Sustainable development is the organizing principle for meeting human development goals while at the same time sustaining the ability of natural systems to provide the natural resources and ecosystem services upon which the economy and society depend. The desired result is a state of society where living conditions and resource use continue to meet human needs without undermining the integrity and stability of the natural system and sustainable development can be classified as development that meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of the future generation.

1.  Sustainable development
• Ex-situ conservation (zoos, botanical gardens, cryogenics, seed bank,
germplasm, gene bank)
• In-situ conservation (Bio-reserves, Sanctuaries & National parks)
- Anish Gawande
- Dr. Manisha Kayande

2. What is Sustainable development ?
Sustainable development is the organizing principle for meeting human development goals
while at the same time sustaining the ability of natural systems to provide the natural
resources and ecosystem services upon which the economy and society depend. The desired
result is a state of society where living conditions and resource use continue to meet human
needs without undermining the integrity and stability of the natural system and sustainable
development can be classified as development that meet the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of the future generation.

3. Ex-situ conservation
Ex situ conservation literally means, "off-site
conservation". It is the process of protecting an
endangered species, variety or breed, of plant or animal
outside its natural habitat; for example, by removing part
of the population from a threatened habitat and placing
it in a new location, which may be a wild area or within
the care of humans. The degree to which humans control
or modify the natural dynamics of the managed
population varies widely, and this may include alteration
of living environments, reproductive patterns, access to
resources, and protection from predation and mortality.
Ex situ management can occur within or outside a
species' natural geographic range. Individuals maintained
ex situ exist outside an ecological niche. This means that
they are not under the same selection pressures as wild
populations, and they may undergo artificial selection if
maintained ex situ for multiple generations. Agricultural
biodiversity is also conserved in ex situ collections. This is
primarily in the form of gene banks where samples are
stored in order to conserve the genetic resources of
major crop plants and their wild relatives.

4. Ex-situ conservation
Botanical gardens, zoos, and aquariums
Botanical gardens, and zoos are the most conventional methods of Ex situ conservation and also In situ
conservation, all of which house whole, protected specimens for breeding and reintroduction into the
wild when necessary and possible. These facilities provide not only housing and care for specimens of
endangered species, but also have an educational value. They inform the public of the threatened status
of endangered species and of those factors which cause the threat, with the hope of creating public
interest in stopping and reversing those factors which jeopardize a species' survival in the first place.
They are the most publicly visited ex situ conservation sites, with the WZCS (World Zoo Conservation
Strategy) estimating that the 1100 organized zoos in the world receive more than 600 million visitors
annually. Globally there is an estimated total of 2,107 aquaria and zoos in 125 countries. Additionally
many private collectors or other not-for-profit groups hold animals and they engage in conservation or
reintroduction efforts. Similarly there are approximately 2,000 botanical gardens in 148 counties
cultivating or storing an estimated 80,000 taxa of plants.
Botanical garden Zoo Aquarium

5. Ex-situ conservation
Cryogenics
The storage of seeds, pollen, tissue, or embryos in liquid nitrogen. This method can be used for virtually
indefinite storage of material without deterioration over a much greater time-period relative to all other
methods of ex situ conservation. Cryopreservation is also used for the conservation of livestock genetics
through Cryoconservation of animal genetic resources. Technical limitations prevent the
cryopreservation of many species, but cryobiology is a field of active research, and many studies
concerning plants are underway.

6. Ex-situ conservation
Seed bank
The storage of seeds in a temperature and moisture controlled environment. This technique is used for
taxa with orthodox seeds that tolerate desiccation. Seed bank facilities vary from sealed boxes to climate
controlled walk-in freezers or vaults. Taxa with recalcitrant seeds that do not tolerate desiccation are
typically not held in seed banks for extended periods of time.

7. Ex-situ conservation
Germplasm
Germplasm are living genetic resources such as seeds or tissues that are maintained for the purpose of
animal and plant breeding, preservation, and other research uses. These resources may take the form of
seed collections stored in seed banks, trees growing in nurseries, animal breeding lines maintained in
animal breeding programs or gene banks, etc. Germplasm collections can range from collections of wild
species to elite, domesticated breeding lines that have undergone extensive human selection.
Germplasm collection is important for the maintenance of biological diversity and food security.

