BP-605T, Pharmaceutical biotechnology, Structure of immunoglobulins, classification of immunoglobulins, explanation of structure of immunoglobulin, digestion with proteolytic enzymes, Fab region, Fc region, role of different immunoglobulin classes, structure of IGM, IGA, IGG, IGE, IGD, Light chain, heavy chain, kappa, lambda, papain enzyme, pepsin enzyme
Immunity is the ability of the body to protect against all types of foreign bodies like bacteria, virus, toxic substances etc. As it protects us from diseases it is also called disease resistance. Immunity is done by immune system which is a complex network of lymphoid organs such as bone marrow, thymus, spleen etc. It is mainly of two types- Natural and Acquired immunity.
Immunity
Definitions
Components of Immune system
Types
Innate immunity and Mechanism
Adaptive immunity and Mechanism
2. Antigen
Origin of Antigen
Immunogen
3. Antibody- Immunoglobulin
- Structure
- Classification
- Function of each antibody
Humoral immunity is defined as the immunity mediated by antibodies, which are secreted by B lymphocytes.
B lymphocytes secrete the antibodies into the blood and lymph
BP-605T, Pharmaceutical biotechnology, Structure of immunoglobulins, classification of immunoglobulins, explanation of structure of immunoglobulin, digestion with proteolytic enzymes, Fab region, Fc region, role of different immunoglobulin classes, structure of IGM, IGA, IGG, IGE, IGD, Light chain, heavy chain, kappa, lambda, papain enzyme, pepsin enzyme
Immunity is the ability of the body to protect against all types of foreign bodies like bacteria, virus, toxic substances etc. As it protects us from diseases it is also called disease resistance. Immunity is done by immune system which is a complex network of lymphoid organs such as bone marrow, thymus, spleen etc. It is mainly of two types- Natural and Acquired immunity.
Immunity
Definitions
Components of Immune system
Types
Innate immunity and Mechanism
Adaptive immunity and Mechanism
2. Antigen
Origin of Antigen
Immunogen
3. Antibody- Immunoglobulin
- Structure
- Classification
- Function of each antibody
Humoral immunity is defined as the immunity mediated by antibodies, which are secreted by B lymphocytes.
B lymphocytes secrete the antibodies into the blood and lymph
This topic covers the brief introduction of Ag and Ab in detail. Types and functions of Ig is explained in detail. Paraproteinemias is explained with simple pictures.
by Dr. N.Sivaranjani, MD
This is a book of immunology , helpfull for graduation and post graduation's students.
You may contact with me if any query @ aki-d-biotechnologist-mba@hotmail.com
This topic covers the brief introduction of Ag and Ab in detail. Types and functions of Ig is explained in detail. Paraproteinemias is explained with simple pictures.
by Dr. N.Sivaranjani, MD
This is a book of immunology , helpfull for graduation and post graduation's students.
You may contact with me if any query @ aki-d-biotechnologist-mba@hotmail.com
THIS SLIDE IS PREPARED BY SURESH KUMAR FOR MY STUDENT SUPPORT SYSTEM TO WATCH THIS VIDEO VISIT YOUTUBE CHANNEL- https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC3tfqlf__moHj8s4W7w6HQQ
YOU CAN JOIN FACEBOOK GROUP FOR MORE SUCH VIDEOS BY THIS LINK- https://www.facebook.com/groups/241390897133057/
FOR MAKING EASY NOTES YOU CAN ALSO VISIT MY BLOG - https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/
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#immunity,#acquiredimmunity,#innateimmunity,#activeimmunity, #passiveimmuniyt,#childhealthnursing#anm,#gnm,#bscnursing
This article consist of all about the physiology of immune system.Starting from the basic definition if immune related terms which gives a basic knowledge to understand the concept of immunity. Diagrammatic presentation will helps you to understand the classification of immune system and proper information regarding the immunity types is also given. cells of innate immunity has been also discussed in detail.
BIOTECHNOLOGY IS CHALLENGING SUBJECT TO TEACH AND UNDERSTAND ALSO .....THEIR INTERESTING PART IS TO LEARN ABOUT IMMUNITY AND THE IMPORTANT PART MAJOR COMPATIBILITY COMPLEX
Immunity, vaccine, prophylaxis,immune system contains:
➢innate components (composed of primitive bone marrow cells that
are programmed to recognise foreign substances and react)
➢adaptive components (composed of more advanced lymphatic cells
that are programmed to recognise self substances and don't react
General immunity - is formed when the pathogen enters the bloodstream, as a
result, IgM and IgG (humoral immunity) are formed, and / or lymphocytes
specific against this pathogen are activated with different functional directions,
performing cellular protection (cellular immunity).
