Community ecology, study of the organization and functioning of communities, which are assemblages of interacting populations of the species living within a particular area or habitat.
Community ecology, study of the organization and functioning of communities, which are assemblages of interacting populations of the species living within a particular area or habitat.
Wildlife management techniques and methods of wildlife conservationAnish Gawande
Wildlife Conservation is the practice of protecting wild plant and animal species and their habitat. Wildlife plays an important role in balancing the environment and provides stability to different natural processes of nature. The goal of wildlife conservation is to ensure that nature will be around for future generations to enjoy and also to recognize the importance of wildlife and wilderness for humans and other species alike. Many nations have government agencies and NGO's dedicated to wildlife conservation, which help to implement policies designed to protect wildlife. Numerous independent non-profit organizations also promote various wildlife conservation causes.
Wildlife conservation has become an increasingly important practice due to the negative effects of human activity on wildlife. An endangered species is defined as a population of a living species that is in the danger of becoming extinct because the species has a very low or falling population, or because they are threatened by the varying environmental or prepositional parameters.
In this presentation, climatic factors like light, temperature and water are explained. Along with this their importance and their effect on plant life is also explained
IUCN is a globally important organisation for the conservation of nature and its resources. It is well known for Red data book. the species of organisms around the globe is grouped into several categories according to their need for conservation.
Wildlife management techniques and methods of wildlife conservationAnish Gawande
Wildlife Conservation is the practice of protecting wild plant and animal species and their habitat. Wildlife plays an important role in balancing the environment and provides stability to different natural processes of nature. The goal of wildlife conservation is to ensure that nature will be around for future generations to enjoy and also to recognize the importance of wildlife and wilderness for humans and other species alike. Many nations have government agencies and NGO's dedicated to wildlife conservation, which help to implement policies designed to protect wildlife. Numerous independent non-profit organizations also promote various wildlife conservation causes.
Wildlife conservation has become an increasingly important practice due to the negative effects of human activity on wildlife. An endangered species is defined as a population of a living species that is in the danger of becoming extinct because the species has a very low or falling population, or because they are threatened by the varying environmental or prepositional parameters.
In this presentation, climatic factors like light, temperature and water are explained. Along with this their importance and their effect on plant life is also explained
IUCN is a globally important organisation for the conservation of nature and its resources. It is well known for Red data book. the species of organisms around the globe is grouped into several categories according to their need for conservation.
Conservation of forest ecosystems has gained a significant part of conventions, treaties and action plans for biodiversity conservation. One major reason is the fact that forests are in many parts of the world the most “wild”, impressive and complex terrestrial ecosystems. Another reason could be the knowledge that forests are decreasing worldwide. Yet, the most important reason is probably the fact that forest science is the most developed applied on the ground nature management scientific discipline.
Following the arguments presented in the previous chapter, the conservation of forest genetic diversity cannot be seen separately from the general use and management of forest resources. Each country and each region can have different approaches on the subject. The same happens with different parties of interest as well (sectors). Any forest genetic conservation effort should recognise these differences and adjust the measures designed with them.
Taking the available information in account, management techniques should be developed, aiming at the optimisation of achieving multiple targets. The preservation of genetic diversity and the evolutionary adaptability of forest species should be included in these targets, in order to secure the long term functioning of forest ecosystems and the production of goods and services for society. This “management-based” approach of biodiversity – and genetic diversity – conservation is more likely to become effective, since it can reconcile the targets of forest management for production and biodiversity conservation (Figure 2). Sustainable forest management can be organized, based on the need to secure the long-term persistence of forest ecosystems (Papageorgiou et al. 2003). As a result, multiple targets can be achieved.
Environmental Education Approaches & Sustainable Development Role.pdfDrHafizKosar
The recommendations for taking care of the environment include:
1. Check and study the environment, and share information about it.
2. Plan and set goals for protecting the environment, and make agreements with other countries.
3. Help out with technical support, money, and telling people about environmental issues.
When we make plans to protect the environment, we should remember some important ideas:
1. It took nature millions of years to create everything, and it's important to keep it stable.
2. Earth's resources are not endless, so we should use them wisely.
3. All living things and the environment affect each other.
4. Green plants, which turn sunlight into food, are very important for the environment.
Call for Social Awareness
To promote Afforestation
Pakistan's forest cover is only 20%, below the 33% needed for a healthy environment. To address this, collective efforts are needed to plant trees on vacant lands, preserve existing forests, and cultivate fast-growing tree species. By safeguarding forests and engaging in tree planting initiatives, we can ensure the safety of air, water, land, and wildlife, fostering a healthier, more sustainable environment.
