Properties of materials Types and applications of Ferrous and Nonferrous metals Timber Abrasive material Silica Ceramics Glass Graphite Diamond Plastic Polymer

1. ENGINEERING MATERIALS

2. BRANCH : CIVIL ENGINEERING
SUBJECT : ELEMENTS OF MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING (2110006)

3. PRESENTED BY :
HENCY MEHTA (130150106060)

4. CONTENTS :
 Properties of materials
 Types and applications of Ferrous and
Nonferrous metals
 Timber
 Abrasive material
 Silica
 Ceramics
 Glass
 Graphite
 Diamond
 Plastic
 Polymer

5.  Materials are used to make or build
objects .
 During the past 200 years there has
been an enormous increase in the
range of materials available to us . It is
therefore important that the correct
materials be used for a particular use .

6. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
 STRENGTH
STIFFNESS
HARDNESS
BRITTLENESS
 TOUGHNESS
 DUCTILITY
 ELASTICITY
 MALLEABILITY
MAGNETIC PROPERTIES :
PERMEABILITY
 HYSTERESIS
THERMAL PROPERTIES :
 HEAT CAPACITY
 SPECIFIC HEAT
 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
 MELTING POINT
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES :
 COMPOSITION
 CORROSION RESISTANCE
ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES :
CONDUCTIVITY
 RESISTIVITY
OPTICAL PROPERTIES
 REFLECTIVITY
 ABSORPTIVITY
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES :
 DIMENSIONS
 DENSITY
 STRUCTURE
 POROSITY
TECHNOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
 CASTABILITY
 WELDABILITY
 SOLDERABILITY
 WORKABILITY
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7. CLASSIFICATION OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS
Non-metals
Ferrous
metals
Non-ferrous
metals
Metals and
their alloys
 wrought
iron
 steel
 cast iron
 aluminium
 copper
 tin
 zinc
 iron
 steel
 aluminium
 copper
 nickel

8. The principle ferrous metals
commonly used in engineering
practice are
1. Wrought iron
2. Steels
3. Alloy steels
4. Cast iron
The raw material for all ferrous
metals is pig iron . Pig iron is
obtained by smelting the iron
in a blast furnace with the help
of coke and lime stone.

9. A representative analysis
range of wrought iron is
C = 0.02 - 0.03%
S = 0.008 - 0.02%
P = 0.05 - 0.25%
Si = 0.02 - 0.10%
Mn = 0.00 - 0.02%
Slag = 0.05 - 1.50%
Properties :
The slag fibres in wrought iron
improve strength , fatigue
resistance and corrosion
resistance of iron . It is tough ,
malleable and ductile .
Applications :
Bolts and nuts , chains , crane hooks ,
railway couplings , pipe and fittings ,
sheets and boiler tubes are the main
forms in which wrought iron is used .

11. Sr.
No.
Types of steel and
(% of carbon )
Properties Applications
1. Low carbon steel
(0.15 – 0.30 %)
 ductile and relatively
softer .
 possess good
machinability and
weldability .
Steel structure for
buildings, bridge,
ships, plates for
boilers, tubes, etc
2. Medium carbon steel
( 0.30 – 0.60 %)
 Strong and less
ductile than mild steels.
 Strength , toughness
etc can be obtained by
heat treatment.
Connecting rods, crane
hooks, crank shafts,
axles , gears , shafts ,
railway wheels ,
railway tracks , etc
3. High carbon steel
( 0.60 – 1.50 %)
 Good wear resistance
and poor machinability.
 Harder and stronger
than medium and low
carbon steel
Drop hammer , dyes ,
saws , screw driver ,
cutting tools , piston
rings , chisels , spring ,
etc

12. Main types of alloy
steels used in
practice are
I. Stainless steels
II. Heat resisting
steels
III. High sped steels
(H.S.S.)
IV. Spring steels

13. Sr.
No.
Composition Application
1.STAINLESS STEEL Alloyed with chromium(4 –
20 %) , nickel , molybdenum
and manganese .
Dairy & chemical
industries , household
utensils , cutlery , and all
types of surgical & dental
instruments .
2.HEAT RESISTING
STEEL
Alloying elements such as
tungsten , chromium and
nickel
Gas turbines , steam
power plants , furnace
parts , etc .
3.HIGH SPED
STEEL
It contains 18% tungsten ,
4% chromium , 1%
vanadium and about 0.5 –
0.75% carbon.
For high speed cutting
tools , tools for lathe and
shaping machine , drills ,
and milling cutters .
4.SPRING STEEL a. Medium and high
carbon steels with
higher amount of
manganese .
b. Medium carbon alloy
steels with manganese
and silicon
For leaf and helical
springs , automobile and
aircraft valve springs etc .

