This document provides an overview of engineering materials, including their classification, properties, and applications. Metallic materials are divided into ferrous materials like iron, steel, and cast iron and non-ferrous materials like copper, aluminum, and their alloys. The properties of materials that are discussed include mechanical properties like strength, elasticity, ductility, and hardness as well as physical properties. Non-metallic materials like ceramics, polymers, wood, and composites are also introduced along with their uses.
Free Download Link (Copy URL):
https://sites.google.com/view/varunpratapsingh/teaching-engagements
Unit I :
Materials : Classification of engineering material, Composition of Cast iron and Carbon steels, Iron Carbon diagram. Alloy steels their applications. Mechanical properties like strength, hardness, toughness, ductility, brittleness, malleability etc. of materials, Tensile test- Stress-strain diagram of ductile and brittle materials, Hooks law and modulus of elasticity, Hardness and Impact testing of materials, BHN, etc.
Properties of materials
Types and applications of Ferrous and Nonferrous metals
Timber
Abrasive material
Silica
Ceramics
Glass
Graphite
Diamond
Plastic
Polymer
Fabrication and Electrical Discharge Machining of Al-SiC-Mg Composite with Me...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Composites are the materials obtained by
combinations of different materials, with greater and better
properties that are not present in the individual parent
material. Due to its outstanding properties like light weight,
corrosion resistance, higher strength and better thermal and
electrical properties it is widely used. More than 40000
products of composite materials are used across the Globe. In
this work Aluminium Metal Matrix Composite is formed with
varying percentage of SiC and Mg. The electrical discharge
machining (EDM) of the fabricated composite material has
done to observe the material removal rate (MRR) and surface
roughness along with different tests such as XRF, hardness
test, tensile test and compression test. This paper represents
the information that are observed after conducting various
tests on composites casted by varying the percentage of Sic
and Mg.From Various tests it is observed that with increase
in percentage of SiC and Mg hardness, Young’s modulus and
MRR increases
Free Download Link (Copy URL):
https://sites.google.com/view/varunpratapsingh/teaching-engagements
Unit I :
Materials : Classification of engineering material, Composition of Cast iron and Carbon steels, Iron Carbon diagram. Alloy steels their applications. Mechanical properties like strength, hardness, toughness, ductility, brittleness, malleability etc. of materials, Tensile test- Stress-strain diagram of ductile and brittle materials, Hooks law and modulus of elasticity, Hardness and Impact testing of materials, BHN, etc.
Properties of materials
Types and applications of Ferrous and Nonferrous metals
Timber
Abrasive material
Silica
Ceramics
Glass
Graphite
Diamond
Plastic
Polymer
Fabrication and Electrical Discharge Machining of Al-SiC-Mg Composite with Me...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Composites are the materials obtained by
combinations of different materials, with greater and better
properties that are not present in the individual parent
material. Due to its outstanding properties like light weight,
corrosion resistance, higher strength and better thermal and
electrical properties it is widely used. More than 40000
products of composite materials are used across the Globe. In
this work Aluminium Metal Matrix Composite is formed with
varying percentage of SiC and Mg. The electrical discharge
machining (EDM) of the fabricated composite material has
done to observe the material removal rate (MRR) and surface
roughness along with different tests such as XRF, hardness
test, tensile test and compression test. This paper represents
the information that are observed after conducting various
tests on composites casted by varying the percentage of Sic
and Mg.From Various tests it is observed that with increase
in percentage of SiC and Mg hardness, Young’s modulus and
MRR increases
Machining challenges in stainless steel – a reviewIJARIIT
In today’s world AISI Stainless Steel contributes to almost half of the world’s production and consumption
for industrial purposes. Stainless Steel is most popular alloy widely used in part manufacturing due to its inherent
properties like high strength, great corrosion resistant, high ductility etc. but are hard materials to machining on base
performance criteria like metallurgical aspect, low thermal conductivity, chip formation, cutting tool wear and surface
integrity. The surface roughness and material removal rate have been identified as quality attributes and are assumed
to be directly related to performance, productivity, and production costs. In this paper study of various machining
problem discussed by different researchers and their probable solution, which helps to reduce tool wear, increase
corrosion resistance, high surface finish by reducing machining complexity.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Machining challenges in stainless steel – a reviewIJARIIT
In today’s world AISI Stainless Steel contributes to almost half of the world’s production and consumption
for industrial purposes. Stainless Steel is most popular alloy widely used in part manufacturing due to its inherent
properties like high strength, great corrosion resistant, high ductility etc. but are hard materials to machining on base
performance criteria like metallurgical aspect, low thermal conductivity, chip formation, cutting tool wear and surface
integrity. The surface roughness and material removal rate have been identified as quality attributes and are assumed
to be directly related to performance, productivity, and production costs. In this paper study of various machining
problem discussed by different researchers and their probable solution, which helps to reduce tool wear, increase
corrosion resistance, high surface finish by reducing machining complexity.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
1. S. N. PATEL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & RESARCH CENTET, UMRAKH
Prepared By,
Prof. Mayankkumar .B .Parmar
Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
S. N . Patel Institute of Technology and Research Centre, Umrakh.
At & Po Baben, 394601.