To Check Deforestation
Deforestation disrupts air O2-CO2 balance, causes soil erosion, floods, and drought. It leads to air, water, noise, and land pollution. Laws should prevent mass tree cutting.
To Mitigate Air, Water, and Land Pollution in Pursuit of a Healthier Life
Raising awareness about pollution through conservation clubs, anti-pollution campaigns, and demonstrations, promoting vegetation, green belts, bio-friendly alternatives, and alternative energy sources like solar, wind, and thermal.
Raising Awareness on Environmental Hazards and Solutions
Global environmental hazards include greenhouse effect, warming, sea level rise, and ozone depletion. Reducing hazards through alternative energy sources and tree planting can help protect coastal communities.
Natural Resource Conservation
Governments worldwide are increasingly recognizing the importance of conserving natural resources, such as forests, wildlife, land, air, water, minerals, metals, and oil. This issue is particularly critical in densely populated, economically disadvantaged, and educationally underserved societies like Pakistan .
Measures for Environmental Management
1. Make sure the water we use for drinking is safe and clean. We should treat the water we use in our homes and industries before putting it back into lakes, rivers, or oceans. We should also create affordable sanitation systems near rivers.
2. It's important to have clean and fresh air for people, animals, and plants to survive. We should have rules that control the number of harmful gases like CO and CO2 that industries and cars release into the air.
3. To take care of our soil, we should plant more trees and stop cutting down existing ones.
4. Forests help balance the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the air.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Biodiversity conservation , principles and characteristics ( by Muhammad wasi) University Of Sahiwal
1. Conservation
Biology
Scientific discipline devoted to understand the factors
,forces and processes that influence the loss, protection
and restoration of biological diversity within and among
ecosystem.
This discipline arose in recent decades as biologist grew
alarmed at the degradation of natural systems they had
spent their lives studying
2. Conservation biology is the management of
nature and of Earth's biodiversity with the
aim of protecting species, their habitats, and
ecosystems from excessive rates of
extinction and the erosion of biotic
interactions. It is an interdisciplinary subject
drawing on natural and social sciences, and
the practice of natural resource
management
3. Conservation
Conservation is an ethic of use, allocation and
protection of valued resources.
Biodiversity conservation implies the use, allocation
and protection of the variety of flora and fauna
resources in a manner that ensures the
sustainability of these resources.
4. Biodiversity Conservation
• Sustainable use of all natural
resources
• The first principle of conservation is
development, the use of the natural
resources now existing on this
continent for the benefit of the
people who live here now”
• Utilitarian conservation ethic.
5. Conservation
Conservation is define d as the management
of biosphere so that it will yield the greatest
sustainable benefits to present generation
while maintaining its potential to meet the
needs of future generation
6.
7. Why Biodiversity Conservation ?
1) Prevents extinction of species
2) To sustain ecosystem services
3) Maintains of cultural heritage
8. Three Guiding Principles of Conservation
Biology
Principle 1: Evolution is the basic axiom that unites
all of biology ( the evolutionary play)
Principle 2: The ecological world is dynamic and
largely non equilibrial. (The ecological theater)
Principle 3: Human presence must be included in
conservation planning. (Humans are part of the
play)
9. Here’s another view of the basic principles, this
one from a different introductory text by Primack
(1994):
Diversity of organisms is good; humans generally
value and appreciate biodiversity. Human-
mediated
extinction of populations and species is bad.
10. ECOLOGICAL COMPLEXITY IS GOOD AND IN MANY
INSTANCES MANDATORY TO SPECIES SURVIVAL.
HARM TO
ONE SPECIES MAY RESULT IN 'CASCADING' EFFECTS
ON
OTHERS.
EVOLUTION IS GOOD.
BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY HAS INTRINSIC VALUE.
11. ECOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES
The following ecological principles describe the assumptions needed to
plan actions for conserving biodiversity:
1) Protection of species and species subdivisions will support
biodiversity.
