Protected areas are those in which human occupation or at least the exploitation of resources is limited.
The definition that has been widely accepted across regional and global frameworks has been provided by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in its categorization guidelines for protected areas.
There are several kinds of protected areas, which vary by level of protection depending on the enabling laws of each country or the regulations of the international organizations involved.
The term "protected area" also includes
Marine Protected Areas, the boundaries of which will include some area of ocean, and
Trans boundary Protected Areas that overlap multiple countries which remove the borders inside the area for conservation and economic purposes.
Conservation of Biodiversity is the need of the hour. Awareness is a must for biodiversity conservation.Various strategies of conservation are included in the presentation.
Protected areas are those in which human occupation or at least the exploitation of resources is limited.
The definition that has been widely accepted across regional and global frameworks has been provided by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in its categorization guidelines for protected areas.
There are several kinds of protected areas, which vary by level of protection depending on the enabling laws of each country or the regulations of the international organizations involved.
The term "protected area" also includes
Marine Protected Areas, the boundaries of which will include some area of ocean, and
Trans boundary Protected Areas that overlap multiple countries which remove the borders inside the area for conservation and economic purposes.
Conservation of Biodiversity is the need of the hour. Awareness is a must for biodiversity conservation.Various strategies of conservation are included in the presentation.
IUCN is a globally important organisation for the conservation of nature and its resources. It is well known for Red data book. the species of organisms around the globe is grouped into several categories according to their need for conservation.
Define the following:
Normal species
Vulnerable species
Endangered species
Threaten species
Critically Endangered species
Rare species
Endemic species
Extinct species
Lecture about Monitoring and Biodiversity Indices, with linkage to on-going CBD programs, and a special focus on species monitoring.Many examples, needs some formatting, hope still useful!
Wildlife management techniques and methods of wildlife conservationAnish Gawande
Wildlife Conservation is the practice of protecting wild plant and animal species and their habitat. Wildlife plays an important role in balancing the environment and provides stability to different natural processes of nature. The goal of wildlife conservation is to ensure that nature will be around for future generations to enjoy and also to recognize the importance of wildlife and wilderness for humans and other species alike. Many nations have government agencies and NGO's dedicated to wildlife conservation, which help to implement policies designed to protect wildlife. Numerous independent non-profit organizations also promote various wildlife conservation causes.
Wildlife conservation has become an increasingly important practice due to the negative effects of human activity on wildlife. An endangered species is defined as a population of a living species that is in the danger of becoming extinct because the species has a very low or falling population, or because they are threatened by the varying environmental or prepositional parameters.
IUCN is a globally important organisation for the conservation of nature and its resources. It is well known for Red data book. the species of organisms around the globe is grouped into several categories according to their need for conservation.
Define the following:
Normal species
Vulnerable species
Endangered species
Threaten species
Critically Endangered species
Rare species
Endemic species
Extinct species
Lecture about Monitoring and Biodiversity Indices, with linkage to on-going CBD programs, and a special focus on species monitoring.Many examples, needs some formatting, hope still useful!
Wildlife management techniques and methods of wildlife conservationAnish Gawande
Wildlife Conservation is the practice of protecting wild plant and animal species and their habitat. Wildlife plays an important role in balancing the environment and provides stability to different natural processes of nature. The goal of wildlife conservation is to ensure that nature will be around for future generations to enjoy and also to recognize the importance of wildlife and wilderness for humans and other species alike. Many nations have government agencies and NGO's dedicated to wildlife conservation, which help to implement policies designed to protect wildlife. Numerous independent non-profit organizations also promote various wildlife conservation causes.
Wildlife conservation has become an increasingly important practice due to the negative effects of human activity on wildlife. An endangered species is defined as a population of a living species that is in the danger of becoming extinct because the species has a very low or falling population, or because they are threatened by the varying environmental or prepositional parameters.
Conservation of biodiversity isThus, variability among living organisms from all sources including inter alia, terrestrial, marine & other aquatic ecosystems and ecological complexes of which they are part of.
