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- 2. • In situ Protected forest Reserved forest Wildlife sanctuary National park Biosphere reserve Conservation reserve Community reserve Marine protected area • Ex situ Zoological park Seed banks Botanical gardens Tissue culture Cryo presevartion Gene bank • Sacred groove
- 3. Indian forest act - 1927 • Rights of traditional forest dwellers legally recognised • Improving their voice in wildlife conservation • 3 types of rights Land right Use right Right to protect and conserve • 3 categories of forest Reserved Protected village
- 4. Wildlife Protection Act - 1972 • Protection of wild animals, birds and plants • Protected areas under the act • Prohibits animal traps • Hunting rights • Schedule 1- 6 • Constitutes National Board For Wildlife National Tiger Conservation Authority
- 5. Wildlife sanctuary • Areas of adequate ecological, faunal, floral, geo morphological significance for protecting, propagating and development. • Notified by state government (centre in some cases) • Human activity is regulated. • May be for a particular species. • 543 wildlife sanctuaries- 3.63 % of area
- 6. National park • Within or outside a wildlife sanctuary • Notified by the state government (centre in some cases) • No human activity is permitted • Permission – chief wildlife warden, National board for wildlife • 103 national parks- 1.23 % of area
- 7. Biosphere reserve • Initiated by UNESCO – ‘Man and biosphere program’ • World network of biosphere reserve (WNBR) • Minimise conflict between environment and development. • Promote sustainable development based on local community. • In India – 18 biosphere reserve
- 8. National Biosphere Reserve Program • By Indian National MAB committee • Declared by state or centre • Focus livelihood for locals Reduce pressure in core zone
- 10. Criteria for designation of BR • An effectively protected and minimally disturbed core area. • Core area -typical of a bio-geographical unit and large enough to sustain viable populations representing all trophic levels in the ecosystem. • Presence of rare and endangered species • Areas potential for preservation of traditional tribal or rural modes of living
- 11. Permitted activities • Value addition activities • Sustainable use of threatened resources • Rehabilitation of landscapes of threatened species and ecosystems • Socio-economic upliftment of local communities • Maintenance and protection of corridor areas • Development of communication system and Networking • Development of Eco-tourism
- 12. Conservation reserve and community reserve • Buffer zone, connector, migration corridor – national parks, sanctuary, etc • Conservation – government of India land • Community – private land
- 13. Sacred grooves • Patches of vegetation protected based on religious faith • Protected by community • Ecological, biological, cultural, historical values
- 15. • Threats to sacred grooves Disappearance of traditional belief system urbanization , developmental activities Sanskritisation Invasive species Fuel wood collection
- 16. Marine protected area • Space within or adjacent to marine area – human activities strictly restricted. • Majority – estuaries and lagoons • Acts Coast guard act Wildlife protection act Environment protection act Biological diversity act
- 17. Tiger reserve • Under ‘Project Tiger’ - Centrally sponsored scheme • National Tiger Conservation Authority - Statutory body • Oversight by parliament – MoEFCC • 50 tiger reserves • Satellite core of tiger reserve
- 18. Core zone • Exclusive tiger agenda • Protected as a National park / wildlife sanctuary Buffer zone • Inclusive people oriented agenda • Forest and non forest land included
- 19. Elephant reserve • Project elephant • Implemented by states • Conserve elephants - in-situ , ex-situ • Protect – elephant habitat, corridor • Check –man animal conflict • Research, awareness and education program • 32 elephant reserve
- 20. Vultures • Problems • Vulture safe zones • Vulture restaurants • Role of BNHS