuwait's implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity. It describes the three types of biodiversity and discusses how human activities have negatively impacted biodiversity. It then outlines the history and objectives of the Convention on Biodiversity, which aims to conserve biodiversity and promote sustainable use. The document notes that Kuwait signed the convention in 1992 and became a party in 2002. It discusses some of Kuwait's actions to meet the convention's requirements, such as developing national strategies and reports, monitoring biodiversity, increasing protected areas, and coordinating efforts between relevant authorities.
The document discusses endangered and threatened species. It defines endangered as a species in danger of extinction, threatened as likely to become endangered without protection, and extinct as no longer existing. Examples are given of extinct species like the passenger pigeon and endangered species facing threats like habitat loss, poaching, pollution, and more. The ecosystem is described as all living things being connected, and endangered species serve as alarms about environmental problems affecting all life.
This document discusses biodiversity and its conservation. It defines biodiversity as the variety of life forms on Earth, including genes, species, and ecosystems. The importance of biodiversity is explained, as well as threats such as habitat destruction. Methods of conservation are outlined, including both in situ approaches like biosphere reserves, national parks and wildlife sanctuaries, and ex situ approaches such as seed banks and field gene banks. India's protected area network is also briefly discussed. The conclusion emphasizes that conserving biodiversity is important for human survival.
This document discusses biodiversity conservation through the establishment of protected areas like national parks, wildlife refuges, biosphere reserves, and conservation corridors. It explains that national parks protect natural landscapes and species while prohibiting activities like grazing and cultivation. Wildlife refuges provide sanctuary for species from threats. Biosphere reserves integrate biodiversity conservation with sustainable development and include core protected zones surrounded by buffer and transition areas where limited human activities are permitted. Conservation corridors help share genetic information between protected populations.
Biotechnology can be used to help conserve biodiversity through various methods. Molecular marker technology allows studying genetic variations within species to identify mutations. Plant DNA banks preserve genetic material. Unconventional methods like micropropagation and organogenesis are used for conservation. Molecular pharming produces pharmaceuticals. Ex-situ conservation involves protecting species outside their natural habitats. Nepal has established various protected areas like national parks, wildlife reserves, conservation areas, and buffer zones covering over 18% of the country's land to aid in biodiversity conservation according to the legal framework provided. These protected areas help conserve threatened species and habitats and set conservation targets.
conservation of natural resources in their natural habitat known as in-situ conservation. natural resources includes living organism (plants,animals),forest ,wetlands, ocean, rivers etc.
This document discusses biodiversity conservation methods, including both in-situ and ex-situ approaches. In-situ conservation aims to protect whole ecosystems and biodiversity within habitats, and is done through designating biodiversity hotspots and establishing protected areas like national parks and sanctuaries. Ex-situ conservation involves protecting threatened species outside their natural environments, such as through botanical gardens, zoos, seed banks, and gene banks which preserve genetic material. The document provides details on biodiversity hotspots in India, examples of protected areas, and challenges to conserving biodiversity due to habitat loss, overexploitation, and climate change.
The document discusses ex-situ conservation methods which involve protecting organisms outside their natural habitats, such as in zoological gardens, botanical gardens, and gene banks. Zoological gardens house and protect different animal varieties separately and can conserve extinct wild species. Botanical gardens are research centers that safeguard rare and diverse plant species. Gene banks preserve seeds and materials to recreate organisms as needed.
This document discusses crocodile species found in India and the best places to see them. It introduces the three primary species - mugger crocodile, gharial, and saltwater crocodile. Some of the best locations to observe these species include Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary to see muggers, National Chambal Sanctuary for gharials, and Bhitarkanika National Park to view saltwater crocodiles. The Madras Crocodile Bank is also highlighted as an important conservation center housing all three endangered Indian crocodile species.