Biodiversity or biological diversity is the variety and variability of life on Earth. Biodiversity is a measure of variation at the genetic (genetic variability), species (species diversity), and ecosystem (ecosystem diversity) level.Biodiversity is not evenly distributed, rather it varies greatly across the globe as well as within regions. Among other factors, the diversity of all living things (biota) depends on temperature, precipitation, altitude, soils, geography and the presence of other species. The study of the spatial distribution of organisms, species and ecosystems, is the science of biogeography.A biodiversity hotspot is a region with a high level of endemic species that have experienced great habitat loss. The term hotspot was introduced in 1988 by Norman Myers. While hotspots are spread all over the world, the majority are forest areas and most are located in the tropics.The existence of a global carrying capacity, limiting the amount of life that can live at once, is debated, as is the question of whether such a limit would also cap the number of species. While records of life in the sea show a logistic pattern of growth, life on land (insects, plants and tetrapods) shows an exponential rise in diversity.[16] As one author states, "Tetrapods have not yet invaded 64 percent of potentially habitable modes and it could be that without human influence the ecological and taxonomic diversity of tetrapods would continue to increase exponentially until most or all of the available eco-space is filled."A variety of objective means exist to empirically measure biodiversity. Each measure relates to a particular use of the data, and is likely to be associated with the variety of genes. Biodiversity is commonly measured in terms of taxonomic richness of a geographic area over a time interval.In 2006, many species were formally classified as rare or endangered or threatened; moreover, scientists have estimated that millions more species are at risk which have not been formally recognized. About 40 percent of the 40,177 species assessed using the IUCN Red List criteria are now listed as threatened with extinction—a total of 16,119.[151] The five main drivers to biodiversity loss are : habitat loss, invasive species, overexploitation (extreme hunting and fishing pressure), pollution, and climate change.The number of morphological attributes that can be scored for diversity study is generally limited and prone to environmental influences; thereby reducing the fine resolution required to ascertain the phylogenetic relationships. DNA based markers- microsatellites otherwise known as simple sequence repeats (SSR) were therefore used for the diversity studies of certain species and their wild relatives.
In the case of cowpea, a study conducted to assess the level of genetic diversity in cowpea germplasm and related wide species, where the relatedness among various taxa was compared, primers useful for classification of taxa identified, and the origin.
International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), formerly called World Conservation Union, network of environmental organizations founded as the International Union for the Protection of Nature in October 1948 in Fontainebleau, France, to promote nature conservation and the ecologically sustainable use of natural resources. The IUCN’s membership includes more than 1,000 governmental and nongovernmental organizations from more than 140 countries. It is governed by a democratically elected council, which is chosen by member organizations at each World Conservation Congress.
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
2. Contents:
• Introduction
• Objectives
• Action plan
• International and national organizations for
conservation of natural resources
• Types of biodiversity conservation
o In-situ conservation
o Ex-situ conservation
2
3. Introduction
• Humans have been directly or indirectly dependent
on biodiversity for sustenance to a considerable
extent. However, increasing population pressure and
developmental activities have led to large scale
depletion of the natural resources.
• Conservation is the protection, preservation,
management, or restoration of wildlife and natural
resources such as forests and water.
3
4. Cont…
• Through the conservation of biodiversity and the
survival of many species and habitats which are
threatened due to human activities can be ensured.
• There is an urgent need, not only to manage and
conserve the biotic wealth, but also restore the
degraded ecosystems.
4
5. Objectives
• To maintain essential ecological processes and life
supporting systems.
• To preserve the diversity of species.
• To make sustainable utilization of species and
ecosystems.
5
6. Action plan
• 33 STATE / U.T. ACTION PLANS
• 18 LOCAL (SUBSTATE) ACTION PLANS
• 10 ECOREGIONAL (INTER-STATE) ACTION PLANS
• 13 THEMATIC ACTION PLANS
• 33 SUB-THEMATIC REVIEW PAPERS
• NATIONAL ACTION PLAN built on above, and on
lessons from several hundred public hearings,
workshops, yatras, festivals, and other events.
6
7. National level activities
• Policy analysis and advocacy
• Inter-sectoral coordination
• Community and other stakeholder exchanges
• Participatory monitoring and evaluation
• Process documentation
• Public outreach including information dissemination, media
• Participatory mapping
• Biodiversity festivals
• Capacity building
• International representation
• National biodiversity network
7
9. In-situ conservation
• The conservation of species in their natural habitats.
• Conserving the areas where populations of species
exist naturally is an underlying condition for the
conservation of biodiversity.
• A protected areas is a geographically defined area
that is designated or regulated and managed to
achieve specific conservation objectives.
9
10. Cont…
• It may be set aside for the protection of biological
diversity, and of natural and associated cultural
resources and is managed through legal or other
effective means.
• This includes: Biosphere reserves, National parks,
Sanctuaries and Sacred groves.
