This document discusses ex situ plant conservation. It begins by outlining the key principles of conservation biology including maintaining biological diversity, ecological integrity, and ecological health. It then defines ex situ conservation as maintaining plant samples outside their natural habitat, such as in seed banks, tissue culture, or botanical gardens. Some techniques of ex situ conservation are discussed, along with advantages like complete protection and increasing genetic diversity, and disadvantages like nutrition issues. Finally, it provides examples of important botanical gardens in India and their roles in taxonomy, research, conservation, education, public services, aesthetics, and employment.

1. Presented by :
Gohil Sanjay B.
M.SC.Sem-3 (BOTANY)

2. contents
• Introduction
• Principles of conservation
• ex- situ conservation
• Techniques of ex situ conservation for plants
• Advantages of ex situ conservation
• Disadvantages of ex situ conservation
• Botanicale garden

3. → The strategy of conservation depend on the nature
of the material and on the objective and scope of
the activity.
→ The nature of the material defined by the length of
the life cycle , the mode of reproduction , the size of
the individuals and its ecological status , whether
wind,or domesticated.
→ There are two basic approaches to germplasm
conservation namely in situ and ex situ conservation.

4. → Conservation biologists seek to maintain three
important aspects of life on Earth: biological diversity,
ecologic integrity, and ecological health.
→ Biological diversity is a measure of the diversity of all
life at all levels of organization.
→ Ecological integrity is a measure of the composition,
structure, and function of biological systems.
→ Ecological health is a measure of a biological system’s
resiliency and ability to maintain itself over time.

5. → The conservation of nature is important for nature’s
intrinsic values, its instrumental values, and its
psychological values.
→ Value systems determine how we view nature, and
this may vary within and among cultures.
 Intrinsic values are those of nature itself, separate
from a usefulness to humans.
 Instrumental values are based on the usefulness of
nature to humans.
 Psychological values are those that contribute to the
psychological well-being of humans.

6. • Defination :-
• Ex situ conservation is the conservation
and maintenance of samples of living
organisms out side their natural habitat ,
in the form of whole plants, seeds, pollen,
vegetative propagules, tissue or cell
cultures
• Examples:- seed bank , gene bank etc.

7. What is Ex – situ conservation :-
• Ex situ conservation literally means “off site
conservation.
• It is the process of protecting an endangered
species, variety or breed of plant or animal out
side of its natural habitat.
• By removing part of the population from a
threatened habitat and placing it in a new
location, which may be a wild area or within
the care of humans.

8. • Agriculture biodiversity is also conserved
in ex situ conservations.
• This is primarily in the from of gene banks
where samples are stored in order to
conserve the genetic resources of major
crop plants and their wild relatives.
• That means ex- situ conservation is a
process of conserving endangered plants
or animals in the human care by giving
them own environment.

10. a) Cryopreservation
b) Seed banking
c) Tissue culture (Storage and propagation)
d) Fields gene banking
e) Cultivation collection
f) Botanical garden

11. Advantages of ex situ conservation:-
• Organisms are completely protected from
predation and poaching.
• Genetic diversity of the population can be
measured.
• Modern reproductive technology can increase
the chances of reproductive success.

12. • Animals and plants can be bred to
increase their numbers if endangered.
• Research in to reproductive physiology,
life style and ecology of an endangered
species.
• Conservation site can be used as
attraction to raise funds for further
conservation efforts.
• Conservation site can be also used for
education.

13. Disadvantages of ex situ conservation:-
• The organisms are living outside their
natural habitat.
• Nutrition issues may arise.
• Collect survival conditions may difficult to
achieve.
• Expensive to maintain.

14. • A botanical garden or botanical garden is a
garden dedicated to the collection,
cultivation and display of a wide range of
plants labelled with their botanical names .
• It may contain specialist plant collections
such as cacti and other succulent plants, herb
gardens, plants from particular parts of the
world, and so on;

15. • There may be greenhouses, shadehouses, again
with special collection such as tropical plants ,
alpine plants, or other exotic plants.
• Visitor services at a botanical garden might include
tours, educational displays, art exhibitions , book
rooms, open-air theatrical and musical
performances, and other entertainment

16. Defination
• BGCI has considered what makes a botanical
garden different from a public park or pleasure
gardens.
• In the international agenda for botanical garden
is as follows…
“Botanical gardens are institutions holding
documented collections of living plant for the
purpose of scientific research, conservation,
display and education.”