Wetlands are areas where water covers the land either permanently or seasonally. They are defined by having wetland vegetation and hydric soils that are saturated with water for long periods. Wetlands provide many benefits and can be classified by their location and type of vegetation. The document provides details on two important wetlands in India - Keoladeo National Park and Sambhar Lake. Keoladeo National Park is an important habitat for over 370 bird species and hosts thousands of migratory birds during winter. Sambhar Lake is India's largest inland saltwater lake and is an ecologically important site for flamingos and other migratory birds. It also produces over 90% of Rajasthan's salt through evaporation
Biodiversity refers to genetic, species, and ecosystem variation within a specific area or planet. It is measured by both species richness, the number of species, and evenness, the number of individuals belonging to each species. Several factors influence biodiversity patterns, including geological history, climate, resource availability, and competition. The tropics generally have the highest species diversity due to high productivity, complex habitat structures, and survival of fragments during past climate changes. Both random processes and necessity, through competition and interaction laws, along with historical factors shape current species diversity patterns in a given location.
Gene banks are facilities that preserve genetic material from plants and animals. They store seeds, tissue cultures, sperm, eggs, and other biological material under controlled conditions to conserve genetic diversity. Major purposes of gene banks are to maintain crop diversity and make genetic resources available for plant breeding and research. They help conserve agricultural biodiversity and provide material that can be used to restore lost species. Gene banks conduct activities like collecting, processing, storing, regenerating, and documenting genetic samples while maintaining the integrity of collections. The largest gene banks house millions of accessions from all over the world.
This document discusses keystone species and provides examples from Robert Paine's research. It begins by defining a keystone species as one that has a large effect on the community despite its low abundance. It then summarizes Paine's seminal experiments in the 1960s where he found that removing the predatory sea star Pisaster ochraceous from an intertidal zone led to a decline in species diversity from 15 to 8 species due to competitive exclusion. The document concludes by outlining different types of keystone species including keystone carnivores, seed predators, mutualists, herbivores, plants, and prey.
Ecological restoration is the process of assisting the recovery of an ecosystem that has been degraded, damaged, or destroyed. It aims to re-establish the structure, functions, and species diversity of the original ecosystem. The director of the Gurukula Botanical Center demonstrates how 40 years of conservation techniques, gardening, and restoration practices have helped restore habitats and species in the degraded Western Ghats region of India. She advocates an approach of diagnostic healing and restoration rather than simply conserving what remains or "greening" areas, in order to recreate a healthy alliance between people and their environment.
Gene Banks are a type of bio-repository which preserve genetic material.
A collection of seed plants, tissue cultures etc. from potentially useful species , especially species containing genes of significance to the breeding of crops.
Fish genetic material in a 'gene bank' is preserved at -196° Celsius in Liquid Nitrogen as mature seed (dry) or tissue (meristems).
Gene banks exist to conserve the genetic diversity of wild and domesticated organisms that humans depend on for food, fibre, medicine & energy.
Physical Features of inland Water Environment.pdfEftekhar Emon
The document discusses several physical characteristics of freshwater environments including inland water bodies like rivers, lakes, and groundwater. It covers topics such as density, viscosity, surface tension, thermal stratification, and how factors like temperature, light, and turbidity affect organisms. Specifically, it notes that density and viscosity of water increase with decreasing temperature. It also explains that thermal stratification causes warmer water to remain above cooler, denser water, separating freshwater systems into distinct epilimnion and hypolimnion layers, with a thermocline in between. Temperature variations in freshwater habitats are smaller than oceans and changes occur slowly.
This document discusses definitions, management, conservation, and restoration of wetlands. It defines wetland creation, enhancement, and restoration. Wetland management involves protecting natural wetlands, exempting some activities, and creating/restoring wetlands for water quality. Wetland conservation aims to preserve areas where water exists near the surface due to the ecosystem services they provide like water and food. Conservation strategies include easements, land purchases, revolving land trusts, and funding. Wetland restoration renews degraded wetlands and improves water quality and wildlife habitat.
