Biodiversity conservation strategies

1. BIODIVERSITY
PRESENTED BY,
S.DIVYA,
2017600805

2. CONTENTS
 Introduction
 Importance's of bio diversity
 Loss of bio diversity
 Conservation of biodiversity
 Conservation structures
1. In situ
2. Ex situ
 Conclusion

3. INTRODUCTION
 Biodiversity is - Degree of variation on life forms.
 It is the totality of genes, species and ecosystems of a region.

4. IMPORTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY
 Biological diversity is the very basis of human survival and economic development
as it provides food, housing, clothing, medicine and industrial raw material.
 A wide range of industrial materials are directly obtained from biological
resources :
 Rubber, oil, fiber, building material, timber and paper all are obtained from
biological resources.
 80% of the world population depends on medicines obtained from nature (Behera
et al., 2008).

5. LOSS OF BIO DIVERSITY
 Habitat destruction, Invasive species, Pollution, Population, Over-exploitation and climatic
changes, introduction of exotic species.
 Destruction of the habitat is the biggest threat to biodiversity.
 Habitats can also be damaged by flooding, lack of water, climate changes, salination etc., all
phenomena which may be both natural and man-made.
 Global warming affects plants, animals and microorganisms, both by changing their
habitats and by direct effects of temperature.
 Climatic changes also affect species at cellular level and can alter the genetic makeup of the
cell.

6. CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY
 Protecting the loss of Biodiversity.
 Both in situ and ex situ methods of biodiversity conservation are equally
important.
 It is now recognized that ex situ techniques can be efficiently used to complement
in situ methods, and they may represent the only option for conserving certain
highly endangered and rare species (Ramsay et al., 2000).
 Conservation of biodiversity through establishment of protected areas like
National Park, Wild life sanctuary, Biosphere Reserves, Marine Reserves etc.

7. BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOTS
 A region with high biodiversity is with most of species being Endemic.
 India have two Biodiversity Hotspots- East Himalayan Region and Western
Ghat.

9. CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY
 IN SITU
 Bio Sphere Reserves
 National Parks
 Tiger Reserves
 Wild Life Sanctuaries
 EX SITU
 Selection Of Superior Germplasm
 Field Gene Banks
 Botanical Gardens
 Experimental Garden

10. INSITU

11. BIOSPHERE RESERVE
 A biosphere reserve is divided into 3 zones - Core, Buffer and Manipulation.
a) Core zone
No human activity is allowed in this zone. Comprises of legally protected
ecosystem
b) Buffer zone
Limited human activity is permitted in the buffer zone.
c) Manipulation zone or Transition zone
Several human activities can occur in the manipulation zone. Example:
Settlements, cropping, forestry, recreation etc.

12. BIOSPHERE RESERVE

13. BIOSPHERE RESERVE
 India – 18 Biosphere Reserve

14. NATIONAL PARKS
 A national park is a park in use for conservation purposes.
 National Park is an area having adequate ecological, faunal, floral, geomorphological, natural
or zoological significance.
 The National Park is declared for the purpose of protecting, propagating or developing
wildlife or its environment.
 Although individual nations designate their own national parks differently, there is a common
idea: the conservation of wild nature for posterity and as a symbol of national pride.

15.  Furthermore, an international organization, the International Union for Conservation of
Nature (IUCN), and its World Commission on Protected Areas, has defined
"National Park" as its Category II type of protected areas.
 National parks are almost always open to visitors.
 Most national parks provide outdoor recreation and camping opportunities as well as
classes designed to educate the public on the importance of conservation and the
natural wonders of the land in which the national park is located.

16. OBJECTIVE
 To protect natural biodiversity along with its underlying ecological structure and
supporting environmental processes, and to promote education and recreation.

17. WILD LIFE SANCTUARIES
 A wildlife refuge, also called a wildlife sanctuary, is a naturally occurring sanctuary, such as an island, that provides
protection for species from hunting, predation or competition, it is a protected area, a geographic territory within
which wildlife is protected.
 IUCN Category IV Protected Area.
 Such wildlife refuges are generally officially designated territories.
 It is created by government legislation, publicly or privately owned.
 The Chernobyl nuclear accident site has accidentally become a wildlife refuge.
 India has 515 animal sanctuaries, referred to as Wildlife sanctuaries.
 Among these, the 41 Tiger Reserves are governed by Project Tiger

18. TIGER RESERVES
 There are 47 tiger reserves in India (5-28-2014) which are governed by Project Tiger which is
administered by the National Tiger Conservation Authority.