14. CAST IRON
Cast iron is primarily an alloy of
iron and carbon . The carbon
contents in cast iron varies from
2% - 4.3% . In addition to carbon ,
cast iron contains small amounts
of silicon , manganese ,
phosphorous and sulphur
The various types of cast iron in
use are as follows :
1. Grey cast iron
2. White cast iron
3. malleable cast iron

15. Sr.
No.
Composition Properties Applications
1. C = 3 - 3.5 % , Si = 1 - 2.75 %
Mn = 0.40 - 1.0 % , P = 0.15 -
1.0 % ,
S = 0.02 - 0.15 % and
remaining is iron
 low tensile strength
 High compressive
strength
 No ductility
 Hard and brittle
 Machine tool
bodies
 Automotive
cylinder blocks
 Fly – wheels
 Pipe fittings
2. C = 1.75 - 2.3 % , Si = 0.85 -
1.2 %
Mn = less than 0.4 % , P = less
than 0.2 % , S = less than 0.12
% and remaining is iron
 Hard and brittle
 Silvery metallic
apperiance
 Resistance to wear
 Poor machinability
 Wearing plates
 Mill liners
 Pump liners
 Grinding balls
3. It is produced by giving long
heat treatment (annealing) to
white cast iron at sufficiently
high temperature and then
allowed to cool slowly .
 Ductile
 High tensile
strength
 Machining abilities
 Brake supports
 In agriculture
machinery
 Door hinges
 Hubs of wagon
wheels

16. The non – ferrous metals are those which contain a
metal other than iron as their chief constituent . They
are usually used in industry due to the following
characterstics .
1) Ease of manufacturing
2) Resistance to corrosion
3) Electrical & thermal conductivity
4) weight
Important non – ferrous metals are aluminium , copper ,
lead , tin , nickel , zinc and titanium.

17. Aluminium is silvery – white and lighter in
weight than steel and copper . It has high
electrical and thermal conductivity . It has
corrosion resistance . Aluminium has good
machinability , formability and castability .
Duralumin and Y – alloy are the important
alluminium alloy
ALLUMINIUM AND ITS ALLOYS

18. Applications :
Aluminium and its alloys are widely used in
air crafts and automobile industry , for
overhead cables and electrical wiring , cooking
utensils .

19. Copper is one of the widely
used no – ferrous metals in
industry . It is a soft
malleable and ductile
material with a reddish –
brown appearance . It is a
good conductor of electricity
. It has higher resistance to
corrosin .
Following are the main
alloys of copper ,
1) Brass
2) Bronze
APPLICATIONS :
ELECTRIC CABLES
HEAT EXCHANGERS
AUTOMOBILE
RADIATOR
 REFRIGETORS
 PRESSURE VESSLES
 HYDRAULIC
FITTINGS
 PUMP LINING
 UTENSILS
 BEARINGS
 BUSHES
 GEARS
 SPRINGS

21. It is very soft , malleable , and ductile metal and can be rolled easily . It is
corrosion resistant and having good lubricating properties . It has high
radiation absorbing power for X –rays & Y – rays .
APPLICATIONS : It is extensively used for making solders , as a lining for
acid tanks , water pipes , batteries , bearings , etc .
Tin is brightly shining white , soft and malleable metal . It can
be rolled into very thin sheets .
APPLICATIONS : It is used for making fine solder , as a
protective coating for iron and steell sheets , for making tin foil
used as moisture proof packing , etc .

22. NICKLE AND ITS ALLOYS
Nickel is an important alloying element and widely used
in engineering industry on account of their high
mechanical strength properties , corrosion resistance , etc .
APPLICATIONS : A large percentage of nickel is used for
production of stainless steel . Alloying of nickel and
copper is used for making propellers , condenser tubes
etc . Pure nickel is used as a catalyst in chemical
reaction .