Biodiversity -edex situ and in situ conservationDilip Gavande
This document discusses methods of biodiversity conservation, including in-situ and ex-situ approaches. In-situ conservation preserves species in their natural habitats through protected areas like national parks and wildlife sanctuaries. Ex-situ conservation involves preserving species outside their natural habitats in botanical gardens, zoos, seed banks, and tissue culture facilities. The document also provides examples of specific conservation efforts in India like Project Tiger and the successful campaign to protect the Silent Valley National Park from a proposed hydroelectric project.
Classification of marine environment pptAshish sahu
The main divisions of the marine environment. The two primary divisions of the sea are the benthic and the pelagic. The former includes all of the ocean floor, while the latter includes the whole mass of water. ... The deep-sea system is divided into an upper (archibenthic) and a lower (abyssal-benthic) zone.
Community ecology is the study of interactions between populations of different species within a defined area. A community consists of producers, consumers, and decomposers at various trophic levels. Species diversity and dominance characterize communities. Dominant species exert more influence over energy flow and physical structure. Communities develop through successional changes over time, eventually reaching a climax community. Stratification describes the vertical layering of communities according to plant height, while horizontal stratification refers to dispersion patterns of individuals across an area. Ecotones are transition zones between two communities that contain characteristics of both.
This document discusses island biogeography and provides examples of continental and oceanic islands. It describes how continental islands like Great Britain and Borneo have fauna more similar to nearby mainland areas due to past connections, while oceanic islands have fauna that arrived by air/water and is often endemic. It discusses species-area relationships and how larger islands support more species due to lower extinction rates. It summarizes Robert MacArthur and E.O. Wilson's equilibrium theory of island biogeography.
This document provides an overview of Kuwait's implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity. It describes the three types of biodiversity and discusses how human activities have negatively impacted biodiversity. It then outlines the history and objectives of the Convention on Biodiversity, which aims to conserve biodiversity and promote sustainable use. The document notes that Kuwait signed the convention in 1992 and became a party in 2002. It discusses some of Kuwait's actions to meet the convention's requirements, such as developing national strategies and reports, monitoring biodiversity, increasing protected areas, and coordinating efforts between relevant authorities.
The document discusses endangered and threatened species. It defines endangered as a species in danger of extinction, threatened as likely to become endangered without protection, and extinct as no longer existing. Examples are given of extinct species like the passenger pigeon and endangered species facing threats like habitat loss, poaching, pollution, and more. The ecosystem is described as all living things being connected, and endangered species serve as alarms about environmental problems affecting all life.
This document discusses biodiversity and its conservation. It defines biodiversity as the variety of life forms on Earth, including genes, species, and ecosystems. The importance of biodiversity is explained, as well as threats such as habitat destruction. Methods of conservation are outlined, including both in situ approaches like biosphere reserves, national parks and wildlife sanctuaries, and ex situ approaches such as seed banks and field gene banks. India's protected area network is also briefly discussed. The conclusion emphasizes that conserving biodiversity is important for human survival.
This document discusses biodiversity conservation through the establishment of protected areas like national parks, wildlife refuges, biosphere reserves, and conservation corridors. It explains that national parks protect natural landscapes and species while prohibiting activities like grazing and cultivation. Wildlife refuges provide sanctuary for species from threats. Biosphere reserves integrate biodiversity conservation with sustainable development and include core protected zones surrounded by buffer and transition areas where limited human activities are permitted. Conservation corridors help share genetic information between protected populations.
International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), formerly called World Conservation Union, network of environmental organizations founded as the International Union for the Protection of Nature in October 1948 in Fontainebleau, France, to promote nature conservation and the ecologically sustainable use of natural resources. The IUCN’s membership includes more than 1,000 governmental and nongovernmental organizations from more than 140 countries. It is governed by a democratically elected council, which is chosen by member organizations at each World Conservation Congress.