19. EX SITU

20. GENE SANCTUARIES
 The genetic diversity is sometimes conserved under natural habitat.
 In other words, areas of great genetic diversity are protected from human interference.
 Gene sanctuary is generally established in the center of diversity or microcenter.
 India has setup its first gene sanctuary in the Garo Hills of Assam for wild relatives of
citrus.
 Efforts are also being made to setup gene sanctuaries for banana, sugarcane, rice and
Mango.

21. SELECTION OF SUPERIOR GERM
PLASM
 Gene banks are also known as germplasm banks.
 Gene bank refers to a place or organization where germplasm can be conserved in living state.
 Germplasm are stored in the form of seeds, pollen or in vitro cultures or in the case of a field
gene bank, as plants growing in the field.
 Gene banks are mainly of two types :
 Seed gene banks and
 Field gene banks

22. SEED GENE BANK
 A place where germplasm is conserved in the form of seeds is called seed gene bank.
 Seeds are very convenient for storage because they occupy smaller space than whole plants.
 However, seeds of all crops can not be stored at low temperature in the seed banks.
 The germplasm of only orthodox species can be conserved in seed banks.

23.  In the seed banks, there are three types of conservation, viz.
 1) Short term,
 2) Medium term and
 3) Long term.
 Base collections are conserved for long term (50 years or more) at 18 or 20°C.
 Active collections are stored for short term (3-5 years) at 5-10 0 C.

24. FIELD GENE BANKS
 Field gene banks or living collections are the main conservation strategy for long-lived perennials,
recalcitrant species and vegetative propagated species.
 Furthermore, out-breeders require controlled pollination for regeneration from seed.
 When displayed, the plants have an important educational value and can easily be accessed for
research purposes.
 Field gene bank is one of the techniques in the strategy for plant genetic conservation.
 It is an ex situ method where genetic variation is maintained away from its original location and
samples of a species, subspecies or variety are transferred and conserved as living collections.
 Field gene bank is the most common method of conserving genetic resources with recalcitrant seeds
and vegetatively propagated plants.

25. POLLEN BANKS
 Pollen preservation may be useful for base collections of species that do not produce orthodox
seeds.
 It requires little space but some cytoplasmic genes would be lost.
 Like seeds, pollen can be divided into desiccation tolerant and intolerant.
 However, information about storage characteristics of pollen from wild species is fragmentary,
existing mainly for some crop relatives and for medicinal and forest species (Eberhart, Roos &
Towill, 1991).

26. DNA BANKS
 The creation of a network of DNA banks is ex situ conservation and more precisely germplasm
collections can allow large quantities of genetic resources (genes, DNA) to be stored quickly and at low
cost and could act as an insurance policy against rapid loss of the world's gene pool.
 It could be used in molecular phylogenetic and systematics of extinct taxa and genes can be distributed
via the polypeptide chain reaction (PCR) using primers supplied by the users (Adams et al., 1994).
 DNA samples have been mainly used for bio-prospecting and assessment of biodiversity studies.
 Its use in conservation is limited as whole plants cannot be reconstituted from DNA but the genetic
material can be introduced to other genotypes for plant breeding and enhancement purposes.

27. STATE WISE
DETAILS OF
THE
PROTECTED
AREA
NETWORK OF
INDIA

28. TAMIL NADU

29. CONCLUSION
 Biodiversity is our life. If the Biodiversity got lost at this rate then in near future, the survival of
human being will be threatened. So, it is our moral duty to conserve Biodiversity as well our
Environment.
 Long term maintenance of species and their management requires co-operative efforts across entire
landscapes.
 Biodiversity should be dealt with at scale of habitats or ecosystems rather than at species level

30. REFERENCES
 Global Biodiversity Strategy – WRI, IUCN and UNEP 1992.
 BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPROACHES FOR BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION, Dushyant
kumar et al., 2013. Indian J.Sci.Res.4(1):183-186.
 Biotechnology and Conservation of Plant Biodiversity, Carlos et al., 2013.
 Resources (2):73-95; doi:10.3390/resources2020073
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 http://www.moef.nic.in/downloadspublic-informationprotected-areanetwork.
 http://www.isaaa.org/resources/publications/pocketk/44/default.asp
 http://agriinfo.in/default.aspx?page=topic&superid=3&topicid=2116
 http://www.bgci.org/worldwide/article/0032/
 https://www.en.Wikipedia.org
 http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/wildlife
 http://www.wpsi-india.org/tiger/tiger_reserves.php