Protected areas are a cornerstone of in situ conservation and include national parks, bioreserves, and sanctuaries. They are managed areas dedicated to protecting biodiversity. The International Union for Conservation of Nature has established seven categories of protected areas and guidelines for their management. India has over 600 protected areas covering a variety of ecosystems and hosting many endangered species. These areas help maintain biodiversity through conserving habitats and genetic diversity. Biosphere reserves specifically aim to balance conservation and sustainable development through zoning of areas for strict protection and various levels of human involvement. India has established 18 biosphere reserves recognized for their unique biodiversity and ecosystems.
Protected areas are those in which human occupation or at least the exploitation of resources is limited.
The definition that has been widely accepted across regional and global frameworks has been provided by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in its categorization guidelines for protected areas.
There are several kinds of protected areas, which vary by level of protection depending on the enabling laws of each country or the regulations of the international organizations involved.
The term "protected area" also includes
Marine Protected Areas, the boundaries of which will include some area of ocean, and
Trans boundary Protected Areas that overlap multiple countries which remove the borders inside the area for conservation and economic purposes.
PRESENTATION ON Biosphere reserves of India
A Biosphere Reserve is an ecosystem with plants and animals of unusual scientific and natural interest. It is a title given by UNESCO to help protect the sites.
Protected areas are those in which human occupation or at least the exploitation of resources is limited.
The definition that has been widely accepted across regional and global frameworks has been provided by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in its categorization guidelines for protected areas.
There are several kinds of protected areas, which vary by level of protection depending on the enabling laws of each country or the regulations of the international organizations involved.
The term "protected area" also includes
Marine Protected Areas, the boundaries of which will include some area of ocean, and
Trans boundary Protected Areas that overlap multiple countries which remove the borders inside the area for conservation and economic purposes.
PRESENTATION ON Biosphere reserves of India
A Biosphere Reserve is an ecosystem with plants and animals of unusual scientific and natural interest. It is a title given by UNESCO to help protect the sites.
Wildlife management techniques and methods of wildlife conservationAnish Gawande
Wildlife Conservation is the practice of protecting wild plant and animal species and their habitat. Wildlife plays an important role in balancing the environment and provides stability to different natural processes of nature. The goal of wildlife conservation is to ensure that nature will be around for future generations to enjoy and also to recognize the importance of wildlife and wilderness for humans and other species alike. Many nations have government agencies and NGO's dedicated to wildlife conservation, which help to implement policies designed to protect wildlife. Numerous independent non-profit organizations also promote various wildlife conservation causes.
Wildlife conservation has become an increasingly important practice due to the negative effects of human activity on wildlife. An endangered species is defined as a population of a living species that is in the danger of becoming extinct because the species has a very low or falling population, or because they are threatened by the varying environmental or prepositional parameters.
This presentation is a depiction of ecological biodiversity in India. It includes basic understanding the meaning of biodiversity, discussing about the 4 hotspots in India, also discussing the habitat if each hotspots. A map is represented as well to know the locations of the hotspots, and the threatens are also discussed along with the solutions. Overall this is an outstanding nature based project with attractive visuals to stick the eyes of viewer to the presentation.
Hotspot: India As a Mega Biodiversity HotspotNayanSengupta2
This ppt contains the full package of the Hotspots of India. It contains all the details of the endemic as well as endangered species in all the four hotspots . Its made in such a way so that its easy to understand to every single pupil who is going through this presentation.
IUCN is a globally important organisation for the conservation of nature and its resources. It is well known for Red data book. the species of organisms around the globe is grouped into several categories according to their need for conservation.
conservation of natural resources in their natural habitat known as in-situ conservation. natural resources includes living organism (plants,animals),forest ,wetlands, ocean, rivers etc.
Wildlife management techniques and methods of wildlife conservationAnish Gawande
Wildlife Conservation is the practice of protecting wild plant and animal species and their habitat. Wildlife plays an important role in balancing the environment and provides stability to different natural processes of nature. The goal of wildlife conservation is to ensure that nature will be around for future generations to enjoy and also to recognize the importance of wildlife and wilderness for humans and other species alike. Many nations have government agencies and NGO's dedicated to wildlife conservation, which help to implement policies designed to protect wildlife. Numerous independent non-profit organizations also promote various wildlife conservation causes.