10
11. Biosphere Reserves
• Biosphere reserves are areas comprising terrestrial,
marine and coastal ecosystems.
• Each reserve promotes solutions reconciling the
conservation of biodiversity with its sustainable use.
11
12. Cont…
• There are 669 biosphere reserves in countries,
including 16 transboundary sites. They are
distributed as follows:
• 70 in 28 countries in Africa
• 30 in 11 countries in the Arab States
• 142 in 24 countries in Asia and the Pacific
• 302 in 36 countries in Europe and North America
• 125 in 21 countries in Latin America and Caribbean.
• The Indian government has established 18 Biosphere
reserves, over 441 wild life sanctuaries and 103
National parks.
12
13. Cont…
• A biosphere reserves has 3 parts-
core, buffer and transition zone.
1. Core zone is the inner zone; this is
undisturbed and legally protected
area.
2. Buffer zone lies between the core and
transition zone. Some research and
educational activities are permitted
here.
3. Transition zone is the outermost part
of biosphere reserves. Here
cropping, forestry, recreation, fishery
and other activities are allowed.
Eg: Nandadevi,Uttarakhand; Manas,
Assam; Gulf of Mannar, Tamil Nadu
etc.
13
14. National Parks
• There are vast areas of protected natural habitat
covering thousands of acres.
• Here the wild life (both flora and fauna) are
protected and conserved in their natural
environment.
• No human activities like grazing, cultivation, forestry
is permitted.
• There are 103 National parks in India occupying
nearly 1.2% geographical area.
14
15. Cont…
• National parks are established by the efforts of IUCN (
International Union for Conservation of Nature and
Natural Resources established in 1948) and WWF( World
Wide Life Fund established in 1961) .
• At the national level, they are established under central
legislation but are administered by the state under
central supervision.
Examples:
1. Gir National Park, Gujarat
2. Kaziranga National Park, Assam
3. Periyar National Park, Kerala
4. Nagarhole National Park, Karnataka, etc.
15
16. Sancturies
• They are protected natural habitats smaller than
National Parks.
• Human activities like harvesting of timber, collecting
minor forest products and private ownership rights
are allowed as long as they do not interfere with
well-being of species.
• They are primarily meant for the preservation of the
particular species or protection of assemblage of
species.
16
17. cont…
➢Preservation of particular species: Preserving a
species which is threatened.
Eg. Indian lion Panthera leo is protected in Gir
forests of Gujarat while, Indian Rhinoceros is
protected in Kazhiranga sanctury of Assam.
➢Protection of particular assemblage: A method of
protecting a collection of species.
Eg. Bird sancturies like Ranganthittu of Mysore and
Bharathpur of Rajasthan is set up to protect birds.
17
18. Sacred groves
• Indian culture has wise conservation of all natural
resources mainly the trees. One of the method of
conservation of trees is creation of sacred groves.
• Sacred groves are defined as traditionally conserved
patches of forests dedicated to a local diety.
• Here all forms of living creatures are believed to be
given protection by the diety.
• The groves are considered to be God’s first temple.
18
19. Cont…
• No one is permitted to cut any tree or plant, kill animals
and birds or harm any for of life in this area.
• Sacred groves vary in size from few trees to dense forests
covering vast tracts of land.
• Today, there are only about 1000 sq.km of undistributed
sacred groves scattered in patches all over the country.
Examples:
1. Deodar grove, Shipin, Shimla
2. Mawphlang and Mausmai, Khasi Hills of
Meghalaya.
19
20. Advantages of in-situ conservation:
1. The flora and fauna live in natural habitats without
human interference.
2. The life cycles of the organisms and their evolution
progresses in a natural way.
3. In-situ conservation provides the required green
cover and its associated benefits to our environment.
4. It is less expensive and easy to manage.
5. The interests of the indigenous people are also
protected.
20
21. Ex-situ conservation
• Ex-situ conservation is the preservation of components
of biological diversity outside their natural habitats.
• This involves conservation of genetic resources, as well as
wild and cultivated species, and draws on a diverse body
of techniques and facilities.
• These includes, botanical gardens, zoos, gene banks,
Medicinal conservation parks, and herbal gardens etc.
21
22. Botanical gardens
• Botanical gardens are the parks, dedicated to the
collection, cultivation, preservation and display of a
wide range of plants labeled with their botanical
names.
• Botanical gardens have worked in a broad range of
concerns which including the reforestation, plant
exploration, the establishment of nature preserves,
agricultural research, publishing, and original
research in botany.
