- Immunology is the study of the immune system and how it functions in health and disease. The immune system protects the body from pathogens. - There are two types of immunity: innate immunity which provides immediate protection, and adaptive immunity which has immunological memory and mounts pathogen-specific responses. - Vaccines work by actively immunizing individuals, providing protection from disease through inducing immune memory. They contain weakened or killed forms of pathogens to generate an immune response.

1. IMMUNIZATION

2. WHAt is immunology ?
Immunology is a broad branch of biomedical science that
covers the study of all aspects of the immune system in all
living organisms.
It deals with the physiological functioning of the immune
system in states of both health and disease

3. What is the immune system?
The immune system is the ministry of defence of the
human/animal body.

5. Immunity
INNATE (inborn)
Genetic factor
Acquired
Active
(Own Antibodies)
Passive
(Ready made
antibodies)

6. Advantages and Disadvantage
of Active Immunization

7. Advantages Disadvantages
o Long term immunity Not immediate

o Herd immunity immune suppressed/deficiency
 Risk of infection.
 Risk of contamination Animal.
 Toxins

8. Advantages and Disadvantages
 of Passive Immunization

9. Advantages Disadvantages NO long term
protection
Risk of
hepatitis and HIV
Immediate protection

11. What is Vaccine?
Vaccines are active immunization
Some vaccines prevent disease but not infection.

13. Types:
1.Preventive vaccines
2.Therapeutic vaccines

15. Preventive Vaccine
Most vaccines in use now provide protection from
primary infection or prevent diseases.
Therapeutic vaccines
Given to infected people to prevent disease,
reduce effects of chronic infection, or stimulate
anti-tumor response.

16. General Issues to Consider in Vaccine
Development
Efficacy. How well the vaccine protects the immunized
population as a whole.
 Influenza virus vaccine is only 70% protective. Most
vaccines more than 95% protective.
 How efficacious does a vaccine need to be?

17. General Issues to Consider in Vaccine
Development
 Cost. Original vaccines were incredibly cheap. Number of people
vaccinated versus cost to manufacture.
Safety. Potential revirulence and or increased pathology.
Stability of antigen and/or adjuvants.
Drug resistance. New drug resistance by many bacteria has
increased urgency for bacterial vaccines.

19. Definition
 Immunization is the process by which an
individual's immune system is evolved to protect
multicellular organisms from pathogens.
 It is highly adaptable,it defends the body against
invaders.
 The immune system generates an enormous
variety of cells and molecules capable of
specifically recognizing and eliminating foreign
invaders,all of which act together in dynamic
network.

20. Active Immunization And Passive
Immunization
 Active immunization can occur naturally when a
person comes in contact with, for example, a
microbe. The immune system will eventually
create antibodies and other defenses against the
microbe.
Passive immunization:-
Passive immunization is where pre-synthesized
elements of the immune system are transferred to a
person so that the body does not need to produce
these elements itself.

21. *Protection by the immune system can be divided into two
related activities:
1-Recognition
2-Response
Immune recognition:
Immune recognition is remarkable for its capacity to distinguish
foreign invaders from components
Typically,recognition of a pathogen by immune system triggers
an effector response that eliminates or neutralizes the invader.

22. *There are two systems of immunity:
*Innate immunity
*Adaptive immunity
Innate immunity:
innate immune system consists of cells and
proteins that are always present and ready to mobilize and fight
microbes at the site of infection. The main components of the innate
immune system are
1) physical epithelial barriers,
2) phagocytic leukocytes,
3) dendritic cells,
4) a special type of lymphocyte called a natural killer cell,
5) and circulating plasma proteins.

23. Adaptive Immunity
The adaptive immune system, on the other hand, is called
into action against pathogens that are able to evade or
overcome innate immune defenses. Components of the
adaptive immune system are normally silent; however, when
activated, these components “adapt” to the presence of
infectious agents by activating, proliferating, and creating
potent mechanisms for neutralizing or eliminating the
microbes. There are two types of adaptive immune
responses: humoral immunity, mediated by antibodies
produced by B lymphocytes, and cell-mediated immunity,
mediated by T lymphocytes.

24. • A vaccine is a biological
preparation that improves
immunity to a particular
disease.
• The terms vaccine and
vaccination are derived from
Variolae vaccinae (smallpox
of the cow), the term devised
by Edward Jenner to denote
cowpox.

25. HISTORY
• British physician EDWARD JENNER in 1796 used the cow pox virus (latin Variola vaccinia) to
confer protection against small pox.
• In 1885 the French microbiologist LOUIS PASTEUR and EMILE ROUX developed the first
vaccine against rabies!
• By 1900, there were two human virus vaccines, against smallpox and rabies.and three bacterial
vaccines against typhoid,cholera and plague
• Smallpox was declared eradicated in 1979
• During the 20th century, other vaccines that protect against once commonly fatal infections such
as pertussis ,tetanus,polio ,measles, rubella. and several other diseases were developed.
• In 1974, the World Health Organization (WHO) launched the Expanded Programme on
Immunization (EPI). The initial EPI goals were to ensure that every child received protection
against six childhood diseases (i.e. tubelculosis,polio ,pertussis,tetanus and measles) by the time
they were one year of age .and to give tetanus toxoid vaccinations to women to protect them and
their new borns against tetanus
• Since then, new vaccines have become available. Some of them, such as hepatits B, rotavirus,
haemophilus influenza type b .
• By 1990, vaccination was protecting over 80% of the world's children from the six main EPI
diseases, and other new vaccines are continually being added to the EPI programmes in many
countries
• In 1999, the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization (GAVI) was created to extend the
reach of the EPI and to help the poorest countries introduce new vaccines