2( Maintaining habitat is fundamental to conserving species.
3) Large areas usually contain more species than smaller areas with
similar habitat.
4) "All things are connected" but the nature and strength of the
connection varies.
5) Disturbances shape the characteristics of populations, communities
and ecosystems.
6) Climate change will increasingly influence all types of ecosystems
12. Applying Ecological Concepts and Principles in Biodiversity
Conservation
These ecological concepts and principles are closely inter-
related, and they must be applied in harmony with one
another. The following applications are based on Coarse- and
Fine-filter considerations:
1) Use both filters: Use a Coarse-filter to create a network of
representative protected areas and manage surrounding areas
in a way that most closely emulates natural processes. Use a
Fine-filter to fill in the gaps by conserving ecosystems, features
and species not adequately protected through the coarse filter
approach.
13. 2) Represent all native ecosystem types in a system of protected
areas.
3) Retain large contiguous or connected areas that sustain natural
ecological processes.
4) Maintain or emulate natural ecological processes.
5) Manage for adaptability in response to environmental change.
6) Maintain viable populations of all native species in natural patterns
of abundance and distribution.
7) Preserve rare landscape elements, critical habitats and features,
and associated species.
8) Minimize the introduction and spread of invasive alien species.
14. Applying Ecological Concepts and Principles in
Biodiversity Conservation
These ecological concepts and principles are closely inter-
related, and they must be applied in harmony with one another.
The following applications are based on Coarse- and Fine-filter
considerations:
1) Use both filters: Use a Coarse-filter to create a network of
representative protected areas and manage surrounding areas
in a way that most closely emulates natural processes. Use a
Fine-filter to fill in the gaps by conserving ecosystems, features
and species not adequately protected through the coarse filter
15. There is another component
in conservation biology,
necessary to understand parts
of answers to HOW, WHAT
and WHERE for conservation.
That subject is:
16. Biogeography.
Biogeography is the study of the
distributions of species over space and time
and the causes of those distributions.
It has two basic components: descriptive
biogeography and ecological biogeography.
The first part studies the geography of
species and the second part deals in the
causes of those distributions.
17. “Conservation biology seeks to integrate
evolutionary theory with environmental reality
to predict how an animal/population/species
will react to future/current changes, usually
human caused, in its environment/density/
distribution. Most importantly, whether it will
survive and what to do to prevent extinction.”
18. Modern Conservation Biology
Conserving endangered species
Demographic and genetic consequences of small population size, PVA,
biology of small populations, manipulative techniques that enhance
survival probability and design of nature reserves for particular
species.
Conserving functional and structural aspects of important ecosystems
Diversity and stability of ecological communities, habitat
fragmentation, landscape ecology, island biogeography, and
restoration ecology
19. Special Role of Biology in Conservation
Provide rough and ready guidelines for decisions
made with little data.
Identify what data will be most useful for future
decisions.
Develop adaptive strategies that begin with
information already available and build on it in a
way to increase the chances of success.
20. Historical Conservation
Only the “utilitarian” ethic has been persuasive to those
not already committed to conservation.
Most conservation efforts prior to 1960 were concerned
with:
Land conservation – setting aside parcels of land for
protection and public enjoyment.
Wildlife management of game animal populations to
provide opportunities for hunting, fishing, and
observation.
21. Characteristics of biodiversity conservation
Government and non govt. organizations, community
groups, academic institutions and individuals use a
variety of means to protect plants and animals.
Preservation of local natural area (wood, oil fields
wetlands, etc.)
Restoration of habitat that has been lost (school yard,
naturalization, naturalized gardening and removal of
invasive species) can increase the number of different
species found in that area.
22. Development and institution of recovery plans for
species at risk.
Zoo and Botanical gardens and other facilities can
participate in captive breeding with the intent of
reintroducing the species when habitat problems
have been solved through processes such as
ecological restoration
23. Characteristics of biodiversity
Biodiversity has Limits
physical environmental, even healthy one, can support just so
many of any species, including people, indefinitely.
This maximum number is termed the carrying capacity for that
environment.
Species can cause changes in environmental conditions, and vice
versa, leading to changes in carrying capacity for themselves
and for other species