This document discusses biodiversity conservation strategies in India. It outlines in-situ conservation methods like protecting habitats in national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, biosphere reserves, and tiger reserves. Ex-situ conservation methods include botanical gardens and gene banks. The key objectives of the Convention on Biological Diversity are the conservation of biodiversity, sustainable use of its components, and fair sharing of benefits from genetic resources.
This document discusses biodiversity and its importance. It notes that biodiversity is declining rapidly, with thousands of species going extinct each year. Biodiversity is essential for ecosystem functions like water and air purification. Conservation strategies include legislation, in-situ and ex-situ conservation efforts, recording indigenous knowledge, community participation, and international agreements. Local communities depend on biodiversity for their livelihoods and cultures. Overall biodiversity conservation is crucial for environmental health and human well-being.
This document discusses the conservation of biodiversity. It begins by defining biodiversity as the variety of life on Earth, including plants, animals, fungi and microorganisms. It then describes the different levels of biodiversity from genetic to species to ecological diversity. The importance of biodiversity is discussed, noting that diverse ecosystems tend to be more stable and productive. Methods of conservation are also outlined, including in-situ conservation of natural habitats and ex-situ conservation of endangered species in controlled environments like zoos and botanical gardens. The global and individual approaches to conserving biodiversity are also summarized.
Biodiversity conservation involves protecting ecosystems, habitats, and species. It aims to maintain viable populations of all native species and their genetic diversity. Key methods for biodiversity conservation include protected areas like national parks, sanctuaries, biosphere reserves, and marine protected areas. Laws like the Wildlife Protection Act (1972) and the Biological Diversity Act (2002) support conservation efforts in India. The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) also regulates global trade in threatened species.
Biodiversity hotspot, threats & its conservationJagan Kumar Ojha
This document discusses biodiversity hotspots and threats to biodiversity. It defines biodiversity hotspots as regions that are exceptionally rich in endemic species yet threatened by habitat loss. Two criteria are outlined to qualify as a hotspot: containing at least 1,500 endemic plant species and having lost at least 70% of primary vegetation. 25 global hotspots are listed, including the Eastern Himalayas and Western Ghats in India. Major threats include habitat loss, poaching, and human-wildlife conflicts. Conservation approaches of in situ and ex situ are described, along with examples like protected areas, gene banks, and projects like Tiger and Elephant.
This document discusses arguments for preserving biodiversity. It notes that biodiversity provides direct values like food sources and natural products, as well as many indirect values. These indirect values include ecosystem productivity, scientific/educational value, biological control, genetic resources, environmental monitoring, recreation, human health, human rights, intrinsic value, and facilitating future conservation efforts. The document also discusses international conventions and protected area design. It evaluates approaches to conservation at the species, area, and ecosystem levels and considers debates around reserve size and design.
Conservation of Biodiversity is the need of the hour. Awareness is a must for biodiversity conservation.Various strategies of conservation are included in the presentation.
Cape biology unit 2 -_conservation_biologyHilton Ritch
Conservation biology aims to protect biodiversity by studying species and ecosystems. There are two main conservation methods - in situ conservation preserves species in their natural habitats such as protected areas, while ex situ conservation preserves species outside their habitats in facilities like zoos, seed banks, and botanic gardens. Protected areas cover about 5% of the world's land and play a key role in maintaining representative ecosystems, but traditionally excluded local people which could harm biodiversity. Conservation now takes a more holistic approach involving local communities.
This document discusses various strategies for conserving biodiversity, including both in situ and ex situ conservation methods. It provides details on several in situ methods like protected areas including national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, biosphere reserves, and world heritage sites. It also describes ex situ conservation approaches such as zoos, botanical gardens, seed banks, gene banks, and cryopreservation. The document emphasizes the importance of conserving biodiversity for future generations.
Sustainable development is the organizing principle for meeting human development goals while at the same time sustaining the ability of natural systems to provide the natural resources and ecosystem services upon which the economy and society depend. The desired result is a state of society where living conditions and resource use continue to meet human needs without undermining the integrity and stability of the natural system and sustainable development can be classified as development that meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of the future generation.