▪ Local immunity - is formed in places of accumulation of lymphoid tissue
(mucous membranes, salivary, mammary glands), intended for local humoral
(IgA and IgG) and cellular protection. Lymphoid tissue is especially potent in
the intestinal mucosa, less in the respiratory tract.
▪ It should be noted that the strength of the immune system and the speed of the
immune response increase with repeated, especially multiple, meetings with
the pathogen (booster effect).
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
2. Introduction
Immunology is the branch of Biology. It is concerned with immunity. It is
resistance of living organism to infection of microorganisms.
It deals with the study of process by which the body defends itself from the
invasion and attack of foreign organisms.
In ancient times, the term immunity was used only to mean “exemption from
Military Service or taxes” (Latin word immunities- freedom from) and later it was
introduced into medicine to refer to the human beings who do not get further
attack of disease like smallpox or plague, once they contact those diseases.
Immunity is defined as the resistance to infection. This is carried out by the
process of recognition and disposal of non- self or foreign material that enters
the body. The non- self is the life threatening infectious microorganisms or it
may be tissue graft.
5. Types of immunity- Immunity is broadly classified into two types-
•Innate immunity
•Acquired immunity
1. Native immunity/ innate immunity/ natural immunity- All living organisms are
naturally gifted with the resistance to certain infection from birth and this natural
defence mechanism is known innate immunity.
As the innate immunity include the general protective reaction of organisms
against any invention and not against any particular microorganism. It is also
known as non -specific immunity.
Innate immunity is provided by various components such as skin, mucus
membrane, phagocytic cell etc.
2. Acquired immunity/ adaptive immunity - The residence developed by man
during his life is known as acquired immunity.
This is distinct from innate immunity in that it is due to specific antibodies or
sensitized Lymphocytes produced in response of specific antigens. Hence, this
community is also known as specific immunity.
• This acquired specific immunity is of two types namely active and passive. Both
active and passive immunity may be natural or artificial. Acquired immunity is
provided by Antibodies and certain T-lymphocytes ex. chicken pox virus
6. Types of acquired immunity
Active immunity
Passive immunity
1. Active immunity:
If host itself produces antibodies, it is called active immunity.
It is of two types; artificial active immunity and natural active immunity.
Artificial active immunity: Immunity provided by vaccination.
Natural active immunity: immunity provided by natural infection.
Active immunity involves the synthesis of specific antibodies (humoral
immunity)
or
Production of immunologically active cell (cell mediated immunity).
7. Humoral immunity
• Humoral immunity mediated by antibodies produced in the humors or body
fluids such as plasma or lymph is known as humoral immunity.
• In this, specific antibodies are produced in response to a specific antigen
stimulus. Ultimately the antigen (microorganisms) may be clumped, their
toxicity may be naturalized and their phagocytosis may be facilitated.
Cell mediated immunity
• Cell mediated immunity produced by the synthesized lymphocyte is called cell
mediated immunity.
• Here antibody or not produced. The sensitized lymphocyte reacts with the
specific antigen and brings about the cytotoxic effects resulting in the lysis of
the microbial antigens.
• If an individual is exposed to a particular antigen for the second time, immune
response occur more quickly and more abundantly than during the first
exposure. This is known as secondary response.
• Both humoral and cell mediated immunity are associated with immunologic
memory which the immune system is able to retain the memory of the first
antigenic exposure and thereby during the second similar exposure it produces
a quick response.
8. 2. Passive immunity:
If host does not produce antibodies itself but antibodies produced in other host
provides immunity, than it is known as Passive immunity.
It is of two types; natural passive immunity and Artificial passive immunity
Natural passive immunity: IgG antibody produced in mother cross placenta and
protects fetus up to 6 month old age.
Artificial passive immunity: if preformed antibody are injected into host for
immunity. Ex. Anti-venom, Rabies vaccine
(* it is not a vaccine, it is preformed anti rabies antibody)
9.
10. • Interferon's (IFN)
• These are a group of soluble, non-toxic, glycoprotein produce in small amounts
by all the cell of body.
• This is an antiviral agent which inhibits intracellular viral replication in cell
infected with viruses.
• Interferon appears in the cells before any detectable antibody for the virus
could appear. It offers residence by blocking viral mRNA transcription thereby
disrupting the viral life cycle.
• Interferon also enhances N K cell activity thus offering immunity to cancer. They
also inhibit cell proliferation in tumours and thereby assuring its use in Cancer
chemotherapy. Because of their antiviral and anticancer properties, large
quantities of interferon are commercially prepared to help in the treatment of
viral infection and in Cancer therapy.
• The manufacture of interference is a major breakthrough in Science, as genes
for human interference have been introduced in E. coli genome to produce
interference by E. coli.( DNA Recombinant technology)
• On the basis of their electrophoretic mobility, the interferons are grouped into
Alpha interferon, beta and gamma interferon. Interferon is specifically produce
only by activated T- lymphocytes.