8. Ex-situ conservation
Gene bank
Gene banks are a type of biorepository which preserve genetic material. For plants, this could be by
freezing cuttings from the plant, or stocking the seeds (e.g. in a seedbank). For animals, this is the
freezing of sperm and eggs in zoological freezers until further need. With corals, fragments are taken
which are stored in water tanks under controlled conditions. Plant genetic material in a 'gene bank' is
preserved at -196° Celsius in Liquid Nitrogen as mature seed (dry).
In plants, it is possible to unfreeze the material and propagate it, however, in animals, a living female is
required for artificial insemination. While it is often difficult to use frozen animal sperm and eggs, there
are many examples of it being done successfully.

9. In-situ conservation
In-situ conservation is the on-site
conservation or the conservation of
genetic resources in natural populations
of plant or animal species, such as
forest genetic resources in natural
populations of tree species. It is the
process of protecting an endangered
plant or animal species in its natural
habitat, either by protecting or restoring
the habitat itself, or by defending the
species from predators. It is applied to
conservation of agricultural biodiversity
in agro ecosystems by farmers,
especially those using unconventional
farming practices. e.g., Nilgiri biosphere
in India.

10. In-situ conservation
 Methods
About 4% of the total geographical area of the country is used for in situ conservation. The following
methods are presently used for in situ conservation.
In-situ conservation Number available
Biosphere reserves 18
National parks 104
Wild-life sanctuaries 543
Biodiversity hotspots 4

11. In-situ conservation
Biosphere reserves
Biosphere reserves cover very large areas, often more than 5000 km. They are used to protect species
for a long time. Currently, there are 18 Biosphere Reserves in India.
Name State
Nanda Devi Uttarakhand
Nokrek Meghalaya
Manas Assam

12. In-situ conservation
National parks
A national park is an area dedicated for the conservation of wildlife along with its environment. It is
usually a small reserve covering an area of about 100 to 500 square kilometers. Within biosphere
reserves, one or more national parks may also exist. Currently, there are 103 national parks in India.
Name State Important wildlife
Kaziranga Assam One-horned rhino
Gir National Park Gujarat Asiatic lions
Bandipur Karnataka Tiger, Elephant
Dachigam J & K Hangul
Kanha M.P Tiger
Periyar Kerala Tiger, elephant

13. In-situ conservation
Wildlife sanctuaries
A wildlife sanctuary is an area which is reserved for the conservation of animals only. Currently, there are
543 wild sanctuaries in India.
Name State Major wildlife
Hazaribagh sanctuary Jharkhand Tiger, leopard
Ghana Bird sanctuary Rajasthan 300 species of Birds
Sultanpur Bird
Sanctuary
Haryana Migratory birds
Abohar Wild life
Sanctuary
Punjab Black buck
Nal sarovar Bird
Sanctuary
Gujarat Water birds
Mudumalai Wild life
Sanctuary
Tamil Nadu
Tiger, elephant,
leopard
Vedanthangal Bird
Sanctuary
Tamil Nadu Water birds

14. In-situ conservation
Biodiversity Hotspots
According to Conservation international, to qualify as a hotspot a region must meet two strict criteria :
 it must contain at least 1,500 species of vascular plants (∆ 0.5% of the world's total) as endemics,
 it has to have lost at least 70% of its original habitat.
Name
The Himalaya
The Western Ghats
The North-East
The Nicobar Islands
The Himalaya The Western Ghats
The North-East The Nicobar Islands

15. In-situ conservation
 Gene sanctuary
A gene sanctuary is an area where plants are
conserved. It includes both biosphere reserves as well
as national parks. India has set up its first gene
sanctuary in the Garo Hills of Meghalaya for wild
relatives of citrus. Efforts are also being made to set up
gene sanctuaries for banana, sugarcane, rice and
mango.
 Community reserves
It is the type of protected area introduced in Wildlife
Protection Amendment Act 2002 to provide legal
support to community or privately owned reserves
which cannot be designated as national park or wildlife
sanctuary.
 Sacred groves
They are tracts of forest set aside where all the trees
and wildlife within are venerated and given total
protection.

16. What is the benefit of In-Situ conservation ?
One benefit of in situ conservation is that it maintains recovering populations in the environment where
they have developed their distinctive properties. Another benefit is that this strategy helps ensure the
ongoing processes of evolution and adaptation within their environments. As a last resort, ex-situ
conservation may be used on some or all of the population, when in situ conservation is too difficult, or
impossible. The species gets adjusted to the natural disasters like drought, floods, forest fires and this
method is very cheap and convenient.

17. Thank you…. !!