Wildlife conservation has become an increasingly important practice due to the negative effects of human activity on wildlife. An endangered species is defined as a population of a living species that is in the danger of becoming extinct because the species has a very low or falling population, or because they are threatened by the varying environmental or prepositional parameters.
This presentation is a depiction of ecological biodiversity in India. It includes basic understanding the meaning of biodiversity, discussing about the 4 hotspots in India, also discussing the habitat if each hotspots. A map is represented as well to know the locations of the hotspots, and the threatens are also discussed along with the solutions. Overall this is an outstanding nature based project with attractive visuals to stick the eyes of viewer to the presentation.
Hotspot: India As a Mega Biodiversity HotspotNayanSengupta2
This ppt contains the full package of the Hotspots of India. It contains all the details of the endemic as well as endangered species in all the four hotspots . Its made in such a way so that its easy to understand to every single pupil who is going through this presentation.
IUCN is a globally important organisation for the conservation of nature and its resources. It is well known for Red data book. the species of organisms around the globe is grouped into several categories according to their need for conservation.
conservation of natural resources in their natural habitat known as in-situ conservation. natural resources includes living organism (plants,animals),forest ,wetlands, ocean, rivers etc.
Marine protected area Marine protected areas (MPA) are protected areas of seas, oceans, estuaries or in the US, the Great Lakes .[2] These marine areas can come in many forms ranging from wildlife refuges to research facilities.[3] MPAs restrict human activity for a conservation purpose, typically to protect natural or cultural resources.[4] Such marine resources are protected by local, state, territorial, native, regional, national, or international authorities and differ substantially among and between nations. This variation includes different limitations on development, fishing practices, fishing seasons and catch limits, moorings and bans on removing or disrupting marine life. In some situations (such as with the Phoenix Islands Protected Area), MPAs also provide revenue for countries, potentially equal to the income that they would have if they were to grant companies permissions to fish.[5]
On 28 October 2016 in Hobart, Australia, the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources agreed to establish the first Antarctic and largest marine protected area in the world encompassing 1.55 million km2 (600,000 sq mi) in the Ross Sea.[6] Other large MPAs are in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic Oceans, in certain exclusive economic zones of Australia and overseas territories of France, the United Kingdom and the United States, with major (990,000 square kilometres (380,000 sq mi) or larger) new or expanded MPAs by these nations since 2012—such as Natural Park of the Coral Sea, Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument, Coral Sea Commonwealth Marine Reserve and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Marine Protected Area. When counted with MPAs of all sizes from many other countries, as of August 2016 there are more than 13,650 MPAs, encompassing 2.07% of the world's oceans, with half of that area – encompassing 1.03% of the world's oceans – receiving complete "no-take" designation.[7]
International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), formerly called World Conservation Union, network of environmental organizations founded as the International Union for the Protection of Nature in October 1948 in Fontainebleau, France, to promote nature conservation and the ecologically sustainable use of natural resources. The IUCN’s membership includes more than 1,000 governmental and nongovernmental organizations from more than 140 countries. It is governed by a democratically elected council, which is chosen by member organizations at each World Conservation Congress.
Biodiversity:
Biodiversity is the variety and differences among living organisms from all sources ,including terrestrial, marine, and other aquatic ecosystem sand the ecological complexes of which they area part.
It contains following details:
Biodiversity
Levels or types of Biodiversity
Values of Biodiversity
Hotspots of Biodiversity
Criteria of Determining Hotspots
Threats to Biodiversity
Conservation of Biodiversity
In situ Conservation
Ex situ Conservation
Importance of Biodiversity
Similar to Protected area network :Biosphere reserves (20)
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
2. Introduction
Conservation is the protection, preservation,
management or restoration of wildlife and natural
resources(forest, water).
• 1st focus : Maintaining the health of the natural world ,
its fisheries, habitats, and biological diversity.
• 2nd focus : Material and energy conservation,
important to protect the natural world.
Conservation isn’t about protecting genes, species
ecosystems ,but it is protecting the processes of life.
Conservation can broadly classified into 2 :
1.IN SITU: “On -site conservation”
2.EX SITU: “Off-site conservation”
3.
4. Protected Areas (PA)
Corner stone of In- situ conservation
Areas of land/sea especially dedicated to the protection &
maintenance of biological diversity
PA Network may contribute to conservation targets
through the maintenance of target species & the their
habitats , as well as the conservation of natural or semi –
natural ecosystem.