Conservation of biodiversity in india & endangered,endemic species of indiasatish dulla
contains a brief description about the endangered and endemic species of India.This ppt also provides the information regarding the reasons of this sitation and conservation techniques to save them.Empower and enrich the prosperity of India.
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1) The document discusses endangered and endemic species found in India and efforts towards conservation of biodiversity.
2) It provides examples of critically endangered, endangered and vulnerable species in India including the tiger, Asiatic lion, and Ganges river dolphin.
3) The main techniques for conservation of biodiversity mentioned are in-situ conservation of species within their natural habitat and ex-situ conservation outside their natural habitat such as botanical gardens, seed banks, and gene banks.
This document discusses biodiversity conservation in India. It describes in-situ conservation efforts like national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, and biosphere reserves that protect natural habitats and species. National parks strictly conserve biodiversity, while sanctuaries allow some human activities. Biosphere reserves include core, buffer, and transition zones. Ex-situ conservation involves botanical gardens, zoos, seed and gene banks, and captive breeding to preserve species outside natural habitats. In-situ conservation is most effective but ex-situ helps declining and endangered populations through research and breeding programs. India has over 600 protected areas across these categories to conserve biodiversity.
The document discusses various biotechnological methods that can be used for production and conservation of animal genetic resources, including cryopreservation, in vitro production of embryos, cloning, embryo culture and transfer, artificial insemination, and intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Cryopreservation allows storage of materials like cells, tissues, gametes, and DNA samples in a genetic databank. Cloning through nuclear transplantation can be used to produce many viable identical embryos and offspring. Embryo culture and transfer introduces fertilized embryos into surrogate mothers. Artificial insemination and intracytoplasmic sperm injection are techniques used in livestock farming and reproduction.
This document discusses strategies for conserving biodiversity, specifically in-situ conservation. It explains that biodiversity can be conserved through in-situ and ex-situ methods. In-situ conservation involves protecting wildlife and plants in their natural habitats and allows populations to maintain themselves. In India, protected areas like national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, and biosphere reserves help conserve biodiversity in-situ. Establishing these protected areas has helped restore viable populations of large mammals. Local communities are also involved through eco-development programs to sustainably conserve ecosystems.
Similar to in situ and ex situ conservation.pptx (20)
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
different Modes of Insect Plant InteractionArchita Das
different modes of interaction between insects and plants including mutualism, commensalism, antagonism, Pairwise and diffuse coevolution, Plant defenses, how coevolution started
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Top 8 Strategies for Effective Sustainable Waste Management.pdfJhon Wick
Discover top strategies for effective sustainable waste management, including product removal and product destruction. Learn how to reduce, reuse, recycle, compost, implement waste segregation, and explore innovative technologies for a greener future.
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.tiwarimanvi3129
This presentation is for us to know that how our Environment need Attention for protection of our natural resources which are depleted day by day that's why we need to take time and shift our attention to renewable energy sources instead of non-renewable sources which are better and Eco-friendly for our environment. these renewable energy sources are so helpful for our planet and for every living organism which depends on environment.
2. CONTENTS
▶ Introduction
▶ Importance's of bio diversity
▶ Loss of bio diversity
▶ Conservation of biodiversity
▶ Regulations/ laws relating to protected
areas (pas)
▶ Role of bio technology in plant
conservation
1.In situ
▶ Protected areas
▶ Bio sphere reserves
▶ National parks
▶ Tiger reserves
▶ Wild life sanctuaries
2.Ex situ
▶ Gene sanctuaries
▶ In vitro storage methods
▶ Pollen banks
▶ DNA banks
▶ Botanical gardens
▶ Experimental garden
Conclusion
2
3. INTRODUCTION
▶ Biodiversity is - Degree of variation on life forms.
▶ It is the totality of genes, species and ecosystems of
a region.