26. Types of vaccines
LIVE, ATTENUATED VACCINES
• Live vaccines are derived from “wild,” or disease-causing, virus or bacteria.
• Live, attenuated vaccines contain living microbe that has been weakened in the lab
so it can’t cause disease.
• For example, the measles vaccine used today was isolated from a child with measles
disease in 1954.
• Disadvantages:-
• possibility exists that an attenuated microbe in the vaccine could revert to a virulent
form and cause disease.
• Can be damaged or destroyed by heat and light. They must be handled and stored
carefully.
• Not everyone can safely receive live, attenuated vaccines. For their own protection,
people who have damaged or weakened immune systems—because they’ve
undergone chemotherapy or have HIV, for example—cannot be given live vaccines.
• It usually needs to be refrigerated to stay potent.
• Vaccines against measles, mumps, and chickenpox, for example, are made by this
method.
• Live, attenuated vaccines are more difficult to create for bacteria.

27. INACTIVATED VACCINES
• These vaccines are produced by growing the bacteria or
virus in culture media, then inactivating it with heat
and/or chemicals (usually formalin)
• Inactivated vaccines are not alive and cannot replicate.
• More stable and safer than live vaccines
• Inactivated vaccines always require multiple doses. the
first dose does not produce protective immunity, A
protective immune response develops after the second
or third dose.Inactivated vaccines usually don’t require
refrigeration, and they can be easily stored and
transported in a freeze-dried form.

28. Polysaccharide vaccines
 Polysaccharide vaccines are a unique type of
inactivated subunit vaccine composed of long chains
of sugar molecules that make up the surface capsule of
certain bacteria.
 vaccines are able to stimulate B-cells without the
assistance of T-helper cells.
 Young children do not respond consistently to
polysaccharide antigens.

29. Conjugate vaccines
 In the late 1980s, it was discovered that the problems
with polysaccharide vaccines could be overcome
through a process called conjugation.
 The first conjugated polysaccharide vaccine was for
Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib).
 Also now available are conjugate vaccines for
pneumococcal disease and meningococcal disease.

30. Graves’ disease:-
The production of thyroid hormones is carefully regulated by
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH),which is produced by
the pituarity gland. Binding of TSH to a receptor ion thyroid
cells activates adenylate cyclase and stimulate the synthesis
of two thyroid hormones,thyroxine and triiodothyronine. A
patient with Graves disease produces auto-antibodies that
bind the receptor for TSH and mimic the normal action of
TSH,activate adenylate cyclase and resulting in production of
thyroid hormone. Unlike TSH,however, the auto anti bodies
are not regulated and cosequently they over stimulate the
thyroid. For this reason these antibodies are called long-
acting thyroid stimulating (LATS) antibodies.

31.  Myasthenia gravis :-
Myasthenia gravis is the protype antiimmune disease mediated by
blocking antibodies. A patient with this disease produce auto anti
bodies that bind the acetylcholine receptors on the motor end
plates of the muscles,blocking the normal binding of the
acetylcholine and also inducing complementaly mediated lysis of
the cells. The result is progressively weaking of the skeletal
muscles. Ultimately, the antibodies cause the destruction of the
cells bearing the receptors. The early signs of this disease include
drooping eyelids and inability to retract the corners of the
mouth,whick gives the apearance of snarling.without
treatement,progressive weakning of the muscles can lead to severe
impairment of eating as well as problems with this
movement.however,with apropriate treatement thus disease can be
managed quit well afflicted indivuals can lead a normal life.

32. Rheumatoid arthritis attack joints:-
Rheumatoid arhtritis is a common autoimmune disorder,mot often
affecting women from 40 to 60 years old. The major symptom is
chronic inflammation of the joints,although the
hematologic,cardiovascular and respiratory systems are also
frequently affected.Many indivuals with rheumatoids arthritis
produce a group of auto-antibodies called rheumatoid factors that
are reactive with determinents in fc region of IgG.The classic
rheumatoid factore is an IgM antibody with that rectivity. Such
auto antibodies bind to normal circulation IgG,forming IgM-IgG
complxes that are deposited in the joints.these immune complexes
can activate the complement cascade,resulting

33.  A type 3 hypersensitivereaction,which leads to chronic
inflammation of the joints

35. caused by variola virus
• Virus, therefore no cure
• Infectious and contagious
• Originally called the “Red Plague”
• Later called “Small Pox” to distinguish from the “Great Pox”
(Syphilis)
• Vaccine available
• Humans are only known natural hosts
• Declared eradicated
• The name comes from “pox” the Latin word for “spotted”
• Many forms
• Related to Cowpox and Chickenpox

36. History
 Mainly from the 15th to the 18th c.
 1440’s – Killed more people in France than the plague
 Vaccination method discovered - 1796
 Last reported case in US – 1949
 Last natural reported world case – Somalia 1977
 Declared Eradicated in 1980
 Nations still have stocks of it however

37. 1st Stage (~days 1-7)
High fever (101-104°F), back and muscle pains,
and vomiting occur before breakout. (2-4
days)
Small red spots surface.
Start on palms and bottom of feet
(4 days)
Person is contagious
Fever falls and rash spot turn into raised bumps
(BB size)
Bumps fill with thick puss. Called pustules

38. 2nd Stage (~days 8-15)
• Fever returns
• Bacteria begins to infect the
pustules (5 days)
• Pustules can combine
• Most deadly stage
• Pustules begin to scab (5
days)

40. • The pocks do not kill the patient
• Death is caused by secondary infection
– Lung, heart, and brain especially
• Most deaths occur during 2nd week
Casualties

42. Treatment