These areas are managed through legal or other effective
means.
Eg : National parks , Bioreserves & Sanctuaries.
The world conservation union has a key role in promoting
the establishment of PAs throughout the world.
1948 - IUCN (International Union for Conservation of
Nature) developed standards and guidelines for PA
management.
5. IUCN PROTECTED AREA MANAGEMENT
CATEGORIES
Category Ia: Strict Nature Reserve
Category Ib: Wilderness Area
Category II: National Park
Category III: Natural Monument or Feature
Category IV: Habitat/Species Management Area
Category V: Protected Landscape/Seascape
Category VI: Protected Area with sustainable use of
natural resources
Strict protection
6.
7. Benefits of PA
Maintain viable populations of all native and sub-
species.
Maintain the number and distribution of communities
& habitats & conserve the genetic diversity of all the
present species.
Prevent man-made introduction of alien species .
Make it possible for species / habitats to shift in
response to environmental changes.
India has over 600 PAs, which includes over 90
National Parks , 500 Sanctuaries & 15 Biosphere
reserves.
8. PROTECTED AREA OF INDIA
India is one of the 17 mega diverse countries of the
world.India is home to World's largest wild tiger
population and has got unique assemblage of globally
important endangered species like Asiatic lion,asian
elephant,one horned rhinoceros,gangetic river
dolphin,snow leopard,kashmir stag,gharial,great
indian bustard etc.
A National Board for Wildlife(NBWL),chaired by the
PM of India provides for policy frameworkfor wildlife
conservation in the country.the National Wildlife
Action Plan(2002-2016) has been
adopted;emphasizing the peoples' participation &
their support for wildlife conservation.
9. PM is the chairperson of National Board for
Wildlife & the Minister in charge for Forest and
Wildlife is the Vice-Chairperson.
Similarly
CM is the chairperson of State Board for Wildlife
& the Minister in charge for Forest and Wildlife is
the Vice-Chairperson.
All the power has been given to Chief Wildlife
Warden .
10. National Parks of India
IUCN category II
Worldwide 6555 national parks (2006)
First national park of the world- Yellowstone
national park,1872
Largest National Park-Northeast Greenland
National park,1979
There are 112 National Parks of India
(April;2002).
India's first National Park-Jim Corbett National
Park,Uttarakhand,1936 (formerly known as
Hailey National Park)
11. Wildlife Sanctuaries of India
IUCN category IV
There are 515 wildlife sanctuaries in india
41 tiger reserves ,governed by Project Tiger
Largest sanctuary: Nagarjun sagar - srisailam tiger
reserve(A.P,Telengana)
12. Biosphere Reserves
Bioreserves
Bioreserves are a special category of protected
areas of land /coastal environments , wherein
people are an integral component of the
ecosystem.
Man and Biosphere Reserve ( MAB) programme of
UNESCO formulated the concept of Biosphere
Reserves in 1975.
It deals with the conservation of ecosystems and
the genetic resources contained there in.
The first biosphere reserve of the world
established in 1979.
562 reserves in 109 countries
13. Biosphere reserve zones
A biosphere reserve is divided into 3 zones;
1.Core zone:
Which is strongly protected for the
conservation of biological diversity —
to make sure that different types of
plants and animals are safe from
human impact.
2. Buffer zone:
Surrounds the core zones and provide a space for
environmental research, recreation, and tourism.
3.Transition zone:
This area is for local communities that have a hand in
managing the resources of the area through farming,
fisheries, and other non-governmental activities.
14. Role of biosphere reserves
A biosphere reserve preserves
a) wild population
b) life style of tribes
c) genetic resources of domesticated plants and animals.
It helps in
1) conservation
2) promotes economic development
3) Scientific research, monitoring and education
15. Functions Of Biosphere Reserves
Fulfil 3 basic functions, which are complementary and
mutually reinforcing:
-A conservation function - to contribute to the
conservation of landscapes, ecosystems, species and
genetic variation;
- A development function - to foster economic and
human development which is socio-culturally and
ecologically sustainable;
-A logistic function - to provide support for research,
monitoring, education and information exchange
related to local, national and global issues of
conservation and development.