22
23. Cont…
• Botanical gardens are mostly run by a management
of universities and scientific research organizations to
investigate the varieties of different plants with their
unique characteristics to undergo their research
experiment or project that involve with the plant
taxonomy.
• Botanical gardens have the function to preserve the
endangered plant species and to sustain our
environment.
23
24. Cont…
• The main purpose that setting up the botanical
gardens is to increase publics’ knowledge and
appreciation of plant based on the significance and
conservation of plants through locally and globally
and also for the ongoing benefit and enjoyment of
the community
• Botanic gardens – over 2,500, in 148 countries, with
about 6.13 million accessions.
24
25. Gene Banks
• Gene Banks are a type of biorepository which
preserve genetic material.
• A collection of seed plants, tissue cultures etc. from
potentially useful species, especially species
containing genes of significance to the breeding of
crops.
• The database of the largest gene banks in the world
can be queried via a common website, Genesys.
25
26. Cont…
• Gene banks exist to conserve the genetic diversity of
wild and domesticated organisms that humans
depend on for food, fiber, medicine & energy.
• Over 7.2 million plant germplasm accessions are
housed in ~1,750 national and international gene
banks.
26
27. Types of Gene Banks
1. Seed Bank
2. Tissue Bank
3. Cryo Bank
4. Pollen Bank
5. Field gene Bank
6. Sperm Bank
7. Ova Bank.
27
28. 1. Seed Bank
• The seed bank preserves dried seeds by storing them
at a very low temperature.
• Spores and pteridophytes are conserved in seed
banks but other seedless plants such as tuber crops
cannot be preserved this way.
• The largest seed bank in the world is the Millennium
seed bank housed at the Welcome Trust Millennium
Building (WTMB) in London.
28
29. 2. Tissue Bank
• In this technique buds, protocorms and meristematic
cells are conserved through particular light and
temperature arrangements in a nutrient media.
• This is used to preserve seedless plants and plants
which reproduce asexually.
29
30. 3. Cryo Bank
• In this technique a seed or embryo is preserved at a
very low temperature.
• It is usually preserved in liquid nitrogen at - 196
degrees. This is helpful for the conservation of
species facing extinction.
30
31. 4. Pollen Bank
• This is a method in which pollen grains are stored .
• We can make plants which are facing extinction in
the present world using this technique .
• By this technique we can make plants with one set
chromosomes.
31
32. 5. Field Gene Bank
• This is a method of planting plants for the
conservation of genes.
• For this purpose we construct ecosystem artificially .
• Through this method one can compare the
difference among plants of different species in detail.
• It needs more land, adequate soil, weather etc.
Germplasm of important crops are conserved
through this method.
• 42,000 varieties of rice are conserved in the Central
Rice Research Institute in Orissa.
32
33. 6. Sperm bank
• A sperm bank, semen bank is a facility or enterprise
that collects and store human sperm donors for use
by women who, for whatever reason, need donor
provided sperm to achieve pregnancy.
• Sperm donated by the sperm donor is known as
donor sperm.
• And the process for introducing sperm into women is
called Artificial insemination.
33
34. 7. Ova Bank
• Ova bank or egg cell bank is a facility that collects
and store human ova primarily from the ova donors.
• The purpose of achieving pregnancy of donor (i.e. to
overcome issues of fertility ) or through third party
reproduction .
• Ova donated in this way from the donor is known as
donor ova
34
35. Activities in Gene Bank
• Collecting and Acquisition – assembling the collection
• Processing – assessing the quantity, viability, health of
samples and preparation for storage
• Storage – in a cold store, laboratory or in the field
• Regeneration and Multiplication – periodically
rejuvenating and increasing the material
• Characterization and Evaluation
• Documentation, Inventory – maintaining and making
available detailed records on each sample
• Distribution – of clean, disease-free seeds, or other
planting material, to requestors
35
36. Medicinal plant conservation parks or
Ethnomedicinal forest (EMF) :
• These parks or forests serve as community conservation
education centers and repositories of the region’s
medicinal plant resources and local health knowledge.
• The advantage of this program is that it is easy to supply
planting material for propagation, re-introduction of
native species, agronomic improvement, research and
education from the network of medicinal parks.
• The parks are spatially dispersed so as to represent
distinct agro-climatic zones in Southern India.
36
37. Cont…
• Each MPCP is in the process of becoming a regional
resource center of learning wherein there is authentic
and thorough documentation available of the natural and
cultural heritage of the region relating to medicinal
plants.