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IMPORTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY
▶ Biological diversity is the very basis of human survival and
economic development
as it provides food, housing, clothing, medicine and
industrial raw material.
▶ A wide range of industrial materials are directly
obtained from biological resources :
▶ Rubber, oil, fiber, building material, timber and paper
all are obtained from
biological resources.
▶ 80% of the world population depends on medicines
obtained from nature (Behera et al., 2008).
4. LOSS OF BIO DIVERSITY
4
▶ The main causes of biodiversity loss are:
▶ Habitat destruction,Invasive species, Pollution, Population, Over-exploitation
and climatic changes, introduction of exotic species.
▶ Destruction of the habitat is the biggest threat to biodiversity.
▶ Habitats can also be damaged by flooding, lack of water, climate changes,
salination etc., all phenomena which may be both natural and man-made.
▶ Global warming affects plants, animals and microorganisms, both by changing their
habitats and by direct effects of temperature.
▶ Climatic changes also affect species at cellular level and can alter the genetic
makeup of the cell.
5. CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY
5
▶ Protecting the loss of Biodiversity.
▶ Both in situ and ex situ methods of biodiversity conservation are equally
important.
▶ It is now recognized that ex situ techniques can be efficiently used to
complement in situ methods, and they may represent the only option for
conserving certain highly endangered and rare species (Ramsay et al., 2000).
▶ Preserving the habitat is the most important issue in the conservation of
biodiversity.
▶ Since chemical pesticides are responsible for a large number of animal deaths
occurring every year, minimizing the use of chemical pesticides is another
technique for the survival of biodiversity.
▶ Conservation of biodiversity through establishment of protected areas like
National Park, Wild life sanctuary, Biosphere Reserves, Marine Reserves etc.
6. ROLE OF BIO TECHNOLOGY IN PLANT CONSERVATION
6
1. IN SITU
▶ BIO SPHERE RESERVES
▶ NATIONAL PARKS
▶ TIGER RESERVES
▶ WILD LIFE SANCTUARIES
2. EX SITU
▶ SELECTION OF SUPERIOR GERM PLASM
▶ FIELD GENE BAKS
▶ BOTANICAL GARDENS
▶ EXPERIMENTAL GARDEN
7. PROTECTED AREAS (PAs)
7
▶ The PAs are constituted and governed under the provisions of the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972,
which has been amended from time to time, with the changing ground realities concerning wildlife
crime control and PAs management.
▶ Implementation of this Act is further complemented by other Acts viz.
▶ Indian ForestAct, 1972,
▶ Forest (Conservation) Act,1980,
▶ Environment (Protection)Act, 1986 and
▶ Biological DiversityAct, 2002 and
▶ The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act,
2006.
▶ In order to strengthen and synergize global wildlife conservation efforts, India is a member to major
international conventions viz.
▶ Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of wild fauna and flora (CITES),
▶ International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN),
▶ International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling, UNESCO-World Heritage Committee and
Convention on Migratory Species (CMS).
9. TAMIL NADU
▶ SOURCE :
http://www.moef.nic.in/Ddownloadspublic-
informationprotected-area-network
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9
10. In situ Protected Areas
BIO SPHERE RESERVES
NATIONAL PARKS
TIGER RESERVES
WILD LIFE SANCTUARIES
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1
0
11. BIO SPHERE RESERVE
1
1
▶ A biosphere reserve is an area proposed by its habitats, ratified by a
national committee, and designated by UNESCO’s Man and Biosphere (MAB)
program in 1971, which demonstrates innovative approaches to living and
working in harmony with nature.
▶ The term ‘biosphere’ refers to All of the land, water and atmosphere that
supply life on earth.
▶ The word ‘reserve’ means that it is a Special area recognized for balancing
conservation with sustainable use.
▶ Each biosphere reserve demonstrates practical approaches to balancing
conservation and human use of an area.