Basic Mechanical Engineering
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
SUBJECT CODE: 3110006 | B.E.1ST YEAR
Chapter: Engineering Materials
2. Introduction
Varity of materials are used for various applications ,so like in building construction of bridge ,
in machine building industry, in chemical and food processing industry , in building electronic
equipments and almost for all the purpose the material with different type and properties are used.
It is very important task for the engineers to select most suitable material for the design and
construction of any component and part of the system for proper functioning.
With Development of Technology numbers of material are available in different shapes and
forms
Among all the materials the best material is one which can serve the desired objective at
minimum possible cost.
The selection of the materials is based on the consideration of following factor:
Availability
Costs
Properties
3. Properties of Material (2012, 2015,2017)
Various characteristics of the materials which describe their behaviour under different working
conditions are known as properties of material.
The study of the properties of the material is most important because the design, manufacturing ,
functioning and the life of the equipment are dependent on the properties of the material.
Properties of Material
Mechanical Physical Chemical
Tensile Strength
Stiffness
Elasticity
Plasticity
Ductility
Hardness
Toughness
Malleability
Resilience
Electrical
Thermal
Magnetic
Composite
Micro structure
Corrosion
Resistance
4. 1) Strength (2011)
Strength is the ability of a material to resist applied forces without Breaking.
Other wards, It is the ability of a material to withstand tensile (stretching) loads without
breaking.
2) Elasticity (2015, 2017)
It is the ability of material to regain its original shape and size after removal load is known as
elasticity.
For each elastic body, a certain limit exist, beyond which the material will hold a remaining
deformation and the limits known as elastic limit.
5. 3) Stiffness or Rigidity
The property of material which enables it to resists elastic deformation or deflection is called
stiffness or rigidity.
4) Plasticity (2014)
The ability of material to permanently deform without fracture on application of external load is
known as plasticity.
The plastic deformation will take place only after the elastic limit has been exceeded.
6. 5) Ductility (2015, 2017, 2018)
It is the property of material which enables it to drawn into thin wire on application of tensile
force.
It is measure by percentage elongation or percentage reduction of cross sectional area before
rapture of a test piece.
Material with more than 15% elongation are considered as ductile.
6) Hardness (2013, 2014, 2018, 2019)
Ability of the material to withstand scratching, wear and abrasion or penetration under the
action of external load is known as hardness.
7. 7) Toughness (2011, 2013, 2015)
It is the measure of amount of energy per unit volume which a material can absorb before it
fracture.
8. 8) Resilience (2018,2018)
Resilience is the capacity of material to absorb or store the energy and to resist shock and
impact.
This property is essential for spring materials.
9) Malleability
It is the property of material by virtue of which it can be flattened or bent without cracking
when hammered
10) Creep (2013, 2018)
The slow and progressive deformation of a material with time and temperature at constant stress
is called creep.
9. 10) Fatigue (2013)
The tendency for a metal to fail by braking or cracking under conditions of repeated cyclic
loading that takes place well below the ultimate tensile strength is known as fatigue.
10. Classification of Engineering Material (2012, 2013, 2016, 2019)
Different types of metals and their alloy are used in manufacturing of various types of tools,
equipments , machineries and instruments etc. so, it is essential to study this material and their
properties.
Non-metallic material are also used in various application. Plastic, rubber, leather, wood , glass,
ceramic etc are widely used for many applications.
Engineering Material
Metallic
Non-Metallic
Ferrous Non-Ferrous
Cast iron
Steel
Wrought iron
Copper, Zinc, Lead, Tin,
Aluminium, etc and their
alloys
Timber
Ceramic
Glass
Plastic
Composite material
Silica
11. All the metallic material having iron as their main constitute are known as ferrous materials.
Example of ferrous material is iron, steel and their alloy.
This material are the strongest materials and are used for applications where high strength is
required at relatively low cost and where weight is not of primary importance.
As an example of ferrous metals such as: bridge building, the structure of large buildings,
railway lines, locomotives and rolling stock and the bodies and highly stressed engine parts of
road vehicles.
Ferrous Material (2012, 2013)
Fig. Ferrous Material
12. Pig iron
Pig iron is the principal raw material for all ferrous products like cast iron and steel.
It is obtained from the chemical reduction of iron ore in a blast furnace. The process of
reduction of iron ore to pig iron is known as smelting.
The main raw material required for the production of pig iron are
Iron ore
Coke
Lime stone
Cast iron
The cast iron is obtained by re-melting pig iron with coke and lime stone in furnace known as
cupola.