17. • There are botanical gardens are arboreta in
148 countries worldwide and they maintain
more than 4 million living plant collections.
• Amongst their collections are representatives
of more than 100,000 species, almost one
third of the known vascular plant sp. of the
world.
• There are a total of 142 million herbarium
specimens in botanical garden herbaria and
6.13 million accessions in their living
collections.

18. HISTORY OF BOTANICAL GARDENS
• Gardens and the cultivation of plant have been
around for thousands of years with the first
example dating to around 300 years ago in ancient
Egypt and Mesopotamia.
• The Romans were also keen gardens and they were
also aware of the medicinal properties of the
plants.
• They also used the beauty of plants and flowers as
a celebrations of god.

19. • Separate institution and schools of agriculture
were developed which meant that these
“cultivational” gardens were almost redundant.
• During the 19th and 20th century municipal and
civic gardens were created throught Europe an
the British Commonwealth.
• There are now currently 1775 botanical gardens
and arboreta in 148 countries around the world
with many more under construction or being
planned such as the first botanical garden in
Oman which will be one of the largest garden in
the world once it is completed and will house the
first large scale internal fog-forest in a huge
glasshouse.

21. • Acharya jagdish chandra bose indian botanicale
garden(kolkata):
they famous for great banayan tree which boasts of
having the largest canopy in the world .

22.  200 cum botanical garden guwahati: Assam
established in 1957
the largest 200 in north-estern india.

23. • Botanicale garden saharanpur-U.P:
this botanical gardens is one of the oldest botanical gardens in
india dating to before 1750.
saharanpur became the centre for the survey to study and
maintain the flora and fauna of the region.

24. • Lalbagh botanicale garden bangalore:
is of royal origin and was started initially as a private garden in
an ara 40 acres by hyder Ali,one of the most famous rulers of old
mysore in 1760.
initialy designed in mughal style and further developed by Hyder
Ali’s son Tipu sultan.

25. Jhanshi botanicale garden- U.P:
Herbal garden jhansi cantt boasts of about 20000
different herbal plants of different varieties planted to
rejuvenate the wndering souls.

26.  National botanical garden - lucknow:
The Botanical Gardens in Lucknow has a famous National Botanical Research
Institute. The Botanical Gardens have a long cherished historical background. It was
earlier known as 'Sikandar Bagh' which was laid out under the rule of Nawab Saadat
Ali Khan.

27.  Lloyd botanical garden-Darjeeling:
Lloyd's Botanical Garden was established in 1878 when 40 acres
(160,000 m2) of land was acquired at Darjeeling to form a botanic
garden as a distant annexe of the Calcutta Botanical Garden. The
land was provided by William Lloyd, in whose name thebotanical
garden has been named.

28.  Botanical garden vaghai-Saputara:
The 24hectare garden is known as Waghai Botanical
Garden after nearby town Waghai and situated about 2km
away from it. Waghai Garden is primegarden in the state of
Gujarat. The garden is famous for nurturing endangered
exceptional and widespread species of 1400plants with
diverse range.

29. Importance of Botanical gardens:
• Botanical gardens and Herbaria are important
places of sysetematic study and research on flora
of region.
• These are the places of great acedemic and
economic importance.
• A brief account of botanical garden and herbaria
fallows….

30. • Luca Ghini was the first person to establish a
botanical garden on scientific lines in 1543 at
pisa in Italy.
• At present there are over 600 important
botanical gardens in the world.
• Handerson (1983) however documented 800 of
them in the “International Directory of Botanical
Gardens”. (IDBG)

31. Role of Botanical Gardens:
1. Taxonomic studies:-
Botanical gardens provide valuble
information on various plants local flora,
bonsai, rare plant etc.. They act as “outdoor
laboratories” for students and researchers.
2. Botanical Research:-
Botanical gardens supply wide range
of plant species , seed, flowers fruit for
botanical research.

32. 3. Conservation:-
Botanical gardens conserve and
propagate rare species and genetic diversity.
4. Education:-
They supply facilities for courses in
local flora, horticulture hybridization, plant
propagation etc…
There educational programmes
include workshope, training sessions for
teachers, students, naturalists etc…

33. 5. Public services :-
They help the public in identifying the
local and exotic plant species ; provide
instructions for home gardening’s propagation
of plants: resource, through sale or exchange.
6. Aesthetic and Recreation :-
They attract people who have made
gardening their hobby.
7. Employment :-
They create job opportunities for large
number of young botanists.

34.  BIODIVERSITY AND PLANT RESOURCES
K.Jagmohan Reddy
 Environmental Sciences
- Purohit, Shammi & Agrawal
 Biodiversity Conservation
- P.C.Trivedi
-K.C.Sharma
 www.ex situ conservation.com