12. Biosphere reserves of India
16-SEPT-14
1
2
▶ The Indian government has established 18 Biosphere Reserves in India, which
protect larger areas of natural habitat (than a National Park or Animal Sanctuary),
and often include one or more National Parks and/or preserves, along buffer zones
that are open to some economic uses.
14. NATIONAL PARKS
1
4
▶ A national park is a park in use for conservation purposes.
▶ National Park is an area having adequate ecological, faunal, floral,
of protecting, propagating or
geomorphological, natural or zoological significance.
▶ The National Park is declared for the purpose
developing wildlife or its environment.
▶ Although individual nations designate their own national parks differently, there is a
common idea: the conservation of wild nature for posterity and as a symbol of
national pride.
▶ Furthermore, an international organization, the International Union for Conservation
of Nature (IUCN), and its World Commission on Protected Areas, has defined
"National Park" as its Category II type of protected areas.
▶ National parks are almost always open to visitors.
▶ Most national parks provide outdoor recreation and camping opportunities as well as
classes designed to educate the public on the importance of conservation and the
natural wonders of the land in which the national park is located.
15. OBJECTIVES
▶ To protect natural biodiversity along with its underlying ecological structure
and supporting environmental processes, and to promote education and
recreation.
16
NATIONAL PARKS VS WILD LIFE SANCTUARY
NATIONAL PARKS
▶ In a National Park no rights are
allowed.
▶ No grazing of any livestock shall
also be permitted inside a National
Park.
▶ While In addition, from a National
Park requires recommendation of
the National Board for Wildlife
WILD LIFE SANCTUARY
▶ Certain rights can be allowed.
▶ In a Sanctuary, the Chief Wildlife
Warden may regulate, control or
prohibit it.
▶ While any removal or exploitation
of wildlife or forest produce from a
Sanctuary requires
recommendation of the
state
Board for Wildlife, removal etc.,
▶Rights of people living inside.
16. WILD LIFE SANCTUARIES
▶ A wildlife refuge, also called a wildlife sanctuary, is a naturally occurring
sanctuary, such as an island, that provides protection for species from hunting,
predation or competition, it is a protected area, a geographic territory within
which wildlife is protected.
▶ IUCN Category IV Protected Area.
▶ Such wildlife refuges are generally officially designated territories.
▶ It is created by government legislation, publicly or privately owned.
▶ The Chernobyl nuclear accident site has accidentally become a wildlife refuge.
▶ India has 515 animal sanctuaries, referred to as Wildlife sanctuaries.
▶ Among these, the 41 Tiger Reserves are governed by Project Tiger
18
17. WILD LIFE SANCTUARIES OF
INDIA
SOURCE :
http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/wildlife/
16-SEPT-14 19
19. TIGER RESERVES
▶ There are 47 tiger reserves in India (5-28-2014) which are governed by
Project Tiger which is administered by the National Tiger Conservation
Authority
1
9
20. TIGER RESERVES OF INDIA
SOURECE :
http://www.wpsi-india.org/tiger/tiger_reserves.php
2
0
21. EX SITU
Ex-situ conservation of plant genetic resources
can be achieved through different methods such
as
Gene Sanctuaries
Seed banks,
Field gene banks,
In vitro storage methods,
Pollen banks and
DNA banks.
2
1
22. Gene Sanctuaries
▶ The genetic diversity is sometimes conserved under natural habitat.
▶ In other words, areas of great genetic diversity are protected from human
interference.
▶ Gene sanctuary is generally established in the center of
diversity or microcenter.
▶ India has setup its first gene sanctuary in the Garo Hills of
Assam for wild relatives of citrus.
▶ Efforts are also being made to setup gene sanctuaries for
banana, sugarcane, rice and Mango.
2
2
23. SELECTION OF SUPERIOR GERM PLASM
2
3
▶ Gene banks are also known as germplasm banks.
▶ Gene bank refers to a place or organization where germplasm can be
conserved in living state.
▶ Germplasm are stored in the form of seeds, pollen or in vitro cultures
or in the case of a field gene bank, as plants growing in the field.