23. NON – METALLIC MATERIALS
Various non – metallic materials are used in engineering applications due
to their low cost , low density , resistant to heat and electricity and
flexibility .
These include TIMBER , ABRASIVE MATERIAL , SILICA , CERAMICS ,
GLASS , GRAPHITE etc .
These are either natural materials like rubber , wood , ceramics , asbestos
or synthetic materials like plastics , polymers , etc .````````````

24. TIMBER
Timber is the wood which is
made for suitable engineering
practice . Wood is natural polymer
composite . The principle polymeric
molecules are those of cellulose
Structure of timber
The innermost part is known as
pith . Heart wood which consists of
innermost annular rings is around
the pith . The thin layer below the
bark is called the cambium layer .
The thin fibers, which extend from pith outwards and hold the annular
rings together are called medullary rays . The heart wood and sap wood
form the main part of timber for suitable applications .

25. ∆ FOR MAKING
DOOR–WINDOW
∆ ROOF MEMBERS
∆ FURNITURE
∆ SOUND– PROOF
CONSTRUCTION
∆ TOOL–HANDLES
∆ RAILWAY
SLEEPERS
∆ SPORTS GOODS
∆ PACKING CASES
,etc

26. An abrasive is a hard material
used to wear away a softer
material . Abrasive materials used
for operation such as grinding ,
cutting , scratching , rubbing , and
polishing .
Abrasive materials are used in the
form of powder , emery paper ,
emery cloth , solid discs , wheels or
bars of various shapes and sizes.
Silicon carbide , aluminium oxide ,
emery cloth , diamond , etc .are the
various abrasive materials

27. Silica is basically a refractory material which can withstand high
temperatures.
It is the most simple silicate material found on earth . The tetrahedron
structure of silica is electrically neutral . Silica has primary polymorphic
crystalline forms which are known as QUARTZ , CRISTOBALITE , &
TRIDYMITE .
APPICATIONS :
 Blast furnaces
 Chemical reactor
lining
 lining of aluminium
melting furnaces
 Rotary kilns , etc .

28. Ceramics materials are
defined as those
consisting of
compounds of metallic
and nonmetallic
elements . The
compounds are usually
oxides , nitrites , carbides
, etc .
The very commonly
used ceramic materials
include clay , cement
and glass .
APPLICATIONS : The
ceramics are used
in the field of heat
engines , electronic
packaging , gas
turbines , chemical
reactor lining ,
electrical resistance
heating elements ,
etc .

29. Glass is a transparent silica product which may be
amorphous or crystalline , depending on heat
temperature . Glass refers to material which is made
by fusion of mixture of silica , basic oxides and a
few other compounds that react either with silica
or with the basic oxides .

30. GRAPHITE
Graphite is an
allotrope of
carbon . It is
conductor of
electricity . It is
used as
electrodes of an
arc lamp and
arc welding . It
is very stable
material and
withstand high
temperatures .
APPLICATIONS :
 As a lubricant
 Brake lining
 Foundry
facings
 Zinc–carbon
battries
 Generator
brushes
 Pencils
 In steel making

31. Diamond is the hardest and tough
and has the characteristic of high
dispersion of light due to which
it is used in many industrial
applications and jewelry .
Diamonds make superlative
abrasive due to this it is used in
engraving tools.
Diamonds are widely used in
drilling and other finishing
operations like lapping , honing ,
and super finishing

32. PLASTICS
The plastics are synthetic materials which are moulded into shape
under pressure with or without the application of heat
Plastics are mostly used in the manufacture of aeroplane and
automobile parts . They are also used for making safety glasses ,
laminated gears , self – lubricating bearings etc .

33. A polymer is made up of thousands of monomers joined
together to form a large molecule of colloidal dimension
called macromolecules .
Low density , good corrosion resistance , excellent surface
finish , good insulator etc are some of the characteristics
of polymer .
APPLICATIONS : Polymers are used for making high
structure fibres like silk and wool . They are also used in
optical industries, reflectors , packaging and coating
material etc .