• It also serves as a training center for rural households,
schools, colleges and government departments on the
conservation and sustainable use of medicinal plants,
particularly in the context of primary health care.
• All the centers have planted an average of 250 species of
medicinal plants, including Rare, Endangered and
Threatened species (RET) in their respective EMFs.
37
38. Cont…
• Ethno-medicinal Forest (EMF) ranges from 5-20
hectares. This area is divided into several grids which
is usually 1m x 1m.
• This is essentially a live collection of the region’s
(district’s) entire medicinal plant diversity known to
the local people and used by them for medicinal
purposes.
• These plots mimic as far as possible the real forest
type for the area. Attempts are also made to include
possible genetic variations within the collection.
38
39. Herb garden
• Herbs are defined as plants that are useful to humans.
• An herb can be useful to us for its flavor, its scent, its
medicinal properties or its use as an insecticide.
• Some herbs are used as coloring for dyes or for industrial
uses.
• Herbs have been used for thousands of years in teas and
balms to relieve physical ailments, such as upset
stomachs and stress-induced illness.
39
40. Cont…
• An herb garden is basically a garden that is being used
solely to grow herbs.
• An herb garden can be any size or shape and can contain
many different types of herbs or just a few.
• An herb garden may take up an entire yard or may simply
be planted in a small window box container.
• Herb gardens can be kept indoors on a sunny windowsill
or outdoors in the open breeze.
• An herb garden design can also be incorporated into a
vegetable garden, with landscape shrubbery, or mixed in
with your flowers.
40
41. Advantages of ex-situ preservation:
1. It is useful for declining population of species.
2. Endangered animals on the verge of extinction are
successfully breeded.
3. Threatened species are breeded in captivity and then
released in the natural habitats.
4. Ex-situ centres offer the possibilities of observing
wild animals, which is otherwise not possible.
5. It is extremely useful for conducting research and
scientific work on different species.
41
42. International Organizations and
Conventions related to Biodiversity
1. Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
• Aim to bring the conservation of biological
diversity.
• The sustainable use of its components.
• The fair and equitable sharing of the benefits
arising from commercial and other utilization of
genetic resources.
42
43. 2. Consultative group for International
Agriculture Research (CGIAR)
• It is a global partnership that unites
organizations engaged in research for a food-
secured future.
• Prime objective is to reducing rural poverty,
increasing food security, improving human
health and nutrition, and ensuring sustainable
management of natural resources.
43
44. 3. Convention on International Trade in
Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
(CITES)
• Aims to ensure that international trade in
specimens of wild animals and plants does not
threaten their survival.
44
45. 4. Convention on the Conservation of Migratory
Species of Wild Animals (CMS)
• Aims to conserve terrestrial, marine and avian
migratory species throughout their range.
45
46. 5. International Institute for Environment and
Development (MED)
• It acts as the links between biodiversity,
conservation and local people's livelihoods.
46
47. 6. The International Treaty on Plant Genetic
Resources for Food and Agriculture
• The prime objective is the conservation and
sustainable use of plant genetic resources for
food and agriculture and the fair and
equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of
their use, in harmony with the Convention on
Biological Diversity, for sustainable agriculture
and food security.
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48. 7. Convention on Wetlands (popularly known as the
Ramsar Convention)
• Provides the framework for national action and
international cooperation for the conservation
and wise use of wetlands and their resources.
• It covers all aspects of wetland conservation and
wise use, recognizing wetlands as ecosystems
that are extremely important for biodiversity
conservation in general and for the well-being of
human communities.
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49. 8. World Heritage Convention (WHC)
• To identify and conserve the world's cultural
and natural heritage, by drawing up a list of
sites whose outstanding values should be
preserved for all humanity.
• To ensure the protection world's cultural and
natural heritage of through a closer co-
operation among nations.
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50. 9. International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC)
• Aim to protect world plant resources, including
cultivated and wild plants by preventing the
introduction and spread of plant pests and promoting
the appropriate measures for their control.
• Provides the mechanisms to develop the International
Standards for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPMs), and to
help countries to implement the ISPMs and the other
obligations under the IPPC, by facilitating the national
capacity development, national reporting and dispute
settlement.
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51. 10. International Union for Conservation of
nature (IUCN)
• To conserve our vital biodiversity, this is one of
the important wheels of life cycle.
• It helps the world to find pragmatic solutions
to our most pressing environment and
development challenges.
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