▶ Gene banks are mainly of two types :
▶ 1) Seed gene banks and
▶ 2) Field gene banks
24. Seed Gene Bank:
2
4
▶ A place where germplasm is conserved in the form of seeds is called seed
gene bank.
▶ Seeds are very convenient for storage because they occupy smaller space
than whole plants.
▶ However, seeds of all crops can not be stored at low temperature in the
seed banks.
▶ The germplasm of only orthodox species can be conserved in seed banks.
▶ In the seed banks, there are three types of conservation, viz.
▶ 1) Short term,
▶ 2) Medium term and
▶ 3) Long term.
▶ Base collections are conserved for long term (50 years or more) at 18 or
20°C.
▶ Active collections are stored for short term (3-5 years) at 5-10 0 C.
25. Seed Gene Bank:
2
5
ADVANTAGES
▶ 1. Large number of germplasm
samples or entire variability can be
conserved in a very small space.
▶ 2. In seed banks, handling of
germplasm is easy.
▶ 3. Germplasm is conserved under
pathogen and insect free
environment.
DISADVANTAGES
▶ 1. Seeds of recalcitrant species can
not be stored in seed banks.
▶ 2. Failure of power supply may
lead to loss of viability and there
by loss of germplasm.
▶ 3. It requires periodical evaluation
of seed viability
. After some time
multiplication is essential to get
new or fresh seeds of storage.
26. ▶ Field gene banks or living collections are the main conservation strategy for
long-lived perennials, recalcitrant species and vegetative propagated species.
▶ Furthermore, out-breeders require controlled pollination for regeneration
from seed.
▶ When displayed, the plants have an important educational value and can
easily be accessed for research purposes.
▶ Field gene bank is one of the techniques in the strategy for plant genetic
conservation.
▶ It is an ex situ method where genetic variation is maintained away from its
original location and samples of a species, subspecies or variety are
transferred and conserved as living collections.
▶ Field gene bank is the most common method of conserving genetic resources
with recalcitrant seeds and vegetatively propagated plants.
2
9
FIELD GENE BANKS
28. In vitro Storage Methods
3
1
▶ The storage of germplasm in laboratory conditions (in vitro) is specially suited
for the long-term conservation of recalcitrant species and vegetatively
propagated species.
▶ They can be stored at low temperature under slow growth conditions or
cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen at -196ºC.
▶ Cryopreservation has so far been successful with only a relatively few species
but is a very promising development for long-term storage (WCMC, 1992).
▶ The main limitation of in vitro storage is the need for special equipment,
techniques and trained staff.
▶ However, more research is necessary to define the mechanisms of desiccation
and chilling injury and to investigate methods of alleviating it (Eberhart, Roos
& Towill, 1991).
29. Pollen Banks
3
2
▶ Pollen preservation may be useful for base collections of species that do not
produce orthodox seeds.
▶ It requires little space but some cytoplasmic genes would be lost.
▶ Like seeds, pollen can be divided into desiccation tolerant and intolerant.
▶ However, information about storage characteristics of pollen from wild
species is fragmentary, existing mainly for some crop relatives and for
medicinal and forest species (Eberhart, Roos & Towill, 1991).
30. DNA Banks
3
3
▶ The creation of a network of DNA banks is ex situ conservation and more
precisely germplasm collections can allow large quantities of genetic
resources (genes, DNA) to be stored quickly and at low cost and could act as
an insurance policy against rapid loss of the world's gene pool.
▶ It could be used in molecular phylogenetic and systematics of extinct taxa
and genes can be distributed via the polypeptide chain reaction (PCR) using
primers supplied by the users (Adams et al., 1994).
▶ DNA samples have been mainly used for bio-prospecting and assessment of
biodiversity studies.
▶ Its use in conservation is limited as whole plants cannot be reconstituted
from DNA but the genetic material can be introduced to other genotypes for
plant breeding and enhancement purposes.