Carbon content in cast iron varies from 1.7% to 4.5% with other material like Silicone, sulphur,
manganese and phosphorous in controlled quantities.
Cast iron having good casting characteristics, high compressive strength, wear resistance, good
machinability and relatively low cost.
The application are machine tool beds, cylindrical blocks, piston ring, gear, water pipe,
agriculture implements.
13. Steel
It is an alloy of iron and carbon in which carbon content is less than 1.5%.
It is produced by oxidizing the impurities in molten pig iron and then adding the amount of
neccery carbon which will give required combination of strength ductility and hardness.
Stainless Steel
The stainless steel are characterized by having a high content of chromium which makes them
highly resistance to oxidation and corrosion even at elevated temperature.
It contain 18% chromium and 8% nickel.
It used in surgical instruments, food processing industries and chemical and process industries
14. Fig. Non-Ferrous Material
Non-Ferrous Material
Those metallic material metals which do not contain iron as their main constitute are known
as non ferrous material. The material like copper, zinc, lead, tin.
Non ferrous metals are more costly than ferrous material but they have some desire properties
like good conductivity of heat and current, Light in weight , good machinability, high
resistance to corrosion etc due to which their use becomes unavoidable for certain application.
Copper and aluminium are used as electrical conductors and, together with sheet zinc and
sheet lead, are use as roofing materials. They are mainly used with other metals to improve
their strength.
15. Timber
Timber is a wood material obtained from trunk of trees after their full growth.
It is made suitable for the buildings or carpentry or various other engineering products by
sawing and converting it into various commercial size.
It is light in weight with adequate strength,
It is bad conductor of heat and often to used to construct wooden houses which remain cool in
summer and warm in winter and also rate during earth quake.
It is used in farmed structure, furniture, sound proof construction, tool handles, patterns foundry
work, railway sleepers, floor, wood carving, ship decking etc.
Abrasive material
Abrasive material is an intimate mixture of corrundum ( oxide of aluminium) and magnetic
(oxide of iron) found in nature.
It is very hard material employed for grinding and polishing. It the powder form it is known as ‘
Emery’
The emery powder is used to make different shape of abrasive tool like emery paper, emery
cloath, solid discs, wheels or bar various shape and size.
Artificial substitute of emery is carbide of silicon (Sic).
Non-metallic Material
16. It is a natural non-metallic material which in available with clay and at the river beds.
It is used for building construction, as a refractory material and for manufacturing glasses and
also used for making abrasive tool materials.
Silica
These are produced by baking naturally occurring clays at high temperatures after moulding to
shape. They are used for high – voltage insulators and high – temperature – resistant cutting tool
tips.
Ceramic
This is a hardwearing, abrasion-resistant material with excellent weathering properties. It is
used for electrical insulators, laboratory equipment, and optical components in measuring
instruments and, in the form of fibres, is used to reinforce plastics. It is made by melting
together the naturally occurring materials: silica (sand), limestone (calcium carbonate) and soda
(sodium carbonate).
Glass
17. These can be used for cutting tools for operation at high speeds for metal finishing where surface
finish is greater importance. For example, internal combustion engine pistons and bearings. They
are also used for dressing grinding wheels. Oils: Are used as bearing lubricants, cutting fluids and
fuels.
Diamond
Graphite
Graphite is an allotropic form of carbon. It is an electrical conductor and used as electrode of arc
lamp. It is stable material.
It is highest grade of coal but it cannot be easily ignited. Graphite electrodes are often used in
electrical discharge machines (EDM). It is relatively soft and brittle,
Lumped graphite is used for making crucibles for steel making, brake lining, foundry facing and
as lubricants, pencil, electrical motor brush and other special applications
Polymer
Polymer solids is formed by chemical bonding of many units. Polymer is the technical name of
plastic.
18. Polymer is a large molecule composed of repeating structural units connected by covalent bonds.
Polymer properties depend upon their structure. In crystalline structure, have high strength and
melting point.
Polymer are used in making composite material. Polymer having unique solution of properties
and their small amount can significantly affect the viscosity.
So above properties that are used in ice-cream and other foods, shampoo, engine oil, as
absorbent, health care product etc.
Plastic
Plastic are synthetic material which are moulded into shape under pressure with or without the
application of heat.
These have high resistance of corrosion.
Plastics are extensively used for household applications in making buckets, plates and cups.
Two types of plastics are available
Thermosetting plastic
Thermoplastics
19. Thermosetting plastic are those which are formed into shape under heat and pressure and result
into hard product.
Thermosetting Plastic
Thermo Plastic
Thermo plastic do not become hard with the application of heat and pressure and no chemical
change occur.
That remaining soft at elevated temperatures until they are hardened by cooling, these can
remealted repeatedly by sensitive application of heat