The document discusses in-situ conservation methods, highlighting the importance of biodiversity and its various species. It emphasizes the role of biosphere reserves as sites for sustainable development and management of ecological systems, detailing their structure and examples in India. Additionally, it covers the significance of national parks and wildlife sanctuaries in wildlife conservation and the limitations on human activities within these protected areas.

1. In-Situ Conservation
Dr. K. KANNATHASAN
Assistant Professor
Department of Botany
Arulmigu Palaniandavar College of Arts and Culture
Palani, Tamilnadu

2. BIODIVERSITY
Biodiversity is the variety of animals, plants, fungi, and even
microorganisms like bacteria that make up our natural world.
Scientists have identified about 1.75 million different species.
950,000 species of insects,
270,000 species of plants,
19,000 species of fish,
9,000 species of birds,and
4,000 species of mammals.

3. CONSERVATION
“Protection, restoration, and management of biodiversity in order to derive
sustainable benefits for present and future generations.”
The objectives of Biodiversity Conservation are
To protect and preserve species diversity.
To ensure sustainable management of the species and ecosystems.
To prevent and restore ecological processes and life support systems.

4. Lorem Ipsum
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CONSERVATION STRATEGIES
In-situ Method Ex-situ Method
ZOOLOGICAL PARKS
BOTANICAL GARDENS
NATIONAL PARKS
BIOSPHERE RESERVES
SANCTUARIES SEED/GENE BANKS

5. BIOSPHERE RESERVES
Biosphere reserves are ‘learning places for sustainable development’.
They are sites for testing interdisciplinary approaches to understanding and managing changes
and interactions between social and ecological systems, including conflict prevention and
management of biodiversity.
Biosphere reserves are nominated by national governments and remain under the sovereign
jurisdiction of the states where they are located.

6. There are 738 biosphere reserves in 134 countries, including 22 transboundary
sites. They are distributed as follows:
● 90 sites in 33 countries in Africa
● 36 sites in 14 countries in the Arab States
● 172 sites in 24 countries in Asia and the Pacific
● 308 sites in 41 countries in Europe and North America
● 132 sites in 22 countries Latin America and the Caribbean.
BIOSPHERE RESERVES

7. Picture credit: UNESCO

8. Core Areas
It comprises a strictly protected zone that contributes to the
conservation of landscapes, ecosystems, species and genetic variation
Buffer Zones
It surrounds or adjoins the core area(s), and is used for activities
compatible with sound ecological practices that can reinforce scientific
research, monitoring, training and education.
Transition Area
The transition area is where communities foster socio-culturally and
ecologically sustainable economic and human activities.

9. BIOSPHERE RESERVES OF INDIA
○ Nilgiri, Tamil Nadu-Kerala (First to be Included)
○ Gulf of Mannar, Tamil Nadu
○ Sundarban, West Bengal
○ Nanda Devi, Uttrakhand
○ Nokrek, Meghalaya
○ Pachmarhi, Madhya Pradesh
○ Similipal, Odisha
○ Achanakmar-Amarkantak, Madhya Pradesh-
Chhattisgarh
○ Great Nicobar, Andaman & Nicobar Island
○ Agasthyamala, Karnataka-Tamil Nadu-Kerala
○ Khangchendzonga, Sikkim
○ Panna, Madhya Pradesh
○ Cold Desert, Himachal Pradesh
○ Dehang-Debang, Arunachal Pradesh
○ Manas, Assam
○ Dibru-Saikhowa, Assam
12 under MAB

10. These are limited reserves maintained by the government for the conservation of wildlife
as well as the environment.
Human activities are prohibited in national parks and they are solely dedicated to the
protection of natural fauna of the area.
They mostly occupy an area of 100-500 square km.
There are a total of 104 national parks in India, right now.
The national parks may even be within a biosphere reserve.
These are small reserves that are protected and maintained by the government.
Its boundaries are well protected, where human activities such as grazing, forestry,
habitat, and cultivation are restricted.
Example- Kanha National Park, Gir National Park, Kaziranga National Park etc/
National Parks

11. Indira Gandhi National Park
Anamalais
Mukurthi National Park
The Nilgiris, TN
Mudumalai National Park
The Nilgiris, TN
Nanda Devi National Park
Uttarakand
Pin Valley National Park
HP (Cold Desert)
Kaziranga National Park
Assam

12. Wildlife Sanctuaries are protected areas meant only for the conservation of
wild animals.
A few human activities such as cultivation, wood collection, and other
forest product collection are allowed here, but they must not interfere with
the conservation of the animals.
Tourist visits are also allowed in these areas.
551 wildlife sanctuaries in India.
Recreation tourism is also permitted.
Example- Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary, Vedanthangal Birds’ Sanctuary,
Slender Loris Sanctuary- Karur, Cauvery South Wildlife Sanctuary - Dharmapuri and
Krishnagiri
Sanctuaries