16. Biosphere Reserves of India
1. Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve - Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Karnataka
2. Nanda Devi National Park & Biosphere Reserve –Uttarakhand
3. Gulf of Mannar - Tamil Nadu
4. Nokrek – Meghalaya
5. Sundarbans - West Bengal
6. Manas – Assam
7. Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve - Andaman and Nicobar Islands
8. Simlipal – Odisha
9. Dibru-Saikhowa - Assam
10. Dihang-Dibang - Arunachal Pradesh
11. Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve - Madhya Pradesh
12. Khangchendzonga - Sikkim
13. Agasthyamalai Biosphere Reserve - Kerala, Tamil Nadu
14. Achanakamar – Amarkantak - Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh
15. Great Rann of Kutch - Gujarat
16. Cold Desert - Himachal Pradesh
17. Seshachalam Hills -Andhra Pradesh
18. Panna - Madhya Pradesh
17.
18. World Network
Nine of the Eighteen biosphere reserves are a part of the
World Network of Biosphere Reserves, based on the
UNESCO Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme list.
1. Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve,TamilNadu,Kerala,
Karnataka,2000
2. Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve, Tamil Nadu, 2001
3. Sundarbans Biosphere Reserve, [West Bengal], 2001
4. Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve, Uttarakhand, 2004
5. Nokrek Biosphere Reserve Meghalaya2009
6. Pachmarhi Biosphere ReserveMadhya Pradesh2009
7. Simlipal Biosphere Reserve, Odisha, 2008
8. Achanakmar-Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve
Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, 2012
9. Nicobar Islands, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, 2013
19. Potential sites for Biosphere
Reserves
Namdapha, Arunachal
Pradesh
Thar Desert, Rajasthan
Little Rann of Kutch,
Gujarat
Kavalam, Assam
Kanha, Madhya Pradesh
North Islands of Andaman
and Nicobar
Tawang and West Kamang
Abujmarh, Chhattisgarh
Chintapalli, Andhra
Pradesh
Lakshadweep Islands,
Lakshadweep
Singhbhum
Seshachallam
Blue Mountain
20. Agasthiayamalai biosphere reserve
State : Kerala
Area : 1,701sq. km.
The forest tracts of Neyyar, Peppara, Shendumey wildlife
Sancturias and Achencoil, Thenmala, Konni, Punalur,
Thiruvananthapuram Divisions and Agasthyavanam
Specil Division are included in the this reserve. This
reserve is likely to be extended to parts of Kanyakumari
and Tirunelveli districts of Tamilnadu, the
Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve and Kalakkadu wildlife
sanctuary. Forest type includes thorn, moist deciduous
and semi-evergreens. The area is rich in plant and
animal diversity.
This Biosphere Reserve harbors the most diverse
eco-systems in Peninsular India.
21. Flora
So far, 2000 species of flowering plants have been
reported. 30 new plant species are recorded from
this region, about 100 endemic and 50 rare. A
few examples are Aristolochia (Snake root),
Cardiospermum (Faux persilo), Ceropegia (Taper
vine), Dioscorea (Wild yam), Gloriosa (Glory
lily), Rauvolfia (Serpentine wood) and Smilax
(Laurel leaf greenbrier)
Fauna
Threatened animal species found in this reserve are
tiger, lion-tailed macaque, great pied hornbill
and slender loris.
Threats
The main threats are several settlements in the
existing hydel and irrigation projects, cultivation
of plantation crops and increase in the number
of pilgrims to Agastyakudam area.
22. REFERENCES Benton M .J(2001) . “ Biodiversity on land & in the sea “Geological Journal
36 ( 3 – 4 ):211-230.
Chowdhuri, A.B. and A. Chowdhury, 1994. Mangroves of the Sundarbans.
Vol. - I: India. World Conservation, Gland. : 247 .
Biodiversity and Protected Areas: the concept and case studies U. Grant,
S.Kratli, Y. Mahiba, C. Magnussen, G. R. Saavedra & I. Rodrigues, 1998.
Protected Area Network in India.pdf
Biosphere Reserves and Management in India, edited by Maikhuri, R.K.,
K.S.Rao and R.K.Rai, G.B.Pant
Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development, Kosi-Katarmal,
Almora, 1998.2 Biosphere Reserves
Information Service, Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of
India, 2001
Biosphere Reserves: Proceedings of the First National Symposium,
Udhagamandalam, Government of India, 1986.
http://www.wii.gov.in/envis/index.html
