ENDEMISM and ENDEMIC SPECIES
This document discusses endemism, defining it as species confined to specific geographical areas, and distinguishes various categories of endemism, such as holoendemics and stenoendemics. It outlines factors influencing endemism, including climatic stability, geographical barriers, and gene isolation, as well as two theories explaining its occurrences. Additionally, it lists several endemic species in India, emphasizing the importance of their conservation.
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ENDEMISM and ENDEMIC SPECIES
- 1. ENDEMISM AND ENDEMICSPECIES Dr. Nagabhushan Charantimath Assistant Professor, Dept. of studies in zoology, Vijayanagara Sri Krishnadevaraya University. VIAJAYANAGARA SRI KRISHNADEVARAYA UNIVERSITY, BALLARI DEPARTMENT OF STUDIES IN ZOOLOGY
- 2. endemism The species whichare conďŹned to a local or given geographical area. It may be an ISLAND, LOCAL REGION, STATE, NATION OR COUNTRY. The word endemic is from New Latin endÄmicus, from Greek ξνδΎΟοĎ, endÄmos, "native". EndÄmos is formed of en meaning "in", and dÄmos meaning "the people". (wikipedia) 2
- 3. Are all endemic? All species are not endemics, some species may be cosmopolitan. All endemics are not necessarily rare -some might be common where they occur. All rare species are not necessarily endemics, some may have a large range but be rare throughout this range 3
- 4. Why endemism ? Stabilityin the climatic factors and habitat through time might have contributed to high rates of endemism. biological factors : low rate of dispersal or returning to the spawning areas (philopatry). Birds are less likely to be endemic to a region as they can disperse via ďŹight YET there are 2500 species of birds that are endemic. MICRO-ORGANISMS are not believed to form endemics. 4
- 5. Four categories ofendemism: HOLOENDEMICS EURYENDEMICS STENOENDEMICS RHOENDEMICS : cryptoendemics and euendemics 5
- 6. Myers and de Graveâs classiďŹcation. Holoendemicsis a cosmopolitan species. Stenoendemics is a local endemic species with a reduced distribution. ⨠Euryendemics have larger distribution. Rhoendemics is a disjunct distribution. Euendemics having variance is GEOLOGICAL and Cryptoendemics is due to EXTINCTION of the intervening populations. 6
- 7. Types of endemism NEO-ENDEMISMan evolutionary young taxon and not spread over ex. Senecia PAELEO-ENDEMISM was once widely distributed and pocketed due to climate /soil types. EPIBIOTIC ENDEMISM fossil groups restricted to few pockets due to favourable climatic conditions and lack of competition. Ex. Gingko biloba 7
- 8. Neoendemism is furtherclassiďŹed based on cytotaxonomic studies (Favager in 1961) Schizoendemics: derived from a common ancestor and widespread taxon of same chromosome number. Patroendemics: Restricted diploid given rise to widespread polyploids. Apoendemics restricted polyploids given rise to widespread diploids. 8
- 9. Characters of endemics 1.localised , narrow ecological amplitude, unable to invade new areas. 2. Lack potentiality to migrate because of saturated genomes. 3. Dispersed propagules are unable to sustain during migration or due to physical barriers. 9
- 10. 2 Theories ofendemism First theory believes that the last survivors of once ďŹourished ďŹora/fauna are now declining are the relics or epibiotics which are endemics. Second theory believes that these are recent and young forms in the course of gradual extinction. 10
- 11. 2 Theories ofendemism 1st theory supporters are: geographers 1. ex. Sequoia semipenirens, 2. Sequoia gigantea 2nd theory supporters are: Impatiens, Rhododendron, Coleus barbatus, C elongatus, Coleus varieties. 11
- 12. Causes of endemism CHANGINGCLIMATIC CONDITIONS GEOGRAPHICAL BARRIERS POOR ADAPTABILITY NARROW ECOLOGICAL AMPLITUDES 12
- 13. FACTORS responsible forendemism Natural crossing among closely related species. Mutations. More pronounced effect of isolated condition. Climatic conditions 13
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- 15. Asiatic lion Endemic andendangered in Gujarat 15
- 16. Sangai deer Endemic andendangered in Loktak lake, manipur 16
- 17. Lion tailed macaque Endemicand endangered in WG, Karnataka 17
- 18. Kashmir stag Endemic toKashmir valley, Himachal Pradesh 18
- 19. Nilgiri Tahr Endemic toNilgiri hills, WG, Kerala Montane grassland habitat of TN 19
- 20. Pigmy hog Endemic toAssam Montane grassland habitat of TN 20
- 21. Bronze back vine snake Endemicto Nilgiri hills, WG 21
- 22. Nilgiri blue robin Endemicto Shola forest of south India, 22
- 23. Malabar civet /Spottedcivet Endemic and Critically endangered to WG 23
- 24. Namdapha Flying squirrel Endemicto Arunachal Pradesh Arboreal and nocturnal. 24
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- 28. Black footed graylangur 28
- 29. And many moreas per IUCN Do not harm them but conserve in their habitats 29
- 30.
- 31. Thank you Dr. NagabhushanCharantimath Assistant Professor, Dept. of studies in zoology, Vijayanagara Sri Krishnadevaraya University.